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초기생육 및 저온발아성이 우수한 중만생 고 바이오매스 사료용 벼 ‘녹우’

Mid-late Flowering, High Biomass Yielding Whole Crop Silage Rice Cultivar ‘Nokwoo’ Improved an Early Growth and Germination at Low Temperature

Eok-Keun Ahn*, Eung-Gi Jeong, Sang-Bok Lee, Yong-Hwan Choi, Chang-Ihn Yang, Jeom-Ho Lee, Yong-Jae Won, Gyu-Sung Lee, O-Young Jeong, Young-Jun Mo, Jeong-Ju Kim, Young-chan Cho, Jae-Ki Chang, Myeong-Ki Kim, Jung-Pil Suh, Jeong-Heui Lee, Kuk-Hyun Jung, Jong-Min Jeong, Ji-Ung Jeung, Hyang-Mi Park, Ung-Jo Hyun, Ha-Cheol Hong
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2017;49(3):265-272.
Published online: August 31, 2017

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*Corresponding Author (okahn@korea.kr, +82-31-695-4027, +82-31-695-4029)
• Received: May 18, 2017   • Accepted: June 20, 2017

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  • ‘Nokwoo’, a mid-late maturing, high dry matter yielding rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar with a good early growth and low-temperature germinability, was developed for whole crop silage (WCS) use. It was derived from a cross between a leafy tropical japonica ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’ with high biomass and good germinability in low temperature and new plant type (NPT), ‘IR72225-29-1-1’ which had low tillering trait, large panicle, dark green leaf, thick and sturdy stem and vigorous root system. This cultivar had about 123 days growth period from seeding to heading, 122㎝ culm length, 29㎝ panicle length, 9 panicles per hill, 144 spikelets per panicle and 1,000-grain weight of 24.4 g as brown rice in central plain region, Suwon. This wide and long leafy WCS rice variety was weak to cold stresses similar to ‘Nokyang’ but was a little resistant to lodging in the field, strong to viviparous germination and good to low temperature germination. In addition, ‘Nokwoo’ was resistant to leaf and neck blast but susceptible to bacterial blight, rice stripe virus and brown planthopper. Its average dry matter yield for three years reached 16.5 MT/ha, 14% higher than that of ‘Nokyang’. This cultivar had 5.3% crude protein and 68.8% total digestible nutrients a little low compared to ‘Nokyang’. In Korea peninsular, ‘Nokwoo’ grows well in central and southern plain and is good to harvest between 15 to 30 days after heading to improve its feeding value and digestion rate of livestock (Grant No. 6072).
사료용 벼는 인간이 식용으로 이용하기 위한 밥쌀용 벼와 달리 가축의 사료로 사용하는 벼이다. 이러한 벼는 종실 및 경엽 즉 지상부 전체를 동시에 수확 후 사일리지로 이용하는 ‘발효조 사료(WCS, whole crop silage)용 품종’, 종실을 이용하는 ‘사료 용 쌀 품종’, 그리고 양쪽 모두 이용이 가능한 ‘겸용 품종’으로 나누어 진다. 특히 WCS용 품종은 종실과 경엽의 비율에 따라 ‘경엽형’과 ‘종실형’으로 나눌 수 있는데 특히 사료용 쌀 품종은 사료용으로 뿐만 아니라 쌀가루나 바이오 연료의 원료로서 이용 성이 검토되고 있다. 이러한 사료용 벼는 식미를 중요시 하는 밥쌀용 벼와 달리 수량성, 사료적성인 가축의 기호성 및 영양가 치, 내도복성과 같은 재배특성, 병충해저항성을 갖는 것이 특히 중요하다(NARO 2009, Ahn et al. 2016).
