1 국립식량과학원
1 National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Korea
2 전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 작물생명과학과
2 Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
© Korean Society of Breeding Science. All rights reserved.
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| Flour | Ash (%) | Damaged Starch (%) | Lightness | Protein (%) | SDSSedimentation Volume (mL) | Mixograph | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Water Absorption (%) | Mixing Time (min) | ||||||
|
|
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| Korean Wheat Cultivars | |||||||
| Baekjoong | 0.47abz | 6.86a | 92.84fg | 11.66bc | 59.50d | 60.50c | 3.15cd |
| Goso | 0.42ef | 2.36f | 94.38ab | 10.79d | 48.00e | 58.67d | 3.08cd |
| Joa | 0.40g | 3.21e | 93.82cd | 11.28cd | 19.00j | 60.00c | 1.67f |
| Jojoong | 0.40g | 6.30bc | 92.60gh | 12.09b | 43.50f | 61.70c | 3.23b |
| Jokyung | 0.47ab | 6.45b | 93.49de | 11.91bc | 69.50c | 61.17c | 3.37ab |
| Joongmo2008 | 0.48a | 3.08e | 92.24h | 16.44a | 79.50a | 65.67a | 3.73a |
| Jopoom | 0.44cd | 2.23f | 91.73i | 11.48bcd | 39.00hi | 62.00c | 2.60e |
| Keumkang | 0.46bc | 4.23d | 93.17ef | 12.14b | 77.00b | 63.00b | 3.10cd |
| Suan | 0.44de | 6.02c | 94.09bc | 11.57bc | 42.50fg | 61.00c | 2.77de |
| Uri | 0.41fg | 1.48g | 94.66a | 11.60bc | 20.00j | 56.00e | 1.40f |
| Younbaek | 0.43de | 5.92c | 92.76fg | 11.20cd | 41.00gh | 61.33c | 2.57e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | |||||||
| Keumkang I | 0.42cy | 5.383c | 92.36a | 10.17c | 46.00c | 62.00b | 3.30c |
| Keumkang II | 0.45b | 5.79b | 92.49a | 12.61b | 59.00b | 65.00a | 3.72b |
| Keumkang III | 0.47a | 6.16a | 91.89b | 15.71a | 72.25c | 66.00a | 4.13a |
| Jokyung I | 0.42b | 5.71c | 92.21a | 8.27c | 33.00c | 57.00c | 2.50c |
| Jokyung II | 0.47a | 6.03b | 92.25a | 10.21b | 49.50b | 59.00b | 3.67b |
| Jokyung III | 0.47a | 6.23a | 92.19a | 12.26a | 66.25a | 63.00a | 4.12a |
| Suan I | 0.41b | 5.46b | 91.72a | 8.88c | 21.50c | 59.00c | 2.03c |
| Suan II | 0.42b | 5.67b | 91.68a | 11.07b | 30.50b | 62.00b | 2.80b |
| Suan III | 0.43a | 6.07a | 91.74a | 13.21a | 48.25a | 64.00a | 3.18a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | |||||||
| Baekchal | 0.47a | 5.71b | 93.01c | 11.98a | 51.25a | 63.33a | 2.77b |
| Hojoong | 0.40c | 2.45c | 93.52b | 11.60a | 35.50c | 58.33b | 2.91b |
| Joongmo2012 | 0.42b | 2.57c | 94.09a | 11.26a | 45.00b | 59.00b | 4.03a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 0.43b | 7.21a | 93.66b | 11.35a | 30.50d | 63.00a | 2.73b |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | |||||||
| Comx | 0.43 | 6.50 | 94.48 | 11.67 | 37.50 | 62.33 | 5.01 |
| Flour | Amylose (%) | Amylograph | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | ||
|
|
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| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||||
| Baekjoong | 26.84cz | 94.50d | 66.50c | 210.00d | 28.00de | 143.50e |
| Goso | 28.86a | 80.50ef | 35.00e | 192.50ef | 45.50b | 157.50d |
| Joa | 27.98abc | 84.00e | 56.00d | 203.00de | 28.00de | 147.00e |
| Jojoong | 28.81a | 112.00bc | 75.50b | 238.00c | 26.00def | 160.00d |
| Jokyung | 27.53abc | 77.00ef | 52.50d | 157.50g | 24.50ef | 105.00g |
| Joongmo2008 | 27.56abc | 112.50b | 66.00c | 240.00c | 26.50def | 170.50c |
| Jopoom | 28.67ab | 114.00b | 90.50a | 306.50a | 21.00f | 186.00b |
| Keumkang | 26.74c | 77.00ef | 42.00e | 168.00g | 35.00c | 126.00f |
| Suan | 27.10c | 73.50f | 42.00e | 189.00f | 31.50cd | 147.00e |
| Uri | 27.96abc | 129.50a | 73.50bc | 276.50b | 56.00a | 203.00a |
