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만생 C3G색소 고함유 벼 품종 ‘늦은슈퍼자미’

A Late Maturing and High Content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside(C3G) Rice Variety ‘Neugeunsuperjami’

Tae-Ho Ham1, Soon Wook Kwon2, Su-Noh Ryu1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2017;49(1):47-51.
Published online: February 28, 2017

1 한국방송통신대학교 자연과학대학 농학과

1 Dept. of Agricultural Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea

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*Corresponding Author (ryusn@knou.ac.kr), +82-2-3668-4631
• Received: February 7, 2017   • Accepted: February 13, 2017

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  • ‘Neugeunsuperjami’, a late maturing and blackish purple pigmented rice cultivar, was developed from a cross between Gumjeongbyeo and Hwaseonchalbyeo. During selected by pedigree breeding method until F8 generation, a promising line, SR28757-22-2-4-2-1-1-2-B, was selected and advanced by late maturing and content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside. Advance line designated as the name of ‘KNOU 13’. This variety headed on August 28, 140 days to heading after sowing. The culm length and the panicle length of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ was 91.0 cm and 20.0 cm, respectively. The number of panicle per hill was 10.5 and the number of grain per panicle was 88.6. The dehulling recovery of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ was about 80.5% and 1,000-grain weight was about 19.7 g, heavier than that of ‘Heugjinju’. ‘Neugeunsuperjami’ has 3~5 times higher Cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) content compared with ‘Heugjinju’.
벼는 밀, 옥수수와 함께 세계 3대 식량작물로 전 세계 인구의 절반 정도가 주식으로 사용하고 있다. 그리고 북위 53°인 고위도 지역으로부터 적도지역을 거쳐 남위 40° 저위도지역까지 매우 넓은 지역에서 다양하게 재배되고 있으며, 해발로는 수면보다 낮은 인도의 keralla(해발 ‒1m)부터 네팔의 Jumlla(해발 2,600m)까지 밭과 논에서 재배되고 있다. 그러나 근래에 들어 세계적으로 쌀의 재배면적과 쌀 생산량은 급격히 줄어들고 있다. 우리나라에서는 한 사람당 연평균 쌀 소비량이 지난 1979년의 135.6 kg을 고비로 점차 줄어들어 2016년에 61.9 kg 수준으로 떨어졌고, 더불어 쌀의 소비성향이 고급화, 다양화됨에 따라 소비자들의 유색미, 향미 등 특수용도 쌀 품종과 고품질 쌀에 대한 요구가 높아지고 있다. 소비자의 고품질 쌀과 기능성 쌀에 대한 요구에 부응하는 쌀 생산을 위해서는 적정 품종을 적기에 재배하는 것이 필요하다. 특히 우리나라는 복잡하고 다양한 지형 의 영향으로 인해 기후의 지역적 차이가 뚜렷하다. 최근 벼 육종 에서 쌀 소비를 촉진하기 위한 가공적성에 따른 품종의 특성연구 (Oh et al. 2010), 지역별 쌀 품질(Lee et al. 2005)과 같이 수량증 대, 품질향상, 가공적성 및 재배안정성 확대를 위한 품종육성도 중요한 목표로 자리매김 되었다.
쌀의 현미층에는 oryzanol, phytic acid, ferulic acid, arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan 등과 같은 다양한 유용성분이 포 함되어 있고,‘슈퍼자미’등의 기능성 쌀은 안토시아닌 계열의 특정 색소 함량이 높아 일반 벼 품종에 비해서 높은 생리활성을 기대할 수 있는 소재로서 주목을 받고 있다(Cho et al. 1996, Kim et al. 2011, Kwon et al. 2011, Ryu 2014, Xia et al. 2003).
우리나라 생태형별 벼 재배면적은 조생종 11.8%, 중생종 5.2%, 중만생종 83.0%로 중만생종 벼의 집중출하로 인해 쌀값 및 쌀품질 하락의 문제를 야기하고 있다(Shin et al. 2015). 다양 한 기후 및 지역 적응을 위해 만생이면서, 종피의 C3G 함량을 극대화시킨 ‘늦은슈퍼자미(품종보호권 등록번호: 제5627호, 2015. 6. 29)’ 벼 품종의 작물학적 특성과 품질 특성을 규명하고, 이를 활용하여 기능성 소재 및 건강 기능성 식품을 위한 기초자료 로 활용코자 수행하였다.
생산력검정
본 시험은 계통명 ‘KNOU 13호’를 2011~2013년까지 3년간 중부평야 지역에서 보통기 표준재배를 하여 대조품종 ‘흑진주 벼’의 주요 농업형질과 종피색소 특성을 비교 검토하였다. 각 지역에서 공시 품종을 4월 28일에 파종하여 5월 27일에 이앙하 였으며, 재식거리는 30 x 15 cm로 주당 3본으로 하였다. 시비량 및 질소분시방법은 농촌진흥청 표준재배법에 준하였다.
성분분석
1)