국내에서는 2000년대에 들어서면서 쌀 소비량 감소로 인한 재고량 증가와 생산성 향상으로 증산된 잉여량을 인위적으로 조정해 왔다. 이는 벼 재배면적의 급격한 감소로 인해 식량안보나 논의 공익적 기능에 악영향을 미치고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 환율상승 및 세계 곡물가격 인상으로 축산농가의 경영부담이 지속적으로 증가하게 되면서 국내 조사료 자급률을 제고할 필요성도 대두되 고 있다. 이러한 현 시점의 문제들을 해결하는 방안으로 사료용 벼는 아주 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 즉, 논의 형태를 유지하면서도 쌀 수급을 조절할 수 있고 국내 하계 조사료 자급에도 기여할 수 있다(Sakai et al. 2003, Sung et al. 2004, Lee et al. 2005, Ahn et al. 2015).
국내 사료용 벼 품종개발은 경엽이 잘 부러지는 특성을 갖는 Brittle culm 벼의 사료용 벼로서의 활용가능성 검토(Kim et al. 1997), 일품벼 돌연변이종을 이용하여 벼를 사료로 이용하려 는 시도(Sung et al. 2004), 사료용 벼로서 적합한 품종을 선발하 기 위해 건물수량 및 사료가치와 관련된 형질들을 검토하여 품종선발에 대한 기초자료를 제시한 연구(Lee et al. 2005) 등이 있었다. 그 이후 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 품종개발 연구 가 계속 진행되어 현재 사료용 벼 품종으로 ‘녹양’(Lee et al. 2011), ’목우’(Lee et al. 2013), ‘목양’(Yang et al. 2013), ‘중모 1029’(Ahn et al. 2015), ‘중모1038’(Ahn et al. 2016) 등이 개발되어 있다. 뿐만 아니라 복합내병충성 및 바이오매스가 향상 된 우량계통, 야생벼인 오리자 글라베리마(O. glaberrima S.)를 이용한 초다수 종실용 우량계통, 이모작 작부체계 적용에 유리한 조생이면서 내랭성 및 복합내병충성을 갖는 우량계통, 줄기 속에 안토시아닌을 함유하며 후기녹체성이 우수한 계통, 다수성이며 매끄러운 종실 및 잎을 갖는 계통 등이 개발되고 있다.
이러한 사료용 벼 품종개발의 초기연구는 초다수성인 통일형 품종 및 국제 벼 연구소(IRRI, international rice research institute)에서 도입된 열대자포니카 계통을 주로 활용하여 바이 오매스를 높이는 연구에 치중한 면이 있었으나 이후 농업경영비 절감을 위해 지상부 건물수량 및 사료적성은 기본으로 하면서 내도복성, 직파적성 등과 같은 재배특성 개선을 위한 품종개발을 해 오고 있다. 그 중에서도 밥쌀용 벼 대비 사료용 벼의 경제성을 올리기 위해 수량성 향상과 더불어 직파적성 특성을 갖도록 하는 것이 중요하다. 이에 입모안정성에 요구되는 저온발아성 및 잡초경합성 향상을 위한 초기신장성이 좋은 ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’ 계통을 모본으로 도복저항성이나 밀식 시 등숙율 향상을 위해 소얼이면서 줄기가 굵은 신초형(NPT, new plant type)인 ’IR72225-29-1-1’ 계통을 부본으로 교배하여 지상부 건물수량 이 높으면서 직파적응성에 필요한 초기신장성 및 저온발아성이 우수한 발효조사료용 벼를 육성하였기에 그 육성경위와 주요특 성에 대해 서술하고자 한다.
초기신장성이 좋은 ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’을 모본으로 소얼 수중 형 열대 자포니카 신초형(NPT)인 ‘IR72225-29-1-1’을 부본으 로 2005년 하계에 인공교배하여 계통육종법에 따라 계통선발 및 생산력검정시험을 거쳐 2011년에 ‘수원560호’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2012년부터 2014년까지 3개년 간 중부평야지 1개 소(수원), 호남평야지 2개소(익산, 나주), 영남평야지 1개소(밀 양)에서 보통기 다비재배(N-P2O5-K2O; 18-9-11kg/10a)로 지역 적응시험을 실시하여 대비품종 ‘녹양’과 비교하여 사료용으로 사용하기에 적합한 주요 특성을 조사 하였다(RDA 2012b, 2013b, 2014b). 농촌진흥청 표준재배법에 준하여 중부평야지에 서는 4월20일, 호남 및 영남평야지에서는 4월25일에 파종하여 각각 5월25일, 5월30일에 이앙하였으며 30ⅹ12㎝로 주당 5본 씩 재식하였다. 기타 재배관리는 농촌진흥청 표준재배법에 준하 였고, 주요농업형질, 수량구성요소 및 수량성, 생리장해 및 병해 충저항성 조사는 농촌진흥청 신품종개발공동연구사업 과제수 행계획서(RDA 2012a, 2013a, 2014a) 조사기준에 준하였다. 특히 잎도열병 검정 시 질소비료는 N성분량으로 240kg/ha, 목도 열병의 경우는 220kg/ha를 주었으며 도복저항성 검정 중 좌절중 은 출수 후 20일에 반복별로 평균적인 3개체를 골라 주간 기부 10㎝를 잘라 중앙부에 하중을 걸어 부러질 때까지의 무게를 좌절중 측정기(SHMPO FGX series, Japan)를 이용하여 측정하 였다. 도복지수는 모멘트[(주간간장+수장) x총생체중]/좌절중 (g) x100의 식을 이용하여 구하였다. 포장도복은 출수 후 30일에 달관조사 하였는데 그 기준은 이삭줄기 경사 15%미만일 때 1, 16~30%일 때 3, 31~45%일 때 5, 이삭의 일부가 지면에 닿을 때 7, 완전히 땅에 깔린 상태일 때 9의 등급으로 그 정도를 파악하였다.
사료용 벼는 건물수량, 사료성분 및 가소화양분총량(TDN)을 고려한 수확적기면에서는 유숙기와 호숙기는 사료성분 및 TDN 함량이 낮고, 특히 건물수량이 적기 때문에 수확적기로는 다소 이르고, 고숙기 이후에는 건물수량, 사료성분 등이 황숙기에 비해 크게 떨어지지 않지만 가축의 소화측면이나 밥쌀용으로의 전환가능성 등에 바람직하지 않다(Sung et al. 2004). 그래서 본 시험에서는 건물수량, 사료성분 및 TDN함량이 높은 시기인 출수 후 30일에 이삭을 포함하는 식물체 지상부를 3포기씩 3반복 으로 수확 건조(80℃, 72시간)한 후 잎, 줄기, 이삭을 혼합 분쇄하 여 각 성분 조사시료로 사용하였다. 사료가치 평가를 위해 조지방 (CF, crude fat), 조단백질(CP, crude protein), 산성세제불용섬 유소(ADF, acid detergent fiber), 중성세제불용섬유소(NDF, neutral detergent fiber)를 농업기술실용화재단 종합분석검정센 터에 의뢰하여 분석하였으며 조단백질은 습식 분해 후 켈달법에 의해 총질소 함량을 구한 6.25를 곱하여 함량을 산출하였고, 조섬유 즉 ADF와 NDF 는 Van Soest 세제법(Van soest et al. 1991)으로 조사하였다. 가소화양분총량 (TDN, total digestible nutrient)은 ADF값을 기초로 하여 88.9-(0.779% x ADF) 계산식을 이용하여 산출하였다(Lee et al. 2005).