| Younbaek | 28.04abc | 104.00c | 71.50bc | 205.00d | 25.50def | 143.00e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||||
| Baekchal | 6.46b | 651.00a | 392.50a | 448.00a | 333.75b | 135.75b |
| Hojoong | 20.77a | 164.50d | 87.50d | 325.50c | 77.00c | 238.00a |
| Joongmo2012 | 20.57a | 203.50c | 166.00b | 376.00b | 60.00c | 233.50a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 6.15b | 563.00b | 131.67c | 219.33d | 430.67a | 81.00c |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||||
| Comy | 27.28 | 114.50 | 106.00 | 275.00 | 23.00 | 182.00 |
| Flour | Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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|
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| Thickness | Lightness | Thickness | Lightness | |
|
|
||||
| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||
| Baekjoong | 1.60gz | 83.00a | 1.65f | 85.79a |
| Goso | 1.80cd | 81.63b | 1.76d | 81.07cd |
| Joa | 1.79de | 80.00d | 1.77d | 79.20f |
| Jojoong | 1.77e | 79.02ef | 1.81c | 77.82g |
| Jokyung | 1.83bc | 80.73c | 1.87b | 81.54bc |
| Joongmo2008 | 2.10a | 79.40e | 2.08a | 78.18g |
| Jopoom | 1.60g | 78.67f | 1.59g | 77.16h |
| Keumkang | 1.84b | 81.99b | 1.82c | 80.97d |
| Suan | 1.77e | 80.61c | 1.77d | 79.40ef |
| Uri | 1.47h | 82.71c | 1.56i | 81.80b |
| Younbaek | 1.70f | 80.84a | 1.67e | 79.75e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | ||||
| Keumkang I | 1.66cy | 82.84a | 1.65c | 82.37a |
| Keumkang II | 1.77b | 83.11a | 1.77b | 82.35a |
| Keumkang III | 1.84a | 82.78a | 1.80a | 81.84b |
| Jokyung I | 1.53c | 83.50a | 1.50c | 82.61a |
| Jokyung II | 1.64b | 83.34a | 1.64b | 82.38a |
| Jokyung III | 1.77a | 82.96a | 1.73a | 82.95a |
| Suan I | 1.65c | 82.84a | 1.66c | 81.76a |
| Suan II | 1.71b | 82.60a | 1.68b | 81.71a |
| Suan III | 1.77a | 82.58a | 1.72a | 82.05a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||
| Baekchal | 1.74a | 81.31b | 1.68b | 81.80a |
| Hojoong | 1.62b | 83.50a | 1.62c | 81.18b |
| Joongmo2012 | 1.76a | 81.61b | 1.79a | 80.50c |
| Shinmichal 1 | 1.65b | 78.47c | 1.57d | 78.47d |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||
| Comx | 1.80 | 84.67 | 1.82 | 84.74 |
| Parameters | Flourz | Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
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| Thickness | Lightness | Thickness | Lightness | ||
|
|
|||||
| Ash | n = 11 | 0.406 | 0.144 | 0.441 | 0.313 |
| n = 9 | 0.474 | 0.517 | 0.475 | 0.451 | |
| n = 4 | 0.566 | -0.375 | 0.084 | 0.247 | |
|
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| Damaged Starch | n = 11 | 0.094 | 0.055 | 0.152 | 0.291 |
| n = 9 | 0.571 | 0.361 | 0.465 | 0.284 | |
| n = 4 | -0.082 | -0.868 | -0.579 | -0.520 | |
|
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| Lightness of flour | n = 11 | -0.225 | 0.583 | -0.190 | 0.378 |
| n = 9 | -0.186 | 0.572 | -0.116 | 0.741* | |
| n = 4 | 0.091 | -0.075 | 0.398 | -0.489 | |
|
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| Protein | n = 11 | 0.701*y | -0.318 | 0.604* | -0.268 |
| n = 9 | 0.944*** | -0.230 | 0.881** | -0.184 | |
| n = 4 | 0.087 | -0.509 | -0.143 | 0.715 | |
|
|
|||||
| SDS-sedimentation volume | n = 11 | 0.648* | 0.041 | 0.211 | 0.164 |
| n = 9 | 0.722* | 0.292 | 0.680* | 0.368 | |
| n = 4 | 0.842 | 0.103 | 0.717 | 0.763 | |
|
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| Mixograph water absorption | n = 11 | 0.753** | -0.549 | 0.623* | -0.417 |
| n = 9 | 0.953*** | -0.306 | 0.925*** | -0.177 | |
| n = 4 | 0.158 | -0.920 | -0.383 | -0.251 | |
|
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| Mixograph mixing time | n = 11 | 0.654* | -0.205 | 0.265 | -0.004 |
