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국내 채종이 가능한 케나프( L.) 신품종 ‘장대’

An Improved Kenaf Cultivar ‘Jangdae’ with Seed Harvesting in Korea

Si-Yong Kang*, Soon-Jae Kwon, Sang Wook Jeong, Jin-Baek Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, Jaihyunk Ryu**
The Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2016;48(3):349-354.
Published online: August 31, 2016

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*Corresponding author (sykang@kaeri.re.kr, +82-63-570-3310, +82-63-570-3319)
**Corresponding author (jhryu@kaeri.re.kr, +82-63-570-3323, +82-63-570-3319)
• Received: July 26, 2016   • Accepted: August 2, 2016

© The Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual herbaceous crop of the Malvaceae family. Recently, kenaf is being used in many diversified applications such as pulp, animal feed, bioplastics and cellulosic biofuel etc. A new cultivar 'Jangdae' was developed by mutation breeding using irradiated with 300 Gy gamma-rays. Jangdae has a few distinguishable characteristics such as early flowering, high seed yield and palmate leaf, compared to wild type (Jinju). The fresh matter (FM) and dry matter (DM) yield of Jangdae are similar to those of Jinju, their seed yield (833.3 kg/ha) is approximately 4 times higher than that of Jinju. In addition, the FM and DM yield of Jangdae are 40% higher than those of early-maturing cultivar (C11). We performed the nutritive value of four kenaf cultivars (Jangdae, Jinju, C11 and Hongma300) at 100 day after seeding. The crude protein content of Jangdae, Jinju, C11 and Honma300 were 10.5, 11.0, 9.4 and 10.6%, respectively. The crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were no significant difference among the cultivars. Jangdae, which afforded both a high biomass and seed yield in South Korea, may be useful as potential source of feed and industrial materials.
케나프(영명: Kenaf, 학명: Hibiscus cannabinus L.)는 양마(洋 麻)라고도 불리며 아욱과(Malvaceae) 무궁화속(Hibiscus)의 1 년생 초본식물이다. 케나프는 아시아와 아프리카의 열대 및 아열 대 지역에서 재배되어 오래 전부터 주로 밧줄 및 포장 재료로 이용되어 왔다(Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Dempsey 1975). 케나 프는 아마(Linum usitatissimum), 대마(Cannabis sativa), 황마 (Corchorus capsularis)와 함께 세계 4대 섬유작물로 인도, 중국, 태국, 베트남에서 전세계 95% 이상을 생산하고 있다 (Alexopoulou et al. 2013). 특히 케나프는 단위면적당 바이오매 스 생산량이 목본류 식물의 5배 이상으로 목질계 바이오 에너지 작물로도 활용이 유망하며(Danalatos & Archontoulis 2010), 단위면적당 이산화탄소 흡수량이 삼나무(Cryptomeria japonica) 의 7배 이상으로 보고되어 있다(Alexopoulou et al. 2013).
케나프를 활용한 펄프(pulp) 생산 연구는 1960년대 후반부터 미국 농무성(USDA)를 중심으로 이루어졌으며, 목재 보다 연간 3-5배의 우량 펄프 생산이 가능하여 최상의 목재 대체 초본식물 자원으로 평가되었다(Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Dempsey 1975). 1980년대부터는 전 세계적으로 친환경 소재에 대한 관심 이 증대됨에 따라 케나프를 이용한 바이오에너지, 건축용자재, 자동차 내장소재, 오염물질 흡착제 등 바이오복합소재 분야를 중심으로 산업화가 진행되고 있다(Kang et al. 2014, Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Ryu et al. 2013, Lee et al. 2012, Danalatos & Archontoulis 2010, Han et al. 2004, Miyazaki et al. 1995). 그리고 인도의 전통의학인 ‘아유르베다 (Ayurveda)’에서는 잎과 종자 기름을 해열, 진통, 항균, 최음 등에 오랜기간 약용으로 사용하여 왔다(Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Ryu et al. 2013). 잎에 함유된 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드, 칼슘과 비타민 성분은 식품 및 화장품 소재로 활용이 가능하다 (Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Lee et al. 2012). 또한 단위면적당 바이오매스 생산량이 높고 단백질이 풍부하여 조사료로 활용 가치가 높다(Kang et al. 2014, Kim et al. 2012, Xiccato et al. 1998).
