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ARTICLE

Carotenoid Composition and ASTA Color Value in Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Germpla는

Jang-Eon Yoon1, Jung-Bong Kim1,*, Heon-Woong Kim1, Kil-Soo Jang2, Ho-Cheol Ko3, Hwan-Hee Jang1, Sung-hyen Lee1, Yu-Jin Hwang1

Published online: August 31, 2015

1 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 기능성식품과

1 Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration(RDA), Wanju, 565-851, Korea

2 경상북도농업기술원 영양고추시험장

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*Corresponding author (jungbkim@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-3701, Fax: +82-63-238-3844)
• Received: July 30, 2015   • Revised: September 16, 2015   • Accepted: September 22, 2015

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  • Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) were harvested from 523 different genotypes cultivated at the Pepper Experiment Station in Gyeongsangbuk-do Agricultural Technology Administration of Yeongyang in the northeast region of Korea. The investigation of pepper with high carotenoids contents was quantitatively and qualitatively analysed by HPLC. The individual carotenoids were separated as capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene by reverse-phase HPLC and identified with their external standards. The levels of total carotenoids and ASTA color values in 523 peppers were 0.5-84.8 mg/100g of dry weight (DW) and 0.7-233.1, respectively. Individual carotenoid content and percentage of total carotenoid content were shown as follows: β-carotene (24.8%) (average 5.0 mg/100g DW) > capsanthin (24.7%) (average 5.0 mg/100g DW) > zeaxanthin (20.4%) (average 4.1 mg/100g DW) > β-cryptoxanthin (14.8%) (average 3.0 mg/100g DW) > lutein (13.3%) (average 2.7 mg/100g DW) > α-carotene (2.0%) (average 0.4 mg/100g DW). As a result of plotting by using SIMCA, ASTA color values showed that the cluster is created.
카로티노이드(carotenoid)는 과일 및 채소류에 다량으로 함 유되어 있는 지용성 천연 색소로서 지금까지 약 600종의 카 로티노이드가 보고되어 있다. 식품에 존재하는 주요 카로티노 이드는 베타카로틴(β-carotene), 알파카로틴(α-carotene), 라 이코펜(lycopene), 베타크립토잔틴(β-cryptoxanthin), 루테인 (lutein), 지아잔틴(zeaxanthin) 등이 있다(Bendich & Olson 1989, Fernandez-Garcia et al. 2012). 카로티노이드의 주요 생리학적 기능으로는 비타민 A 전구체 역할, 항산화 활성, 항 암 효과, 심혈관 질환 예방, 면역 활성 등이 보고 되어 있다 (Cramer et al. 2001, Fiedor & Burda 2014, Igielska-Kalwat et al. 2015). 카로티노이드는 항산화 영양소로 평가되고 있으 며, 암 예방을 위해 과일 및 채소 등 카로티노이드가 많이 함 유된 식품이 각광을 받고 있다(Vanamala 2015).