| n = 9 | 0.262 | 0.205 | 0.320 | 0.448 | |
| n = 4 | 0.603 | 0.861 | 0.882 | 0.075 | |
|
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| Amylose | n = 11 | -0.145 | -0.503 | 0.295 | -0.534 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.042 | 0.955* | 0.488 | 0.298 | |
|
|
|||||
| Peak viscosity | n = 11 | -0.355 | -0.178 | 0.242 | -0.236 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.174 | -0.924 | -0.366 | -0.154 | |
|
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| Holding strength | n = 11 | -0.413 | -0.387 | 0.136 | -0.285 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.646 | -0.465 | 0.264 | 0.530 | |
|
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| Final viscosity | n = 11 | -0.428 | -0.339 | 0.117 | -0.379 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.701 | 0.182 | 0.668 | 0.901 | |
|
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| Breakdown | n = 11 | -0.353 | 0.645* | -0.267 | 0.345 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.105 | -0.950* | -0.605 | -0.468 | |
|
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| Setback | n = 11 | -0.390 | -0.134 | 0.112 | -0.296 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.096 | 0.915 | 0.587 | 0.547 | |
| Flour | Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Hardness (N) | Springiness (Ratio) | Cohesiveness (Ratio) | Hardness (N) | Springiness (Ratio) | Cohesiveness (Ratio) | |
|
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| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||||
| Baekjoong | 2.21iz | 0.88a | 0.60e | 2.55i | 0.89a | 0.63b |
| Goso | 4.46c | 0.85c | 0.62c | 3.84b | 0.88ab | 0.62b |
| Joa | 4.14d | 0.88a | 0.63c | 3.65d | 0.88ab | 0.62b |
| Jojoong | 3.84f | 0.86c | 0.64b | 3.58e | 0.87bc | 0.61b |
| Jokyung | 3.63g | 0.85c | 0.61d | 3.20g | 0.89a | 0.60b |
| Joongmo2008 | 4.77b | 0.85c | 0.65a | 3.77c | 0.89a | 0.65a |
| Jopoom | 3.67g | 0.86c | 0.62c | 2.74h | 0.88ab | 0.61b |
| Keumkang | 4.97a | 0.87ab | 0.63c | 4.63a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Suan | 4.00e | 0.86c | 0.61d | 3.66d | 0.84d | 0.65a |
| Uri | 2.20i | 0.87bc | 0.61d | 2.44j | 0.89a | 0.65a |
| Younbaek | 3.24h | 0.87bc | 0.63c | 3.48f | 0.86c | 0.59c |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | ||||||
| Keumkang I | 2.93cy | 0.87a | 0.61c | 2.94c | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Keumkang II | 3.85b | 0.87a | 0.63a | 3.40b | 0.89a | 0.66a |
| Keumkang III | 4.48a | 0.87a | 0.62b | 4.21a | 0.90a | 0.64a |
| Jokyung I | 2.33c | 0.87a | 0.63ab | 1.96c | 0.86b | 0.61a |
| Jokyung II | 3.48b | 0.88a | 0.64a | 2.84b | 0.88a | 0.61a |
| Jokyung III | 4.01a | 0.88a | 0.62b | 3.52a | 0.87ab | 0.61a |
| Suan I | 3.35c | 0.87a | 0.61a | 3.46c | 0.87b | 0.64a |
| Suan II | 3.86b | 0.86ab | 0.60a | 3.67b | 0.87b | 0.64a |
| Suan III | 4.14a | 0.85b | 0.61a | 4.30a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||||
| Baekchal | 0.96c | 0.70c | 0.61b | 1.16c | 0.77c | 0.61b |
| Hojoong | 2.61b | 0.84b | 0.64a | 3.05b | 0.86b | 0.63ab |
| Joongmo2012 | 3.52a | 0.88a | 0.63ab | 3.12a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 0.89c | 0.66c | 0.58c | 0.91d | 0.75d | 0.61b |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||||
| Comx | 3.91 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 3.30 | 0.89 | 0.62 |
| Parameters | Flourz | Korean Noodle Machiney | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| HD (N) | SP (Ratio) | CO (Ratio) | HD (N) | SP (Ratio) | CO (Ratio) | ||
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| Ash | n = 11 | 0.127 | -0.373 | -0.103 | 0.055 | 0.316 | 0.195 |