1) 조단백 함량

시료에 따라 0.3g~1g을 유산지에 취하여 kjeldahal flask에 분해 촉진제 K2SO4 : Cu2SO4.H2O(9:1)와 진한 황산(98%) 20 mL를 넣고 최대 420℃에서 1.5~2 시간 분해하였다. 실온에서 냉각 후 flask에 H2O 40 mL 과 32% NaOH 60 mL을 가하여 증류하였다. 3% Boric acid 90 mL에 NH3 gas 를 포집하여 0.1N-HCl로 적정하였다. 단백질함량은 아래 수식으로 계산하였 다(건강기능식품공전, 개별 성분별 시험법, 2011).
단백질(%)=(A-B)*f*질소계수*0.0014/S*100

  • A :  0.1N-HCl 소비량(mL),

  • B :  blank test의 0.1N-HCl 소비량 (mL),

  • f :  0.1N-HCl의 역가 = 1,

  • S :  Sample 채취량(g)

2)

2) 조지방 함량

분말 2g을 원통여과지에 넣고 검체 위에 탈지면을 충전하여 용기에 담은 채로 100~105℃의 건조기에서 2~3시간 건조한 후, 데시케이터에서 식히고 soxhlet 추출장치로 추출하였다. 받 는 그릇에 무수에테르 1/2용량을 넣어 8시간 추출 후, waterbath 에서 에테르를 완전히 증발시킨다. 받는 그릇을 98~100℃ 건조 기에서 1시간 항량이 될 때까지 건조한 다음 데시케이터에서 식히고 정량하였다. 조지방 함량은 다음 식에 따라 산출하였다 (건강기능식품공전, 개별 성분별 시험법, 2011).
조지방(%)=(W1-W0)/S*100

  • W0 :  받는 그릇의 무게(g),

  • W1 :  조지방 추출하여 건조시킨 받는 그릇의 무게(g),

  • S :  시료량(g)

3)

3) 안토시아닌(C3G) 함량

종피에 함유된 안토시아닌 색소 중 C3G의 함량분석은 Ryu et al.(1998)의 방법을 따랐다. 유색미 종자를 제현 후 곱게 마쇄 한 분말 2 g에 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)-95% EtOH 용매 20 mL를 가한 후 진탕 추출하였다. 추출액은 50 mL로 적정하여 0.45 ㎛ PVDF syringe filter로 여과한 후, HPLC (waters 501 pump, millipore gradient controller, waters 480 UV-Vis detector)를 이용하여 정량하였다. HPLC 분석은 ODS-5 (4.6 mm × 250 mm, Nomura Chemical Co., Japan) column을 이용하였고, 530 nm 파장으로 검량하였다. 이동상으 로 0.1% TFA-water와 0.1% TFA-acetonitrile을 사용하였고, 유속은 1.0 mL/min이었다.
육성경위
1997년 ‘검정벼’와 ‘화선찰’을 인공교배하여 수확된 종자를 SR28757로 표기하여, 2002년까지 C3G 함량이 높은 계통을 육성하였고(Fig. 1), 2003년 후대에서 출수기가 느린 계통을 선발하여 2010년까지 매년 계통재배하면서 초형이 양호하고, 출수기가 늦으며, C3G 함량이 높은 계통을 선발하였다. 선발된 계통은 ‘KNOU13’으로 명명하고, 2011년부터 2013년까지 생 산력검정을 수행한 결과 기본적인 농업형질인 출수기, 간장, 수장, 현미천립중 등이 균일하고, C3G 함량이 높아 ‘늦은슈퍼자 미’라고 명명하고 품종보호출원을 하였다. ‘늦은슈퍼자미’의 육 성경위와 육성계보는 Fig. 1 및 Fig. 2와 같다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
KJBS-49-47_F1.gif
Fig. 2
Genealogical diagram of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
KJBS-49-47_F2.gif
출수기 및 주요 농업적 특성
'늦은슈퍼자미'의 출수기는 중부평야 보통기 재배에서 8월 28일로 대조품종인 ‘흑진주’ 품종 보다 35일 정도 늦은 만생종 품종이다. ‘늦은슈퍼자미’의 간장은 91.0 cm로 ‘흑진주’ 보다 17 cm가량 큰 중장간이며, 수장은 20.0 cm로 ‘흑진주’ 보다 약간 짧다. 포기당 이삭수는 10.5개로 ‘흑진주’와 비슷하고, 이삭 당 벼 알 수는 88.6개로 ‘흑진주’ 보다 많았다. 현미 천립중은 19.7 g으로 ‘흑진주’보다 무거웠다(Table 1).
Table 1
Major agronomic traits and yield components.
Table 1
Cultivar Year Heading date Culm Length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicle per hill No. of grain per panicles Brown rice 1000 grain weight (g)
Heugjinju 2011 July. 26 73.0 21.8 10.2 88.4 17.2
2012 July. 25 75.0 21.0 9.0 82.0 17.0
zAverage July. 26 74.0 ±1.9 21.4 ±2.6 9.6 ±8.8 85.2 ±5.3 17.1 ±0.8
Neugeunsuperjami 2011 Aug. 30 92.0 20.1 10.0 87.3 19.5
2012 Aug. 26 90.0 20.0 11.0 90.2 19.9
zAverage Aug. 28 91.0 ±1.9 20.0 ±3.0 10.5 ±1.5 88.6 ±2.4 19.7 ±1.5