고추(Capsicum annum L.)는 카로티노이드를 함유하고 있 는 작물 중 하나로 우리나라를 비롯해 전 세계적으로도 널리 이 용되고 있는 중요한 향신료로서, capsicum annuum, capsicum frutescens, capsicum chinense, capsicum baccatum, capsicum pubescens 등이 주로 재배되고 있다. 고추의 품질을 평가하는 요소는 매운맛인 캡사이신(capsaicin)과 비타민 C, 유리당 및 유기산 등의 품질적 요인과 고추 과실의 붉은색 정도인 착색 도의 외관적 요인으로 구분되어 품질 평가의 중요한 지표가 되고 있다(Kim et al. 2002). 고추의 과피색은 카로티노이드 의 조성 및 함량에 따라서 결정되며 이는 종 또는 품종에 따 라 다르다(Oh et al. 2011). 고추의 붉은색은 카로티노이드 축적에 의한 것으로서, 이는 고추의 성숙 과정 중 급격히 증 가하며 수확 후 건조 과정 중에도 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있 다(Minguez-Mosquera et al. 2000). 고추가 성숙하면서 전체 카로티노이드의 함량이 증가될 뿐만 아니라 베타카로틴을 제 외한 카로티노이드는 지방산과 결합하여 에스테르화 된다. 에스 테르화 된 카로티노이드는 자체의 색이 변화되지는 않으며 지 방친화성이 증가하여 세포 내에 축적이 잘되고, 환경적 영향에 더 안정된 형태로 알려져 있다(Hornero-Méndez & Minguez- Mosquera 2000, Krajayklang et al. 2000).
고추의 색이 반드시 영양, 맛 또는 기능적 특징을 나타내지 는 않지만 소비자의 선택에 크게 영향을 미친다. 소비자들은 더 붉은 색의 고추를 요구하고 있고 향후 식품 산업계는 물론 색소 및 의약용 등 다양한 수요에 부응하기 위해서는 좀 더 과학적이고 체계적인 연구에 기초한 카로티노이드색소 함량 이 높은 고추 품종의 육성이 요구된다(Ha et al. 2007, Kim et al. 2004).
이에 따라 본 연구는 고추 유전자원의 카로티노이드 조성 및 ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) color 지수 분석 결과를 토대로 보다 객관적이고 정확한 데이터를 제시 하여 향후 고품질 신품종 개발 연구에 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 수행하였다.
재료 및 추출
본 연구에 사용한 시료는 경북농업기술원 영양고추시험장 에서 재배한 고추 523점을 분양 받았다. 표준물질인 캡산틴 (capsanthin), 루테인(lutein), 제아잔틴(zeaxanthin), β-크립토 잔틴(cryptoxanthin)은 Extrasynthase (Genay, France) 제품을 사용하였고, trans-8’-apo-β-carotenal, α-carotene, β-carotene 은 Sigma-Aldrich Co(St. Louis, MO, USA) 제품을 사용하 였다. 그 밖에 사용된 추출 용매 및 시약은 HPLC 및 이에 준 하는 등급을 사용하였다. 시험관에 분쇄된 시료 1 g과 0.2% ascorbic acid가 포함된 에탄올 5 ml을 넣고 항온수조(80°C) 에서 15분간 추출하였다. 상기 추출액에 80% KOH용액 3 ml 을 넣고 항온수조(80°C)에서 10분간 비누화 반응을 한 후, 얼 음 보관상자에 옮겨 냉각하였다. 반응이 정지된 tube에 내부 표준물질(trans-8'-apo-β-carotenal; 100ppm) 1 ml, 증류수 1.5 ml 및 hexane 1.5 ml을 차례로 넣은 후, 혼합하여 10분 간 원심 분리하였다(1800 rpm, 4°C). 원심 분리 후 상층액 (hexane층)을 취하고 이 과정을 2번 더하였다. 추출액의 hexane (약 4.5 ml)을 질소가스로 제거한 다음 MeOH: TBME (1:1, v/v; HPLC grade) 1 ml을 넣어 녹인 후, syringe 와 syringe filter (PTFE, 0.45 μm)로 여과하여 분석시료로 사 용하였다.
카로티노이드 분석
분석은 Alliance e2695 HPLC system (Waters Co. Milford, MA, USA)에 2998 photodiode array detector (PDA) 검출 기가 함께 사용되었으며 YMC carotenoid column (4.6 × 250 mm I.D., 5 μm; YMC, USA)을 이용하여 분리하였다. 검출 기에서 사용된 파장은 450 nm이고, 칼럼오븐 온도는 40°C 그리고 유량은 분당 1 mL 속도를 유지하였다. 이동상은 MeOH : MTBE : water : triethylamine (v:v:v:v = 15 : 81 : 4 : 0.1)의 용매 B에서 MeOH : MTBE : water : triethylamine (v:v:v:v = 6 : 90 : 4 : 0.1)의 용매 A로 기울기법(gradient procedure) 을 이용하였다. 즉 용매 A를 10간 흘려주다가 40분까지 50% 수준으로 낮추고 50분까지 다시 용매 A를 100%로 회복하여 10분간 준비시간을 두었다.