| n = 9 | 0.464 | -0.152 | 0.667* | -0.018 | 0.234 | -0.342 | |
| n = 4 | -0.659 | -0.638 | -0.471 | -0.727 | -0.649 | -0.806 | |
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| Damaged Starch | n = 11 | -0.166 | -0.153 | -0.189 | 0.057 | -0.358 | -0.334 |
| n = 9 | 0.652 | -0.154 | 0.368 | 0.158 | 0.044 | -0.522 | |
| n = 4 | -0.924 | -0.979* | 0.584 | -0.984* | -0.970* | -0.853 | |
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| Lightness of flour | n = 11 | -0.138 | -0.009 | -0.437 | 0.030 | -0.107 | 0.323 |
| n = 9 | -0.366 | -0.027 | 0.672* | -0.595 | 0.070 | -0.035 | |
| n = 4 | 0.721 | 0.584 | 0.175 | 0.568 | 0.618 | 0.828 | |
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| Protein | n = 11 | 0.366 | -0.201 | 0.604* | 0.202 | 0.288 | 0.426 |
| n = 9 | 0.887*x | -0.680* | -0.073 | 0.658 | 0.500 | 0.179 | |
| n = 4 | -0.509 | -0.335 | 0.068 | -0.361 | -0.393 | -0.674 | |
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| SDS-sedimentation volume | n = 11 | 0.437 | -0.449 | 0.211 | 0.423 | 0.328 | 0.116 |
| n = 9 | 0.605 | -0.420 | 0.360 | 0.161 | 0.341 | -0.124 | |
| n = 4 | 0.103 | 0.165 | 0.323 | 0.049 | 0.146 | -0.147 | |
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| Mixograph water absorption | n = 11 | 0.608* | -0.187 | 0.623* | 0.486 | 0.001 | -0.010 |
| n = 9 | 0.828** | -0.735* | -0.232 | 0.653 | 0.487 | 0.378 | |
| n = 4 | -0.920 | -0.946 | -0.859 | -0.982* | -0.945 | -0.930 | |
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| Mixograph mixing time | n = 11 | 0.434 | -0.504 | 0.265 | 0.368 | 0.077 | -0.078 |
| n = 9 | 0.113 | -0.090 | 0.355 | -0.133 | 0.446 | 0.051 | |
| n = 4 | 0.861 | 0.779 | 0.491 | 0.696 | 0.798 | 0.802 | |
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| Amylose | n = 11 | 0.040 | -0.115 | 0.295 | -0.149 | -0.084 | -0.478 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.955* | 0.977* | 0.881 | 0.997** | 0.976* | 0.943 | |
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| Peak viscosity | n = 11 | -0.454 | 0.240 | 0.242 | -0.557 | 0.225 | 0.054 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.924 | -0.932 | -0.804 | -0.969* | -0.935 | -0.955 | |
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| Holding strength | n = 11 | -0.493 | 0.206 | 0.136 | -0.641* | 0.132 | -0.265 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.465 | -0.405 | -0.176 | -0.500 | -0.425 | -0.668 | |
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| Final viscosity | n = 11 | -0.341 | 0.291 | 0.117 | -0.584 | 0.114 | 0.109 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.182 | 0.282 | 0.506 | 0.191 | 0.255 | -0.072 | |
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| Breakdown | n = 11 | -0.217 | 0.168 | -0.276 | -0.089 | 0.181 | 0.498 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.950* | -0.991** | -0.945 | -0.992** | -0.985* | -0.887 | |
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| Setback | n = 11 | -0.284 | 0.381 | 0.112 | -0.459 | 0.049 | 0.359 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.915 | 0.975* | 0.973* | 0.977* | 0.964* | 0.837 | |
zn=11 indicates 11 Korean wheat cultivars, n=9 indicates three Korean wheat cultivars with different protein content and n=4 indicates four Korean wheats including waxy and low amylose content.
yHD = hardeness, CO = Cohesiveness, SP = springiness.
x*, **, ***, significant at p<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 level.
Flour characteristics of Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different protein and amylose content.
