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"seedlessness"

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Seedlessness is the most important characteristic of citrus and one of its breeding purposes. Triploids are the most reliable way to secure seedlessness and can be developed through crosses between tetraploids and diploids or between diploids and diploids. We evaluated the characteristics of seed formation and recovery frequency of triploids in interploid crosses in this study. Normal seed formation was the highest (85.0%) in crosses of 2x×2x, followed by crosses 4x×2x and 2x×4x. Partially developed seeds were obtained at the highest rate (35.3%) from crosses of 4x×2x with 0.7 seeds per fruit, followed by 2x×2x and 2x×4x with 0.2 and 0.1 seeds per fruit, respectively. The number of undeveloped seeds per fruit was 1.1, 1.0, and 0.3 from the 4x×2x, 2x×4x, and 2x×2x crosses, respectively, and the lowest frequency was recorded in the 2x×2x cross. Diploid plants were mostly obtained in the 2x×2x cross (98.8%), while 73.0% triploids and 27.0% tetraploids were obtained with 4x×2x, and 14.3% diploids, 57.1% triploids, and 28.6% tetraploids were achieved with the 2x×4x cross. Diploid plants were mostly obtained from normal seeds, while ad triploid and tetraploid plants were mostly obtained from partially developed and undeveloped seeds. The results indicated that crosses of 4x×2x were the most efficient and that in vitro culture should be applied to rescue plants from partially developed and undeveloped seeds in triploid breeding programs.

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Analysis of Genetic Relationship of Seedless Germplasm and Validation Assay of the P3_VvAGL11 Marker Linked to Seedlessness in Grapevines
Youn Young Hur1, Chan Jin Jung1, Jung-Ho Noh1, Sung-Min Jung1, Jong-Chul Nam1, Kyung Ho Ma2, and Kyo-Sun Park1*
Korean. J. Breed. Sci. ;46(1):28-36.   Published online March 31, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2014.46.1.028
The genetic relationships of twenty seedless grape cultivars, used as parents for seedless grape breeding, were analyzed and the validation assay of the P3_VvAGL11 marker related to the seedlessness was examined. Total 218 polymorphic bands were generated by 30 SSR markers. The average number of alleles per marker was 7.3. The polymorphism information contents (PIC) averaged 0.442, value ranging from 0.052 to 0.083 by each SSR marker. Eighteen seedless grape cultivars derived from ‘Sultanina’ and ‘Kishmish Chernyi’ had 196-bp alleles of the P3_VvAGL11 associated with seedlessness. The unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis was performed using selected 218 polymorphic bands. And four groups were derived on the similarity index 0.722. Each group accorded with the classification by the ratio of the European species (Vitis vinifera), the American species (V. labrusca) and the inter-specific hybrid between the two species (V. labruscana). Similarity values among the tested seedless grape cultivars were ranged from 0.592 for ‘Beauty Seedless’ and ‘Honey Seedless’ to 0.844 for ‘Emerald Seedless’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’, the average similarity value was 0.715. These results could be used as useful reference for selecting parents with diverse backgrounds and early selection of seedless seedlings in breeding program of seedless grape cultivars.
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