ASTA color 지수 측정
고춧가루의 색도인 ASTA color 지수는 Kim et al. (2002) 의 방법을 변형하여 측정하였다. 고추씨를 제거한 과피를 컷 밀 분쇄기에 제분하여 0.7 mm 체를 통과하고 0.5 mm 체에 남은 고춧가루를 이용하였다. 250 mm 삼각플라스크에 고춧 가루 0.1 g을 칭량한 후 acetone 100 mL로 채운 후 16시간 암실의 상온에서 보관한 다음 UV/VIS Spectrophotometer (V530, jasco, Japan)을 이용하여 460 nm에서 색소 추출 액 의 흡광도를 측정하였다.
ASTA color=추출액의 흡광도×16.4×IFSampleg
IF (Instrument correction factor) 값은 1로 고정하였으며 soft independent modeling of class analogy software (SIMCA) 를 이용하여 다변량자료분석(multivariate data analysis) 결과를 도표화하였다.
카로티노이드 조성과 함량 및 ASTA color 지수 분석
고추의 과피색은 카로티노이드의 조성 및 함량에 기인한다 고 보고되고 있다(Buchanan et al. 2000). 따라서 523종의 고 추 유전자원의 카로티노이드 함량과 ASTA color를 분석하였 고 그 결과를 Table 1에 나타내었다. 총 카로티노이드 함량은 0.5~84.8 mg/100g DW의 범위에서 변이를 나타내었다. 선 행 연구에서 Kim et al. (2008)은 한국산 고추 2개의 품종에 서 총 카로티노이드 함량을 각각 400.8 mg/100g DW (Hanbando), 380.5 mg/100g DW (Dabotop)으로 보고하였 고, Collera-Zúñiga et al. (2005)은 멕시코산 3품종의 총 카 로티노이드 함량을 각각 7.52 mg/100g DW (Ancho), 6.76 mg/100g DW (Guajillo), 7.24 mg/100g DW (Mulato)으로 보고하였다. 또 다른 연구에 의하면 국산 고추(수비초) 성숙 과의 카로티노이드 함량을 980.3 mg/kg DW으로 보고하였 다(Kim et al. 2009). 이들의 연구결과에서 다소 함량의 차이 가 나타났는데 이는 품종이나 원산지, 빛, 온도, 수분 함량, 기 타 재배환경의 차이 등에 의해 함량 차이가 발생하였을 것으 로 보인다.
Table 1.
Differences of carotenoids contents and in ASTA color value in Capsicum annum L.
Table 1.
Value Carotenoids (mg/100g DW) ASTA value
Non-Provitamin A Provitamin A Total carotenoids
Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-Cryptoxanthin Total α-Carotene β-Carotene Total
Minimum 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7
Maximum 23.2 11.2 24.4 17.0 54.8 18.9 49.2 53.4 84.8 233.1
Average 5.0 2.7 4.1 3.0 14.7 0.4 5.0 5.4 20.1 81.6
Standard Deviation 3.6 1.3 3.6 2.9 10.1 1.0 5.5 6.0 14.6 48.6
Ratio(%) 25.2 20.9 18.4 12.3 76.9 2.0 21.1 23.1
고추 카로티노이드의 주요 색소는 함량별로 capsanthin (평균 5.0 mg/100g DW), β-carotene (평균 5.0 mg/100g DW), zeaxanthin (평균 4.1 mg/100g DW), β-cryptoxanthin (평균 3.0 mg/100g DW), lutein (평균 3.0 mg/100g DW), α-carotene (평균 0.4 mg/100g DW) 순으로 나타났다. Kim et al. (2009)은 국내산 수비초에서 capsanthin 45.0 mg/100g DW, β-carotene 30.3 mg/100g DW, zeaxanthin 8.1 mg/ 100g DW, lutein 5.0 mg/100g DW, β-cryptoxanthin 2.1 mg/100g DW, α-carotene 0.3 mg/100g DW로 보고하였으 며 이는 본 연구결과와 유사하였다.