| Flour | Ash (%) | Damaged Starch (%) | Lightness | Protein (%) | SDSSedimentation Volume (mL) | Mixograph | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Water Absorption (%) | Mixing Time (min) | ||||||
|
|
|||||||
| Korean Wheat Cultivars | |||||||
| Baekjoong | 0.47ab |
6.86a | 92.84fg | 11.66bc | 59.50d | 60.50c | 3.15cd |
| Goso | 0.42ef | 2.36f | 94.38ab | 10.79d | 48.00e | 58.67d | 3.08cd |
| Joa | 0.40g | 3.21e | 93.82cd | 11.28cd | 19.00j | 60.00c | 1.67f |
| Jojoong | 0.40g | 6.30bc | 92.60gh | 12.09b | 43.50f | 61.70c | 3.23b |
| Jokyung | 0.47ab | 6.45b | 93.49de | 11.91bc | 69.50c | 61.17c | 3.37ab |
| Joongmo2008 | 0.48a | 3.08e | 92.24h | 16.44a | 79.50a | 65.67a | 3.73a |
| Jopoom | 0.44cd | 2.23f | 91.73i | 11.48bcd | 39.00hi | 62.00c | 2.60e |
| Keumkang | 0.46bc | 4.23d | 93.17ef | 12.14b | 77.00b | 63.00b | 3.10cd |
| Suan | 0.44de | 6.02c | 94.09bc | 11.57bc | 42.50fg | 61.00c | 2.77de |
| Uri | 0.41fg | 1.48g | 94.66a | 11.60bc | 20.00j | 56.00e | 1.40f |
| Younbaek | 0.43de | 5.92c | 92.76fg | 11.20cd | 41.00gh | 61.33c | 2.57e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | |||||||
| Keumkang I | 0.42c |
5.383c | 92.36a | 10.17c | 46.00c | 62.00b | 3.30c |
| Keumkang II | 0.45b | 5.79b | 92.49a | 12.61b | 59.00b | 65.00a | 3.72b |
| Keumkang III | 0.47a | 6.16a | 91.89b | 15.71a | 72.25c | 66.00a | 4.13a |
| Jokyung I | 0.42b | 5.71c | 92.21a | 8.27c | 33.00c | 57.00c | 2.50c |
| Jokyung II | 0.47a | 6.03b | 92.25a | 10.21b | 49.50b | 59.00b | 3.67b |
| Jokyung III | 0.47a | 6.23a | 92.19a | 12.26a | 66.25a | 63.00a | 4.12a |
| Suan I | 0.41b | 5.46b | 91.72a | 8.88c | 21.50c | 59.00c | 2.03c |
| Suan II | 0.42b | 5.67b | 91.68a | 11.07b | 30.50b | 62.00b | 2.80b |
| Suan III | 0.43a | 6.07a | 91.74a | 13.21a | 48.25a | 64.00a | 3.18a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | |||||||
| Baekchal | 0.47a | 5.71b | 93.01c | 11.98a | 51.25a | 63.33a | 2.77b |
| Hojoong | 0.40c | 2.45c | 93.52b | 11.60a | 35.50c | 58.33b | 2.91b |
| Joongmo2012 | 0.42b | 2.57c | 94.09a | 11.26a | 45.00b | 59.00b | 4.03a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 0.43b | 7.21a | 93.66b | 11.35a | 30.50d | 63.00a | 2.73b |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | |||||||
| Com |
0.43 | 6.50 | 94.48 | 11.67 | 37.50 | 62.33 | 5.01 |
zLeast significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant
yValues followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
xCom = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Starch properties of Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different amylose content.
| Flour | Amylose (%) | Amylograph | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Peak Viscosity (BU) | Holding Strength (BU) | Final Viscosity (BU) | Breakdown (BU) | Setback (BU) | ||
|
|
||||||
| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||||
| Baekjoong | 26.84c |
94.50d | 66.50c | 210.00d | 28.00de | 143.50e |
| Goso | 28.86a | 80.50ef | 35.00e | 192.50ef | 45.50b | 157.50d |
| Joa | 27.98abc | 84.00e | 56.00d | 203.00de | 28.00de | 147.00e |
| Jojoong | 28.81a | 112.00bc | 75.50b | 238.00c | 26.00def | 160.00d |
| Jokyung | 27.53abc | 77.00ef | 52.50d | 157.50g | 24.50ef | 105.00g |
| Joongmo2008 | 27.56abc | 112.50b | 66.00c | 240.00c | 26.50def | 170.50c |
| Jopoom | 28.67ab | 114.00b | 90.50a | 306.50a | 21.00f | 186.00b |
| Keumkang | 26.74c | 77.00ef | 42.00e | 168.00g | 35.00c | 126.00f |
| Suan | 27.10c | 73.50f | 42.00e | 189.00f | 31.50cd | 147.00e |
| Uri | 27.96abc | 129.50a | 73.50bc | 276.50b | 56.00a | 203.00a |
| Younbaek | 28.04abc | 104.00c | 71.50bc | 205.00d | 25.50def | 143.00e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||||
| Baekchal | 6.46b | 651.00a | 392.50a | 448.00a | 333.75b | 135.75b |
| Hojoong | 20.77a | 164.50d | 87.50d | 325.50c | 77.00c | 238.00a |
| Joongmo2012 | 20.57a | 203.50c | 166.00b | 376.00b | 60.00c | 233.50a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 6.15b | 563.00b | 131.67c | 219.33d | 430.67a | 81.00c |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||||
| Com |
27.28 | 114.50 | 106.00 | 275.00 | 23.00 | 182.00 |
zLeast significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
yCom = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Characteristics of noodle dough sheet of yellow alkaline noodles prepared from different noodle machine with Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different protein and amylose content.