육성 경위
‘녹우’는 지상부 건물수량이 높으면서 직파 시 초기 입모안정 성에 요구되는 저온발아성이 좋으면서 잡초경합성 향상에 중요 한 초기신장성을 증대시키면서 도복저항성이나 밀식조건 시 등숙율 향상 및 질소 이용효율을 높이기 위해 소얼 수중형 방향으 로 육성하기 위해 ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’계통을 모본으로 소얼이면 서 이삭이 길고 입수가 많으며 줄기가 굵고 잎이 진한 녹색을 띠는(Peng et al. 1999) 신초형(NPT)인 ‘IR72225-29-1-1’계통 을 부본으로 2005년 하계에 인공교배하여 SR30420의 교배번호 를 부여하였다. 2006년 하계에 수원에서 F1 22개체를 양성한 후, 2007년 하계에 F2 1,100개체를 공시하여 88개체를 목적 형질에 맞추어 선발한 후 2008~2010년 기간에 국립식량과학원 포장에서 계통육종법에 따라 내병성 검정을 병행하면서 F3세대 에서 F5세대를 경과 시켜 2011년에 우량계통을 선발 고정시켰다. 선발된 SR30420-81-2-2계통에 대하여 2011~2012년 2개년 간 생산력검정 예비 및 본 시험을 실시하여 지상부의 수량성이 높고 초기신장성 및 저온발아성이 좋으면서 소얼 수중형인 계통 을 선발하여 ‘수원560호’로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2012～2014 년 3개년 간 지역적응시험 실시 결과 직파적응성을 보유한 사료 용 벼로 그 우수성이 인정되어 2014년 12월 직무육성신품종 선정위원회에서 ‘녹우’로 명명되었다(Fig. 1~3).
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of ‘Nokwoo’.
KJBS-49-265_F1.gif
Fig. 2
Genealogical diagram of ‘Nokwoo’.
KJBS-49-265_F2.gif
Fig. 3
The appearance of whole crop silage rice variety, ‘Nokyang’(left) and ‘Nokwoo(Suweon560)’(right) improved an early growth and germination at low temperature in the paddy field
KJBS-49-265_F3.gif
생육특성
‘녹우’의 출수기는 중부평야 및 호남평야지에서 각각 8월 22일과 8월 21일로 ‘녹양’보다 13일, 8일 늦고 영남평야지에서 는 8월 23일로 ‘녹양’보다 9일 늦은 중만생종이었다(Table 1). 간장은 122㎝로 ‘녹양’보다 38㎝ 길고 수장은 29㎝로 ‘녹양’보 다 2㎝ 길고 주당수수는 9개로 ‘녹양’보다 1개 적었지만 수당립 수는 144개로 105개인 ‘녹양’보다 조금 많은 편이었다. 등숙비율 은 65.2%로 ‘녹양’의 73.8%와 비교하여 다소 낮은 편이었고 현미 천립중은 24.4g으로 가벼운 편이었다(Table 2). 초기생육 특성은 ‘녹양’에 비해 저온발아율이 80.3%로 월등히 높았으며 이는 농업경영비를 절감하기 위해 직파재배를 선택했을 때 초기 생육에 유리한 특성이다. 파종 후 30일째 측정한 묘초장은 21.8 ㎝로 ‘녹양’과 비슷하게 길었고 초기 신장성은 ‘녹양’보다 양호 하였으며 유묘냉해 검정결과 ‘녹양’과 비슷하였으며 적고는 적 었다(Table 3).
Table 1
Heading date of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 1
Plain Region Seeding date Transplanting date Heading date
Nokwoo Nokyang
Central Suwon Apr. 20 May 25 Aug. 22 Aug. 9
Honam Iksan Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 21 Aug. 13
Naju Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 20 Aug. 12
Yeongnam Milyang Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 23 Aug. 14
Average - - Aug. 21 Aug. 12
Table 2
Major agronomic traits and yield components.
Table 2
Variety Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicles /hill No. of grains /panicle Ripened grain ratio (%) 1,000 grain weight of brown rice (g)
Nokwoo 122 29 9 144 65.2 24.4
Nokyang 84 27 10 105 73.8 27.8
Table 3
Major growth characteristics of the ‘Nokwoo’ in the early stages, which have, especially, good germination rate at low temperature and early elongation.
Table 3
Variety Germinationz Rate (%) Seedlingy height (cm) Early Elongation Coldx tolerance Discolorationw
Nokwoo 80.3 21.8 good 8 4
Nokyang 43.7 20.7 normal 8 6