조성별로는 β-carotene (24.8%), capsanthin (24.7%), zeaxanthin (20.4%), β-cryptoxanthin (14.8%), lutein (13.3%), α-carotene (2.0%) 순으로 나타났다. Curl (1962)은 고추의 carotenoids 구성에 대한 연구에서 주요 색소는 capsanthin과 β-carotene이라 하였고, Kim et al. (1997)은 전체 함량 중 capsanthin, β-carotene이 각각 22.0%, 15.7%라고 보고 하였 다. 이는 본 연구결과와 유사 또는 일치하는 것으로 확인되었다.
ASTA color 지수는 0.7~233.1의 광범위한 변이를 나타 내었다. 150 이상의 높은 값을 가지는 품종은 K146892 외 47점으로 집계되었으며, 이는 시중에 시판되는 고추보다 높 은 수치이다. 그 중 K146646 외 6점은 200이상의 높은 ASTA value를 나타내었다. Jung et al. (2006)은 육종품종 2점 (S.R. No. 211, S.R. No. 213)과 시판 품종 3점 (Gumtap, Manita, Chungyang)에 대해 98.7~184.2 의 결과를 보고하 였고, Kweon et al. (2006)은 국내 시판 21점과 중국 시판 4 점에 대해 67.5~145.6 의 값을, Ku & Park (2004)은 국내 6종 (Gusung, Dongbang, Dabok 등)에서 50.3~143.7의 결 과값으로 본 연구 결과의 범위에 드는 것을 확인하였다.
총 카로티노이드 함량 및 ASTA color 지수에 따른 유전 자원의 분포를 Fig. 1에 나타내었다. 총 카로티노이드 함량에 대한 고추 유전자원의 분포는 전체의 약 78%인 412점이 30.0 mg/100g DW 미만의 낮은 함량 값을 보였고, ASTA color 지수에 대한 분포는 약 66%인 345점이 100미만의 값 을 나타내었다.
Fig. 1.
Distribution chart of total carotenoid contents (a) and ASTA color value (b).
KJBS-47-238_F1.gif
카로티노이드 함량과 ASTA color의 상관관계 분석
총 카로티노이드 함량 및 개별 성분과 ASTA color 지수 간의 상관관계를 조사 해 본 결과(Table 2), 총 카로티노이드 함량과의 상관계수 R 2은 0.675의 값을 나타내었으며 각 개별 성분에 따른 상관계수 R 2은 capsanthin (R 2 = 0.723), zeaxanthin (R 2 = 0.582), β-caryptoxanthin (R 2 = 0.578), lutein (R 2 = 0.423), β-carotene (R 2 = 0.305), α-carotene (R 2 = 0.009)의 순으로 나타났다. 이전 연구들은 고추의 색도에 가장 큰 영향 을 미치는 성분으로 capsanthin과 β-carotene, cryptoxanthin 을 보고 하였는데(Buchanan et al. 2000), 본 연구 역시 약간 의 차이는 있지만 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 다만 대체적으 로 R 2값이 낮고 특히, β-carotene의 경우 시료에 따라 검출이 안된 특이 자원들이 존재하여 결과에 영향을 미친 것으로 판 단된다.
Table 2.
Correlation coefficients among carotenoids and ASTA value.
Table 2.
Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-cryptoxanthin α-carotene β-carotene Total carotenoids ASTA value
Capsanthin 1.000 0.4399 0.4729 0.3942 0.0030 0.1969 0.5938 0.7233
Lutein 1.000 0.6772 0.4563 0.1190 0.2386 0.6368 0.4203
Zeaxanthin 1.000 0.6966 0.0224 0.3303 0.7795 0.5817
β-cryptoxant hin 1.000 0.0363 0.5147 0.8160 0.5782
α-carotene 1.000 0.1610 0.1147 0.0090
β-carotene 1.000 0.7107 0.3052
Total caroteniods 1.000 0.6746
ASTA value 1.000
카로티노이드 정성 및 정량 분석 결과의 총 데이터를 ASTA color 지수과 비교하기 위해 다변량 통계분석 프로그램인 SIMCA software를 통해 분석하였다. 고추 유전자원의 전체 ASTA 구간을 일정한 값으로 나눠 5 등급으로 분류하였다.
등급 1부터 5까지 각각 ASTA value 0~50, 50~100, 100~ 150, 150~200, 200~250의 구간으로 나누었으며, 이렇게 분류된 시료의 데이터를 SIMCA를 통해 분석하여 Fig. 2와 같이 각 등급별로 그룹이 형성되는 것을 확인하였다. 분석 결 과 좌측에는 낮은 ASTA value를 갖는 시료들이 분포하였으 며 우측으로 갈수록 높은 ASTA value를 나타내었다. 상하의 이동은 총 카로티노이드 함량과 관계 깊었으며 아래에서 위 로 갈수록 상대적으로 높은 카로티노이드 함량을 보였다. 낮 은 ASTA value를 가진 클래스일수록 더 넓게 퍼져 있는 것 을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이는 높은 클래스로 갈수록 그룹 형성 이 집중되는 것으로 보아 ASTA color 지수 및 카로티노이드 함량이 낮을수록 전체적인 결과에 비해 오차 발생 확률 및 비 율이 증가하여 넓게 그룹을 형성하는 것으로 사료된다.