| Flour | Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Thickness | Lightness | Thickness | Lightness | |
|
|
||||
| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||
| Baekjoong | 1.60g |
83.00a | 1.65f | 85.79a |
| Goso | 1.80cd | 81.63b | 1.76d | 81.07cd |
| Joa | 1.79de | 80.00d | 1.77d | 79.20f |
| Jojoong | 1.77e | 79.02ef | 1.81c | 77.82g |
| Jokyung | 1.83bc | 80.73c | 1.87b | 81.54bc |
| Joongmo2008 | 2.10a | 79.40e | 2.08a | 78.18g |
| Jopoom | 1.60g | 78.67f | 1.59g | 77.16h |
| Keumkang | 1.84b | 81.99b | 1.82c | 80.97d |
| Suan | 1.77e | 80.61c | 1.77d | 79.40ef |
| Uri | 1.47h | 82.71c | 1.56i | 81.80b |
| Younbaek | 1.70f | 80.84a | 1.67e | 79.75e |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | ||||
| Keumkang I | 1.66c |
82.84a | 1.65c | 82.37a |
| Keumkang II | 1.77b | 83.11a | 1.77b | 82.35a |
| Keumkang III | 1.84a | 82.78a | 1.80a | 81.84b |
| Jokyung I | 1.53c | 83.50a | 1.50c | 82.61a |
| Jokyung II | 1.64b | 83.34a | 1.64b | 82.38a |
| Jokyung III | 1.77a | 82.96a | 1.73a | 82.95a |
| Suan I | 1.65c | 82.84a | 1.66c | 81.76a |
| Suan II | 1.71b | 82.60a | 1.68b | 81.71a |
| Suan III | 1.77a | 82.58a | 1.72a | 82.05a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||
| Baekchal | 1.74a | 81.31b | 1.68b | 81.80a |
| Hojoong | 1.62b | 83.50a | 1.62c | 81.18b |
| Joongmo2012 | 1.76a | 81.61b | 1.79a | 80.50c |
| Shinmichal 1 | 1.65b | 78.47c | 1.57d | 78.47d |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||
| Com |
1.80 | 84.67 | 1.82 | 84.74 |
zLeast significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
yValues followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
xCom = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Coefficients of correlation between flour characteristics and properties of noodle dough sheet of yellow alkaline noodles prepared from different noodle machine with Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different protein and amylose content.
| Parameters | Flour |
Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||
| Thickness | Lightness | Thickness | Lightness | ||
|
|
|||||
| Ash | n = 11 | 0.406 | 0.144 | 0.441 | 0.313 |
| n = 9 | 0.474 | 0.517 | 0.475 | 0.451 | |
| n = 4 | 0.566 | -0.375 | 0.084 | 0.247 | |
| Damaged Starch | n = 11 | 0.094 | 0.055 | 0.152 | 0.291 |
| n = 9 | 0.571 | 0.361 | 0.465 | 0.284 | |
| n = 4 | -0.082 | -0.868 | -0.579 | -0.520 | |
| Lightness of flour | n = 11 | -0.225 | 0.583 | -0.190 | 0.378 |
| n = 9 | -0.186 | 0.572 | -0.116 | 0.741* | |
| n = 4 | 0.091 | -0.075 | 0.398 | -0.489 | |
| Protein | n = 11 | 0.701* |
-0.318 | 0.604* | -0.268 |
| n = 9 | 0.944*** | -0.230 | 0.881** | -0.184 | |
| n = 4 | 0.087 | -0.509 | -0.143 | 0.715 | |
| SDS-sedimentation volume | n = 11 | 0.648* | 0.041 | 0.211 | 0.164 |
| n = 9 | 0.722* | 0.292 | 0.680* | 0.368 | |
| n = 4 | 0.842 | 0.103 | 0.717 | 0.763 | |
| Mixograph water absorption | n = 11 | 0.753** | -0.549 | 0.623* | -0.417 |
| n = 9 | 0.953*** | -0.306 | 0.925*** | -0.177 | |
| n = 4 | 0.158 | -0.920 | -0.383 | -0.251 | |
| Mixograph mixing time | n = 11 | 0.654* | -0.205 | 0.265 | -0.004 |
| n = 9 | 0.262 | 0.205 | 0.320 | 0.448 | |
| n = 4 | 0.603 | 0.861 | 0.882 | 0.075 | |
| Amylose | n = 11 | -0.145 | -0.503 | 0.295 | -0.534 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.042 | 0.955* | 0.488 | 0.298 | |
| Peak viscosity | n = 11 | -0.355 | -0.178 | 0.242 | -0.236 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.174 | -0.924 | -0.366 | -0.154 | |
| Holding strength | n = 11 | -0.413 | -0.387 | 0.136 | -0.285 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.646 | -0.465 | 0.264 | 0.530 | |
| Final viscosity | n = 11 | -0.428 | -0.339 | 0.117 | -0.379 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.701 | 0.182 | 0.668 | 0.901 | |
| Breakdown | n = 11 | -0.353 | 0.645* | -0.267 | 0.345 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.105 | -0.950* | -0.605 | -0.468 | |
| Setback | n = 11 | -0.390 | -0.134 | 0.112 | -0.296 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.096 | 0.915 | 0.587 | 0.547 | |
zn=11 indicates 11 Korean wheat cultivars, n=9 indicates three Korean wheat cultivars with different protein content and n=4 indicates four Korean wheats including waxy and low amylose content.