케나프는 1930년대 일본이 처음 국내 도입하여 재배를 시도하 였다. 이후 1960~1970년대초까지 가마니 대체 포대 생산을 위해 국내 재배가 연구되었으나 화학제품 포대의 보급으로 재배 가 중단되었다가, 2000년대 들어 국내 관심 및 관련 연구의 증가로 다시 재배되기 시작하였다(Park & Kim 1965, Kang et al. 2004). 국내에서 케나프를 활용하여 다양한 친환경산업소 재, 조사료 및 기능성 식․의약품을 개발하기 위해서는 케나프 원료를 국내에서 대량생산해서 공급하기 위한 시스템이 구축되 어야 한다. 국·내외 케나프 품종은 크게 조생종, 중만생종 및 만생종의 생육형으로 나뉘는데(Alexopoulou et al. 2013, Webber et al. 2002), 조생종은 국내에서 채종은 가능하지만 바이오매스 생산성이 크게 떨어지는 단점이 있다(Kang et al. 2014, Kang et al. 2004). 최근 미국 및 중국에서 육종된 케나프 품종들은 대부분 중일성(day-neutral)인 만생종으로 우리나라와 같은 온대 지역에서는 바이오매스 생산성은 높은 반면, 개화가 늦거나 안 되어 채종이 불가능하다(Kang et al. 2014, Kang et al. 2004). 그러므로 케나프의 국내 대량 재배를 위해서는 해외 종자 수입을 줄이고 농가 소득 증대에 기여할 수 있도록 국내에서 채종이 가능하고, 바이오매스 생산량도 높은 중만생 신품종 개발이 필요하다(Ryu et al. 2013, Kang et al. 2014).
본 연구팀은 방사선 돌연변이 육종기술을 이용하여 조생종보 다 수량이 뛰어나고 국내기후에서 대량 채종이 가능한 케나프 신품종 ‘장대’ 품종의 육성에 성공하였다.
품종육성
Figure 1은 신품종 ‘장대’의 육성경과를 간단히 모식화한 것이 다. 2001년 경남 진주에서 외국에서 도입된 것으로 추정되는 케나프 유전자원 ‘진주’를 수집하여 2002년도에 종자를 증식하 였다. 2003년도에 종자에 감마선 300 Gy를 처리한 후 M1 종자를 파종하여 가을에 M1 세대 500여 개체에서 M2 종자를 벌크로 수확하였다. 2004년도에 M2 세대를 전개하여 엽형 및 개화시기 변이체 110 개체를 1차 선발하였다. 2005년에서 2007년까지 (M3~M5 세대) 계통 선발을 실시한 후 최종적으로 장상엽 (palmate)으로 변이되고 개화기가 20일 빠른 ‘진주-장1호’를 유망계통으로 선발하였다. ‘장대’(진주-장1호)의 생육 특성검정 은 2008년에서 2010년까지 정읍 첨단방사선연구소 육종포장에 서 18 m2 (3×6 m)의 면적에 난괴법 3반복으로 재식밀도 20 × 60 cm로 파종 하여 실시하였다. 주요 생육특성은 국립종자원 신품종 심사를 위한 작물별 특성조사요령(18-293; 양마)에 준하 여 실시하였다. 생육특성 검정 후 2011년에 ‘장대’로 명명하여 국립종자원에 출원(출원번호 2011-26) 하였고, 2013년에 품종 등록이 완료되었다(품종보호4560).
Fig. 1.
Breeding process of ‘Jangdae’ by mutation breeding.
KJBS-48-3-349_F1.gif
수량특성 및 사료가치분석
‘장대’의 수량특성 및 사료가치를 비교하고자 ‘장대’, 원품종 인 ‘진주’, 이란에서 도입된 조생종 ‘C11', 중국에서 도입한 만생 품종 ‘홍마300’의 종자를 5월 15일에 파종하여 100일간 재배한 후 지상에서 20 cm 높이로 예취하여 생체수량(Fresh yield)과 건물수량(Dry yield), 조단백(Crude protein), 조섬유(Crude fiber), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Acid detergent fiber (ADF) 함량을 분석하였다. 모든 분석은 AOAC (1990) 방법에 준하여 실시하였다. 종자수량 검정은 조생품종은 10월초, ‘장대’ 와 ‘진주’는 11월 중순에 수확하여 실시하였다.
육성경위
케나프의 생육형은 크게 조생종, 중만생종 및 만생종으로 나뉜 다. 조생종은 개화기가 파종 후 70-80일 전후로 국내 채종은 용이하지만 지상부의 수량이 떨어지고, 만생종의 경우 개화기가 140일 이상으로 지상부 수량은 높지만 국내 기후에서 채종이 어렵다(Ryu et al. 2013, Kang et al. 2004). 이러한 만생종 케나프의 단점을 방사선육종기술로 개량하여 중만생종 신품종 을 육성하고자 하였다. 신품종 ‘장대’는 국내기후에서 바이오매 스 수량이 양호하고 상업적 채종이 가능한 국내 최초의 케나프 신품종으로서 추후 국내 케나프 재배에 활용이 기대된다.
주요특성
케나프 신품종 ‘장대’의 형태학적 및 생육 특성은 Table 1과 Figure 2와 같다. ‘장대’의 개화기는 파종 후 100일 내외로 원품 종 ‘진주’에 비해 20일 정도 빠르며, 조생 품종인 ‘C11’ 보다 30일 늦었다. 줄기색과 화색은 원품종과 같은 녹색과 아이보리 색이다. 엽형은 원품종의 완전엽(entire)에서 장상엽으로 변이되 었다. ‘장대’의 초장은 321.7 cm로 원품종에 328.4 cm와 유사하 였으며, 조생종보다 50 cm이상 크고 국내 채종이 불가능한 중국 품종 ‘홍마300’과 비교하면 14 cm 작았다. 엽수는 90.5매로 원품종의 85.1매 보다 많고 ‘홍마300’과 유사하였다. 경직경은 2.4 cm로 모든 품종이 유사하다.
Table 1.
Morphological and growth characteristics of 'Jangdae'
Table 1.
Cultivar Origin Flowering period Maturity type Flowercolor Stem color Leaf shape Plant heighty (cm) Number of leavesy (ea) Stem diametery (cm)
Jangdae New cultivar Aug. 22 (100 DASz) Mid-late Ivory Green Palmate 321.7 90.5 2.4
Jinju Unknown Sep. 15 (120 DAS) Mid-late Ivory Green Entire 328.4 85.1 2.5
C11 Iran Jul. 24 (70DAS) Early Ivory Green Entire 266.4 60.2 2.3
Hongma300 China -x Late Ivory Brown Palmate 335.4 88.4 2.5