Fig. 2.
Scores plotting chart of principal components 1 and 2 of the PLS-DA results obtained from the data set by carotenoid profiling on collected peppers for “carotenoid mapping”(Class 1: ASTA value 0~50, Class 2: 50~100, Class 3: 100~150, Class 4: 150~200, Class 5: 200~250).
KJBS-47-238_F2.gif
총 카로티노이드 함량은 K057278 (84.84 mg/100g DW)이 가장 높았으며, 성분별로는 각각 IT223599 (capsanthin, 23.23 mg/100g DW), K136581 (lutein, 11.24 mg/100g DW), K136581 (zeaxanthin, 24.37 mg/100g DW), K146907 (β- cryptoxanthin, 17.03 mg/100g DW), K057486 (α-carotene, 18.89 mg/100g DW), K057278 (β-carotene, 49.24 mg/100g DW)이 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 총 카로티노이드 함량이 가 장 적은 품종과 많은 품종간 약 170배의 함량 차이를 보였고 ASTA color 지수는 약 333배 차이 나는 것이 확인되었다. 분석자원의 수가 523종으로 이전의 연구 결과보다 변이가 큰 것으로 나타났지만 재배 환경, 기후 및 외부 요인에 따라 큰 차이가 발생 할 수 있는 고추 유전자원을 동일한 포장에서 동 일한 조건으로 재배하여 동시 분석하였기에 더욱 변별력 있 는 분석 결과로 사료된다.
카로티노이드 조성 유형(fingerprint)에 따라 고추유전자원 을 7가지 그룹으로 구분하였으며 대표적인 자원의 크로마토 그램과 색상을 Fig. 3에 나타내었고 카로티노이드 조성은 Table 3에 제시하였다. 각각의 그룹은 색상 및 카로티노이드 조성, 함량에서도 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었다. 이들 조성 별 선별 자원은 위의 함량별 선별 자원과 더불어 고 색소 함 유 품종 육종 및 각각 개별 성분 정제에 사용하여 산업재료로 사용에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.
Fig. 3.
HPLC chromatograms of standard carotenoids, common and specific resources from Capsicum annum L. (a: standard mixture, 1. capsanthin, 2. lutein, 3. zeaxanthin, 4. internal standard, 5. β-cryptoxanthin, 6. α-carotene, 7. β-carotene, 8. lycopene. b: common resources (IT032379), c: 907358, d: K157408, e: K136581, f: K142186, g: K057486, h: K057304).
KJBS-47-238_F3.gif
Table 3.
Carotenoid composition of common and specific resources from Capsicum annum L.
Table 3.
Sample Carotenoid composition (%) Total caroteniod (mg/100g DW) ASTA value
Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-cryptoxanthin α-carotene β-carotene
IT 032379z) 32.4 11.3 20.7 12.7 2.7 20.2 38.48 165.7
907358 57.7 18.6 11.0 4.4 1.1 7.2 14.40 79.2
K157408 0.0 91.2 7.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.54 7.4
K136581 2.1 25.3 54.9 7.1 4.6 6.0 44.41 62.7
K142186 9.2 12.0 16.7 36.6 1.2 24.4 11.61 41.2
K057486 1.5 14.2 2.8 2.7 50.1 28.5 37.67 32.3
K057304 14.7 5.8 10.3 0.8 5.1 63.2 53.17 148.8