y*, **, ***, significant at p<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 level.
Texture properties of cooked yellow alkaline noodles prepared from different noodle machine with Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different protein and amylose content.
| Flour | Korean Noodle Machine | Japanese Noodle Machine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| Hardness (N) | Springiness (Ratio) | Cohesiveness (Ratio) | Hardness (N) | Springiness (Ratio) | Cohesiveness (Ratio) | |
|
|
||||||
| Korean Wheat Cultivars | ||||||
| Baekjoong | 2.21i |
0.88a | 0.60e | 2.55i | 0.89a | 0.63b |
| Goso | 4.46c | 0.85c | 0.62c | 3.84b | 0.88ab | 0.62b |
| Joa | 4.14d | 0.88a | 0.63c | 3.65d | 0.88ab | 0.62b |
| Jojoong | 3.84f | 0.86c | 0.64b | 3.58e | 0.87bc | 0.61b |
| Jokyung | 3.63g | 0.85c | 0.61d | 3.20g | 0.89a | 0.60b |
| Joongmo2008 | 4.77b | 0.85c | 0.65a | 3.77c | 0.89a | 0.65a |
| Jopoom | 3.67g | 0.86c | 0.62c | 2.74h | 0.88ab | 0.61b |
| Keumkang | 4.97a | 0.87ab | 0.63c | 4.63a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Suan | 4.00e | 0.86c | 0.61d | 3.66d | 0.84d | 0.65a |
| Uri | 2.20i | 0.87bc | 0.61d | 2.44j | 0.89a | 0.65a |
| Younbaek | 3.24h | 0.87bc | 0.63c | 3.48f | 0.86c | 0.59c |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Protein Content | ||||||
| Keumkang I | 2.93c |
0.87a | 0.61c | 2.94c | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Keumkang II | 3.85b | 0.87a | 0.63a | 3.40b | 0.89a | 0.66a |
| Keumkang III | 4.48a | 0.87a | 0.62b | 4.21a | 0.90a | 0.64a |
| Jokyung I | 2.33c | 0.87a | 0.63ab | 1.96c | 0.86b | 0.61a |
| Jokyung II | 3.48b | 0.88a | 0.64a | 2.84b | 0.88a | 0.61a |
| Jokyung III | 4.01a | 0.88a | 0.62b | 3.52a | 0.87ab | 0.61a |
| Suan I | 3.35c | 0.87a | 0.61a | 3.46c | 0.87b | 0.64a |
| Suan II | 3.86b | 0.86ab | 0.60a | 3.67b | 0.87b | 0.64a |
| Suan III | 4.14a | 0.85b | 0.61a | 4.30a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Korean Wheat Flours with Different Amylose Content | ||||||
| Baekchal | 0.96c | 0.70c | 0.61b | 1.16c | 0.77c | 0.61b |
| Hojoong | 2.61b | 0.84b | 0.64a | 3.05b | 0.86b | 0.63ab |
| Joongmo2012 | 3.52a | 0.88a | 0.63ab | 3.12a | 0.89a | 0.64a |
| Shinmichal 1 | 0.89c | 0.66c | 0.58c | 0.91d | 0.75d | 0.61b |
| Commercial Flour for Noodles | ||||||
| Com |
3.91 | 0.87 | 0.63 | 3.30 | 0.89 | 0.62 |
zLeast significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
yValues followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
xCom = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Coefficients of correlation between flour characteristics and texture profiles of cooked yellow alkaline noodles prepared from different noodle machine with Korean wheat cultivars and wheat flours with different protein and amylose content.