zDAS: Day after seeding

yGrowth characteristics were determined at 100 DAS.

xNon-flowering

Fig. 2.
Morphological profile of mutant cultivar (Jangdae) and original cultivar (Jinju). A: Orignal cultivar, B: Mutant cultivar. Photograph was taken 100 day after seeding.
KJBS-48-3-349_F2.gif
‘장대’의 바이오매스 수량특성은 Table 2와 같다. 파종 100일 후 생체수량과 건물수량은 각각 헥타르(ha)당 평균 80.5톤과 16.1톤이었다. ‘진주’는 생체 및 건물 수량이 ‘장대’와 유의적 차이가 없었다. 만생종(‘홍마300’)의 생체수량은 헥타르당 90.2 ton, 건물수량은 17.9 ton으로 ‘장대’와 비교하여 높은 수준이었 다. 조생종인 ‘C11’은 생체수량과 건물수량이 각각 68.2 ton/ha, 13.6 ton/ha로 ‘장대’와 비교하여 낮은 수준이었다. ‘장대’의 종자 수량은 833.3 kg/ha로 원품종의 약 4배, 조생종의 약 3배 증가하였으며, 천립중도 평균 3 g 가량 높았다. 본 연구 결과 ‘장대’의 생체수량은 조생종에 비해 40% 높고 채종이 불가한 만생종의 89% 수준이었다. Kang 등(2014)은 전 세계 9개국(대 만, 러시아, 멕시코, 미국, 인도, 이란, 이탈리아, 중국, 케냐)에서 도입된 28개 품종과 ‘장대’의 생육 및 수량 특성을 파종 후 150일에 비교한 결과, 만생종 16개 품종은 채종이 불가능하였으 며, 생체수량은 ‘장대’가 109 ton/ha로 조생 도입 11품종 평균 78 ton/ha 보다 약 30% 높고, 만생 도입 품종 평균 125 ton/ha의 87% 수준으로 보고하여 본 연구 결과와 유사한 수량 비율을 나타내었다. 본 연구팀에서 ‘장대’를 120~150일간 재배하여 3년간 연구한 결과, 평균 건물수량은 21~24 ton/ha이며(데이터 미표시), 이를 국내 보고된 만생품종의 건물수량 20~27 ton/ha(Kang et al. 2014, Kim et al. 2012, Kang et al. 2004)와 비교하여도 88% 수준의 수량을 확보할 수 있다.
Table 2.
Yield traits of 'Jangdae' in Jeongup, Jeonbuk.
Table 2.
Cultivar name Fresh yieldz (ton/ha) Dry yieldz (ton/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) 1000-seed weight (g)
Jangdae 80.5by 16.1b 833.3±18.8a 27.6a
Jinju 81.2b 16.2b 203.3±48.4c 24.8b
C11 68.2c 13.6c 279.6±26.3b 17.8c
Hongma300 90.2a 17.9a -x -