z)Commom resources

영양고추시험장에서 분양 받은 고추 유전자원 523종에 대 한 카로티노이드의 정성 및 정량 분석과 ASTA color 지수를 분석하였다. 개별 카로티노이드는 capsanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene 등으로 동정하였다. 총 카로티노이드 함량은 0.5-84.8 mg/100g DW으로 나타났 으며 ASTA color 지수는 0.7-233.1로 나타났다. 개별 카로티 노이드의 평균갑과 총 카로티노이드 함량에 대한 비율은 β- carotene 5.0 mg/100g DW (24.8%) > capsanthin 5.0 mg/100g DW (24.7%) > zeaxanthin 4.1 mg/100g DW (20.4%) > β-cryptoxanthin 3.0 mg/100g DW (14.8%) > lutein 2.7 mg/100g DW (13.3%) > α-carotene 0.4 mg/100g DW (2.0%) 순으로 분석되었다. 카로티노이드 중 capsanthin 의 함량이 ASTA color 지수와 높은 상관관계를 보였으며 (R 2 = 0.723) capsanthin이 23.2 mg/100g DW으로 고함유된 자원 IT223599를 선발하였다. 또한 카로티노이드 크로마토 그램의 패턴에 따라 고추유전자원을 7가지 그룹으로 구분하 였으며 이는 고 색소 함유 품종 육종 등 다양한 산업 소재로 활용 될 수 있다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업과학기술연구 개발사업(과제번호: PJ010052)의 지원에 의해 수행되었습니다.
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Carotenoid Composition and ASTA Color Value in Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Germpla는
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. ;47(3):238-244.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.238
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Carotenoid Composition and ASTA Color Value in Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Germpla는
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. ;47(3):238-244.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.238
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Carotenoid Composition and ASTA Color Value in Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Germpla는
Image Image Image
Fig. 1. Distribution chart of total carotenoid contents (a) and ASTA color value (b).
Fig. 2. Scores plotting chart of principal components 1 and 2 of the PLS-DA results obtained from the data set by carotenoid profiling on collected peppers for “carotenoid mapping”(Class 1: ASTA value 0~50, Class 2: 50~100, Class 3: 100~150, Class 4: 150~200, Class 5: 200~250).
Fig. 3. HPLC chromatograms of standard carotenoids, common and specific resources from Capsicum annum L. (a: standard mixture, 1. capsanthin, 2. lutein, 3. zeaxanthin, 4. internal standard, 5. β-cryptoxanthin, 6. α-carotene, 7. β-carotene, 8. lycopene. b: common resources (IT032379), c: 907358, d: K157408, e: K136581, f: K142186, g: K057486, h: K057304).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Carotenoid Composition and ASTA Color Value in Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Germpla는

Differences of carotenoids contents and in ASTA color value in Capsicum annum L.

Value Carotenoids (mg/100g DW) ASTA value
Non-Provitamin A Provitamin A Total carotenoids
Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-Cryptoxanthin Total α-Carotene β-Carotene Total
Minimum 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7
Maximum 23.2 11.2 24.4 17.0 54.8 18.9 49.2 53.4 84.8 233.1
Average 5.0 2.7 4.1 3.0 14.7 0.4 5.0 5.4 20.1 81.6
Standard Deviation 3.6 1.3 3.6 2.9 10.1 1.0 5.5 6.0 14.6 48.6
Ratio(%) 25.2 20.9 18.4 12.3 76.9 2.0 21.1 23.1

Correlation coefficients among carotenoids and ASTA value.

Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-cryptoxanthin α-carotene β-carotene Total carotenoids ASTA value
Capsanthin 1.000 0.4399 0.4729 0.3942 0.0030 0.1969 0.5938 0.7233
Lutein 1.000 0.6772 0.4563 0.1190 0.2386 0.6368 0.4203
Zeaxanthin 1.000 0.6966 0.0224 0.3303 0.7795 0.5817
β-cryptoxant hin 1.000 0.0363 0.5147 0.8160 0.5782
α-carotene 1.000 0.1610 0.1147 0.0090
β-carotene 1.000 0.7107 0.3052
Total caroteniods 1.000 0.6746
ASTA value 1.000

Carotenoid composition of common and specific resources from Capsicum annum L.

Sample Carotenoid composition (%) Total caroteniod (mg/100g DW) ASTA value
Capsanthin Lutein Zeaxanthin β-cryptoxanthin α-carotene β-carotene
IT 032379z) 32.4 11.3 20.7 12.7 2.7 20.2 38.48 165.7
907358 57.7 18.6 11.0 4.4 1.1 7.2 14.40 79.2
K157408 0.0 91.2 7.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.54 7.4
K136581 2.1 25.3 54.9 7.1 4.6 6.0 44.41 62.7
K142186 9.2 12.0 16.7 36.6 1.2 24.4 11.61 41.2
K057486 1.5 14.2 2.8 2.7 50.1 28.5 37.67 32.3
K057304 14.7 5.8 10.3 0.8 5.1 63.2 53.17 148.8

z)Commom resources

Table 1. Differences of carotenoids contents and in ASTA color value in Capsicum annum L.
Table 2. Correlation coefficients among carotenoids and ASTA value.
Table 3. Carotenoid composition of common and specific resources from Capsicum annum L.

Commom resources

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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