| Parameters | Flour |
Korean Noodle Machine |
Japanese Noodle Machine | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| HD (N) | SP (Ratio) | CO (Ratio) | HD (N) | SP (Ratio) | CO (Ratio) | ||
|
|
|||||||
| Ash | n = 11 | 0.127 | -0.373 | -0.103 | 0.055 | 0.316 | 0.195 |
| n = 9 | 0.464 | -0.152 | 0.667* | -0.018 | 0.234 | -0.342 | |
| n = 4 | -0.659 | -0.638 | -0.471 | -0.727 | -0.649 | -0.806 | |
| Damaged Starch | n = 11 | -0.166 | -0.153 | -0.189 | 0.057 | -0.358 | -0.334 |
| n = 9 | 0.652 | -0.154 | 0.368 | 0.158 | 0.044 | -0.522 | |
| n = 4 | -0.924 | -0.979* | 0.584 | -0.984* | -0.970* | -0.853 | |
| Lightness of flour | n = 11 | -0.138 | -0.009 | -0.437 | 0.030 | -0.107 | 0.323 |
| n = 9 | -0.366 | -0.027 | 0.672* | -0.595 | 0.070 | -0.035 | |
| n = 4 | 0.721 | 0.584 | 0.175 | 0.568 | 0.618 | 0.828 | |
| Protein | n = 11 | 0.366 | -0.201 | 0.604* | 0.202 | 0.288 | 0.426 |
| n = 9 | 0.887* |
-0.680* | -0.073 | 0.658 | 0.500 | 0.179 | |
| n = 4 | -0.509 | -0.335 | 0.068 | -0.361 | -0.393 | -0.674 | |
| SDS-sedimentation volume | n = 11 | 0.437 | -0.449 | 0.211 | 0.423 | 0.328 | 0.116 |
| n = 9 | 0.605 | -0.420 | 0.360 | 0.161 | 0.341 | -0.124 | |
| n = 4 | 0.103 | 0.165 | 0.323 | 0.049 | 0.146 | -0.147 | |
| Mixograph water absorption | n = 11 | 0.608* | -0.187 | 0.623* | 0.486 | 0.001 | -0.010 |
| n = 9 | 0.828** | -0.735* | -0.232 | 0.653 | 0.487 | 0.378 | |
| n = 4 | -0.920 | -0.946 | -0.859 | -0.982* | -0.945 | -0.930 | |
| Mixograph mixing time | n = 11 | 0.434 | -0.504 | 0.265 | 0.368 | 0.077 | -0.078 |
| n = 9 | 0.113 | -0.090 | 0.355 | -0.133 | 0.446 | 0.051 | |
| n = 4 | 0.861 | 0.779 | 0.491 | 0.696 | 0.798 | 0.802 | |
| Amylose | n = 11 | 0.040 | -0.115 | 0.295 | -0.149 | -0.084 | -0.478 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.955* | 0.977* | 0.881 | 0.997** | 0.976* | 0.943 | |
| Peak viscosity | n = 11 | -0.454 | 0.240 | 0.242 | -0.557 | 0.225 | 0.054 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.924 | -0.932 | -0.804 | -0.969* | -0.935 | -0.955 | |
| Holding strength | n = 11 | -0.493 | 0.206 | 0.136 | -0.641* | 0.132 | -0.265 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.465 | -0.405 | -0.176 | -0.500 | -0.425 | -0.668 | |
| Final viscosity | n = 11 | -0.341 | 0.291 | 0.117 | -0.584 | 0.114 | 0.109 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.182 | 0.282 | 0.506 | 0.191 | 0.255 | -0.072 | |
| Breakdown | n = 11 | -0.217 | 0.168 | -0.276 | -0.089 | 0.181 | 0.498 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | -0.950* | -0.991** | -0.945 | -0.992** | -0.985* | -0.887 | |
| Setback | n = 11 | -0.284 | 0.381 | 0.112 | -0.459 | 0.049 | 0.359 |
| n = 9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| n = 4 | 0.915 | 0.975* | 0.973* | 0.977* | 0.964* | 0.837 | |
zn=11 indicates 11 Korean wheat cultivars, n=9 indicates three Korean wheat cultivars with different protein content and n=4 indicates four Korean wheats including waxy and low amylose content.
yHD = hardeness, CO = Cohesiveness, SP = springiness.
x*, **, ***, significant at p<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 level.
Least significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant
Values followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
Com = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Least significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
Com = Commercial flour for making noodles.
Least significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
Values followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
Com = Commercial flour for making noodles.
n=11 indicates 11 Korean wheat cultivars, n=9 indicates three Korean wheat cultivars with different protein content and n=4 indicates four Korean wheats including waxy and low amylose content.
*, **, ***, significant at p<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 level.
Least significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.
Values followed by the same letters within each cultivar are not significantly different at p<0.05.
Com = Commercial flour for making noodles.
n=11 indicates 11 Korean wheat cultivars, n=9 indicates three Korean wheat cultivars with different protein content and n=4 indicates four Korean wheats including waxy and low amylose content.
HD = hardeness, CO = Cohesiveness, SP = springiness.
*, **, ***, significant at p<0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 level.