zGermination rate was investigated after incubating 13°C, 15days

ySeedling height was measured by 3 replicate on 30 days after seeding

xCold tolerance was investigated after treating 13°C, 10days

wGrade standard for discoloration: 1, normal, 3, pale green of leaf tip, 5, 1/3 yellow green of leaf, 7, 2/3 yellowish brown of leaf, 9, most of leaves withered

생리장해 및 도복 저항성
‘녹우’는 못자리일수 50일묘 이앙에서 불시출수가 되지 않았 으며 생육후기 위조에 강할 뿐만 아니라 성숙기 잎의 노화는 느린 편이었다. 성숙기의 잦은 강우와 적온에 의해 수확 전 이삭 에서 싹이 트는 수발아는 대비품종인 ‘녹양’과 비교하여 25.1% 로 비슷하였다. 국립식량과학원 춘천출장소 내랭성 검정 시험포 에서 조사된 ‘녹우’의 내랭성 검정 결과 냉수 흘려대기에서 출수 지연은 무처리에 비해 13일 늦은 특성을 보였으며 냉수구 임실율 은 12.2%로 13.7%인 ‘녹양’보다는 약간 낮았지만 종합내랭성은 7정도로 약한 편으로 판정되었다(Table 4). 사료용 벼는 지상부 의 바이오매스를 키우기 위한 방향으로 육종되어 왔기 때문에 이삭이 길고 무겁거나 간장이 긴 경향이 있기 때문에 기본적으로 도복에 강한 특성을 요구한다. ‘녹우’의 도복과 관련된 특성을 조사한 결과 간장은 ‘녹양’에 비해 긴 편이지만 좌절중은 2,609 g으로 ‘녹양’보다 높았지만 3절간장이 17.5㎝로 ‘녹양’보다 길 어서 도복지수는 ‘녹양’보다 약간 높은 편으로 평가되었으며 실제 포장도복도 ‘녹양’에 비해 낮게 평가되었다(Table 5). 이러 한 도복특성은 분얼이 적고 간이 굵은 신초형(NPT)인 ‘IR72225-29-1-1’의 형질에서 유래되었지만 간장이 길고 특히 3절간강이 길어 ‘녹양’에 비해 포장도복에 약한 것으로 생각된다.
Table 4
Response to physiological and environmental stress.
Table 4
Variety Premature heading (%) Appearance of wilting Adult leaf sensecence Premature germination of paniclez (%) Cold tolerancey
Heading delay (days) Grain fertility (%) PAx
Nokwoo 0.0 Resistant Slow 25.1 13 12.2 7
Nokyang 6.6 Resistant Normal 23.2 13 13.7 8