zValues are expressed as means±CV.

도정 및 품질특성
‘늦은슈퍼자미’의 현미길이는 6.03㎜로 대조품종의 5.77㎜ 에 비해 길고, 폭은 2.83 mm 로 대조품종 2.46 mm 보다 크다. ‘늦은슈퍼자미’의 장폭비는 2.13로 장원형이며, 정현비율은 80.5%로 대조품종과 비슷하였다(Table 2, Fig. 3).
Table 2
Grain appearance and milling properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
Table 2
Cultivar Rough rice(mm) Brown rice(mm) Dehulling recovery (Brown/Rough) (%)
Length Width Thickness L/W ratio Length Width Thickness L/W ratio
Heugjinju (a) 7.63 3.11 2.02 2.45 5.77 2.46 1.79 2.36 81.0
Neugeunsuperjami (b) 7.66 3.07 2.02 2.49 6.03 2.83 1.81 2.13 80.5
(b) / (a) 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.01
Fig. 3
Grain(left) and brown rice(right) of ‘Heugjinju’ and ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
KJBS-49-47_F3.gif
성분함량
‘늦은슈퍼자미’ 현미의 단백질함량은 8.3%로 대조품종에 비해 높았으나 지질함량은 3.2%로 대조품종의 4.5% 보다 낮았다. 회분 함량 및 섬유질 함량은 비슷한 수준으로 나타났다(Table 3).
Table 3
Physio-chemical properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
Table 3
Cultivar Crude Fat(%) Crude Protein(%) Ash(%) Fiber(%)
Heugjinju 4.5±2.37 8.0±0.07 2.0±0.08 1.2±0.14
Neugeunsuperjami 3.2±0.27 8.3±0.01 1.7±0.03 1.3±0.99

zValues are expressed as means±SD.

Kim et al.(2003)은 현미와 백미의 아미노산 조성비는 유사하 며, 국내 육성 5품종의 현미에서 필수아미노산의 비율은 36.8%~38.3%으로 보고한 바 있는데, '늦은슈퍼자미'의 필수아 미노산 조성은 47.78%로 매우 높은 결과를 보였다. 아미노산 조성비는 leucine, alanine, valine, phenylalanine, serine 순으로 나타났으며, 필수아미노산 중 leucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine 등은 대조품종인 ‘흑진주’에 비해 조성비가 높은 것으 로 나타났다(Table 4).
Table 4
Amino acid composition in brown rice of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
Table 4
Cultivar Total (%) Asp Thr* Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala Val* Met* Ile Leu* Tyr Phe* Phe* His* Arg TEAA* (%)
Heugjinju (a) 100 3.57 2.85 5.73 4.86 3.20 3.38 11.51 5.81 1.66 3.25 6.10 1.63 4.54 - 4.13 10.66 38.35
Neugeunsuperjami (b) 100 3.74 3.96 6.32 5.35 4.22 3.04 8.82 8.10 2.49 5.17 9.81 2.98 7.43 - 3.92 6.11 47.78
b/a 1.05 1.39 1.10 1.10 1.32 0.99 0.77 1.39 1.50 1.59 1.61 1.83 1.64 0.95 0.57 1.24