zFresh and dry yield were determined at 100 day after seeding.

yThe letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests)

xImpossible to harvest seed

‘장대’의 사료가치는 Table 3과 같다. 파종 100일 후 전초의 조단백 함량은 ‘장대’가 10.5%로 조생종 ‘C11’(9.4%)보다 높 고, ‘진주’와 ‘홍마300’과는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 조섬유, NDF 와 ADF 성분 함량은 ‘장대’와 모든 품종에서 유의적 차이가 없었다. 케나프는 개화기 이후에 생장속도가 현저하게 감소되고, 영양가치도 지속적으로 낮아진다(Alexopoulou et al. 2013). 따라서 본 연구에서 품종간에 나타난 조단백의 차이는 품종간의 생육단계에 차이로 사료된다. 케나프는 헥타르당 건물 수량이 8~30톤 내외로 옥수수와 유사하거나 높은 편이다(Kang et al. 2014). 부위별 조단백 함량은 잎 14~34%, 줄기 2~12%, 전초 6~23%로 함유량이 높아 양질 조사료 자원으로 활용이 가능하다 (Lee et al. 2012, Xiccato et al. 1998). 특히 케나프는 파종이 쉽고, 습해에 강하여 논 재배 사료작물로 활용이 가능하며, 또한 고라니, 멧돼지 등 야생동물의 피해가 없기 때문에 산간지역에 사료작물로 재배가 유리하다(Kang et al. 2014).
Table 3.
Chemical composition of the kenaf cultivars at 100 day after seeding.
Table 3.
Cultivar name Crude protein (%) Crude fiber (%) NDFy (%) ADFx (%)
Jangdae 10.5az 37.9a 43.2a 33.6a
Jinju 11.0a 37.5a 43.6a 34.4a
C11 9.4b 38.2a 44.9a 34.6a
Hongma300 10.6a 37.6a 43.7a 33.3a

zThe letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests),

yNDF: Neutral detergent fiber

xADF: Acid detergent fiber.