*TEAA : Total Essential Amino Acid

또한 '늦은슈퍼자미' 의 C3G 천연색소 함량은 현미 100g당 2010년에는 760 mg, 2011년에는 550 mg, 2012년에는 850 mg 으로 흑진주보다 3~5배 높은 것으로 확인되었다(Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Concentration of cyanidin 3-glucoside contents in ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
KJBS-49-47_F4.gif
전통적인 교배육종을 통하여 천연색소(C3G) 함량을 높인 '늦은슈퍼자미'의 작물학적 특성과 품질특성을 조사 분석한 결과, 중부평야지에서 평균출수기는 8월 28일로 만생종이며, 간장은 91.0 cm 정도로 장간이다. 보통기에 표준재배법으로 재배했을 때 간장과 수장의 합인 초장의 길이가 110 cm 인 장간종으로 지나친 질소시비는 도복 등을 유발할 수 있다. 현미천립중은 19.7 g 정도로 무거운 품종이며, '늦은슈퍼자미'의 현미 장폭비는 2.13의 ‘흑진주’와 비슷한 장원형이다. 단백질함량은 8.3%, 지 질함량은 3.2%로 나타났다. ‘늦은슈퍼자미’의 아미노산 조성비 는 leucine, alanine, valine, phenylalanine, serine 순으로 나타 났으며, 필수아미노산 조성은 47.78%로 나타났다. 안토시아닌 의 주 색소인 C3G 함량은 2011년에는 760 mg(100g 종자), 2012년에는 550 mg(100g 종자), 2013년에는 850 mg(100g 종자)으로서 ‘흑진주벼’ 보다는 3~5배 이상 높았다.
이 논문은 농촌진흥청 차세대바이오그린21사업(PJ01108902) 의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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A Late Maturing and High Content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside(C3G) Rice Variety ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(1):47-51.   Published online March 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.1.47
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A Late Maturing and High Content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside(C3G) Rice Variety ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(1):47-51.   Published online March 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.1.47
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A Late Maturing and High Content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside(C3G) Rice Variety ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
Fig. 2 Genealogical diagram of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’
Fig. 3 Grain(left) and brown rice(right) of ‘Heugjinju’ and ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
Fig. 4 Concentration of cyanidin 3-glucoside contents in ‘Neugeunsuperjami’

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

A Late Maturing and High Content of Cyanidin 3-glucoside(C3G) Rice Variety ‘Neugeunsuperjami’

Major agronomic traits and yield components.

Cultivar Year Heading date Culm Length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicle per hill No. of grain per panicles Brown rice 1000 grain weight (g)
Heugjinju 2011 July. 26 73.0 21.8 10.2 88.4 17.2
2012 July. 25 75.0 21.0 9.0 82.0 17.0
zAverage July. 26 74.0 ±1.9 21.4 ±2.6 9.6 ±8.8 85.2 ±5.3 17.1 ±0.8
Neugeunsuperjami 2011 Aug. 30 92.0 20.1 10.0 87.3 19.5
2012 Aug. 26 90.0 20.0 11.0 90.2 19.9
zAverage Aug. 28 91.0 ±1.9 20.0 ±3.0 10.5 ±1.5 88.6 ±2.4 19.7 ±1.5

zValues are expressed as means±CV.

Grain appearance and milling properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.

Cultivar Rough rice(mm) Brown rice(mm) Dehulling recovery (Brown/Rough) (%)
Length Width Thickness L/W ratio Length Width Thickness L/W ratio
Heugjinju (a) 7.63 3.11 2.02 2.45 5.77 2.46 1.79 2.36 81.0
Neugeunsuperjami (b) 7.66 3.07 2.02 2.49 6.03 2.83 1.81 2.13 80.5
(b) / (a) 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.01

Physio-chemical properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.

Cultivar Crude Fat(%) Crude Protein(%) Ash(%) Fiber(%)
Heugjinju 4.5±2.37 8.0±0.07 2.0±0.08 1.2±0.14
Neugeunsuperjami 3.2±0.27 8.3±0.01 1.7±0.03 1.3±0.99

zValues are expressed as means±SD.

Amino acid composition in brown rice of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.

Cultivar Total (%) Asp Thr* Ser Glu Pro Gly Ala Val* Met* Ile Leu* Tyr Phe* Phe* His* Arg TEAA* (%)
Heugjinju (a) 100 3.57 2.85 5.73 4.86 3.20 3.38 11.51 5.81 1.66 3.25 6.10 1.63 4.54 - 4.13 10.66 38.35
Neugeunsuperjami (b) 100 3.74 3.96 6.32 5.35 4.22 3.04 8.82 8.10 2.49 5.17 9.81 2.98 7.43 - 3.92 6.11 47.78
b/a 1.05 1.39 1.10 1.10 1.32 0.99 0.77 1.39 1.50 1.59 1.61 1.83 1.64 0.95 0.57 1.24

*TEAA : Total Essential Amino Acid

Table 1 Major agronomic traits and yield components.

Values are expressed as means±CV.

Table 2 Grain appearance and milling properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.
Table 3 Physio-chemical properties of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.

Values are expressed as means±SD.

Table 4 Amino acid composition in brown rice of ‘Neugeunsuperjami’.

TEAA : Total Essential Amino Acid

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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