재배상 유의사항 및 산업적 가치
케나프의 생육은 최저온도가 15°C 이상에서 촉진되기 때문에 국내 기후에서 적정 파종시기는 5월 초·중순이며, 적정 파종량은 헥타르당 8~12 kg이다(Kang et al. 2014, Alexopoulou et al. 2013). 신품종 ‘장대’ 는 완주, 전주, 정읍, 포항, 해남, 화성 등 거의 전국에서 재배 및 채종이 가능하다. 조사료 이용을 목적 으로 재배할 경우 8월말 이전(늦어도 9월 상순)에 수확하여야 기계수확이 용이하고, 영양가치가 우수하다.
‘장대’는 국내 최초 케나프 품종으로 2013년에 품종보호권 등록이 완료되었으며, 품종통상실시권이 업체(농업법인 바이오 플러스)에 이전되어 2014년부터 조사료 및 바이오복합소재용자 원 생산을 목적으로 전국에 보급되고 있다.
'장대'는 2003년 수집종 ‘진주’ 종자에 300 Gy 감마선을 조사 한 후 후대에서 바이오매스 생산성이 양호하고 국내 종자생산이 가능한 변이 계통을 선발 육성하였다. ‘장대’의 엽형은 원품종 ‘진주’가 완전엽인데 반하여 장상엽을 나타낸다. ‘장대’는 개화 기가 원품종에 비해 20일 빠르고, 조생종 품종에 비해 30일 늦다. ‘장대’의 생체 및 건물 수량은 원품종과 유사하고 조생종 보다 40% 증가되었으며, 종자 채종량은 원품종에 비해 약 4배 높다. ‘장대’의 사료가치를 분석한 결과 조단백 함량은 ‘장대’, ‘진주’ 및 ‘홍마300’간에 유의적 차이가 없으며, 조섬유, NDF, ADF 함량은 모든 품종에서 유의적 차이가 없었다. 국내 기후에 서 대량 채종이 가능하고, 바이오메스가 우수한 품종 ‘장대’는 2014년부터 농가에 보급중에 있다.
이 논문은 한국원자력연구원의 주요사업 연구개발 프로그램 의 재원으로 수행된 연구임.
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An Improved Kenaf Cultivar ‘Jangdae’ with Seed Harvesting in Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2016;48(3):349-354.   Published online September 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2016.48.3.349
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An Improved Kenaf Cultivar ‘Jangdae’ with Seed Harvesting in Korea
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2016;48(3):349-354.   Published online September 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2016.48.3.349
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An Improved Kenaf Cultivar ‘Jangdae’ with Seed Harvesting in Korea
Image Image
Fig. 1. Breeding process of ‘Jangdae’ by mutation breeding.
Fig. 2. Morphological profile of mutant cultivar (Jangdae) and original cultivar (Jinju). A: Orignal cultivar, B: Mutant cultivar. Photograph was taken 100 day after seeding.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

An Improved Kenaf Cultivar ‘Jangdae’ with Seed Harvesting in Korea

Morphological and growth characteristics of 'Jangdae'

Cultivar Origin Flowering period Maturity type Flowercolor Stem color Leaf shape Plant heighty (cm) Number of leavesy (ea) Stem diametery (cm)
Jangdae New cultivar Aug. 22 (100 DASz) Mid-late Ivory Green Palmate 321.7 90.5 2.4
Jinju Unknown Sep. 15 (120 DAS) Mid-late Ivory Green Entire 328.4 85.1 2.5
C11 Iran Jul. 24 (70DAS) Early Ivory Green Entire 266.4 60.2 2.3
Hongma300 China -x Late Ivory Brown Palmate 335.4 88.4 2.5

DAS: Day after seeding

Growth characteristics were determined at 100 DAS.

Non-flowering

Yield traits of 'Jangdae' in Jeongup, Jeonbuk.

Cultivar name Fresh yieldz (ton/ha) Dry yieldz (ton/ha) Seed yield (kg/ha) 1000-seed weight (g)
Jangdae 80.5by 16.1b 833.3±18.8a 27.6a
Jinju 81.2b 16.2b 203.3±48.4c 24.8b
C11 68.2c 13.6c 279.6±26.3b 17.8c
Hongma300 90.2a 17.9a -x -

Fresh and dry yield were determined at 100 day after seeding.

The letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests)

Impossible to harvest seed

Chemical composition of the kenaf cultivars at 100 day after seeding.

Cultivar name Crude protein (%) Crude fiber (%) NDFy (%) ADFx (%)
Jangdae 10.5az 37.9a 43.2a 33.6a
Jinju 11.0a 37.5a 43.6a 34.4a
C11 9.4b 38.2a 44.9a 34.6a
Hongma300 10.6a 37.6a 43.7a 33.3a

The letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests),

NDF: Neutral detergent fiber

ADF: Acid detergent fiber.

Table 1. Morphological and growth characteristics of 'Jangdae'

DAS: Day after seeding

Growth characteristics were determined at 100 DAS.

Non-flowering

Table 2. Yield traits of 'Jangdae' in Jeongup, Jeonbuk.

Fresh and dry yield were determined at 100 day after seeding.

The letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests)

Impossible to harvest seed

Table 3. Chemical composition of the kenaf cultivars at 100 day after seeding.

The letters above each point indicate a significant difference at the 5% level (Duncan’s multiple range tests),

NDF: Neutral detergent fiber

ADF: Acid detergent fiber.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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