zGermination rate at 7 days after incubation (25°C, 100% RH)

yCold tolerance was evaluated at a cold-water (17°C) irrigated nursery in Chuncheon

xPhenotypic acceptability: 1, strong, 3, medium strong, 5, medium, 7, medium weak, 9, weak

Table 5
Agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 5
Variety Culm length (cm) Third Internode-length (cm) Breaking strength (g) Lodging Index Lodging in the field (0~9)
Nokwoo 110 17.5 2,609 182 3
Nokyang 86 15.1 1,768 167 1
병해충 저항성
2012년부터 2014년까지 전국 밭못자리 14개 시험지에서 ‘녹 우’의 잎도열병 반응을 검정한 결과 3개지역에서 저항성 반응을 나타내었고 8개 지역에서 중도저항성을 보였으며 3개지역에서 약한 반응을 보였다. 목도열병은 이천, 제천, 밀양에서 이천 (5.3%)을 제외하고 이병수율이 0.0%로 병이 발생하지 않았다 (Table 6). 흰잎마름병(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)은 K1, K2, K3, K3a균계에서 모두 약한 반응을 보였다. 바이러스병인 줄무늬잎마름병, 오갈병 및 검은줄오갈병 모두 ‘녹양’과 비슷하 게 약한 반응을 보였다. 해충에 대해서는 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens Stål) 및 애멸구(Delphacodes striatella Fallem)에 모두 약한 반응을 보였다(Table 7). 도열병 이외에 병해충 저항성이 없으므로 재배 시 적기 방제가 필요하고 흰잎마름병 상습 발생지 역인 서남부 해안지에서는 재배에 더 주의하여야 하며 농촌현장 에서 친환경재배를 가능하게 하여 농업경영비 절감에 도움을 주기 위해서는 내병충성 유전자 도입이 필요하다.
Table 6
Reaction to rice blast disease of ‘Nokwoo’ which has moderate resistance about leaf blast and resistance about neck blast.
Table 6
Variety Reaction to leaf blast at nursery testy (0-9) Reaction to neck blast (%)
No. of site tested (14) Ichon Jechon Milyang
Rz (0-3) M (4-6) S (7-9)
Nokwoo 3 8 3 5.3 0.0 0.0
Nokyang 2 8 4 57.2 54.7 1.5

zR: resistant(Degree, 0-3), M: moderate(Degree, 4-6), S: susceptible(Degree, 7-9)

yData was investigated in 14 leaf blast test site at local adaptability test region.

Table 7
Reaction to bacterial disease, virus diseases and insect pests of ‘Nokwoo’ that has no resistance.
Table 7
Variety Bacterial blight Virus diseases Resistance to insects
K1 K2 K3 K3a Stripe Dwarf Black-streak dwarf BPHy SBPH
Nokwoo S S S S S S S S S
Nokyang Rz R R S S S S S S

zR: resistant, S: susceptible

yBPH: brown planthopper, SBPH: small brown planthopper

지상부 건물수량성
2012년부터 2014년까지 3개년간 중부평야지인 수원, 호남평 야지인 익산 및 나주, 영남평야지인 밀양에서 실시한 지역적응시 험 결과 지상부 건물수량성은 평균 1,646㎏/10a로 대비품종인 ‘녹양’(1,448㎏/10a)보다 14% 높게 나타났다(Table 8). 이는 ‘녹우’는 ‘녹양’에 비해 출수기가 늦어짐으로 기본영양생장이 많았고 수수는 적으나 수당립수가 많을 뿐만 아니라 간장 및 엽신도 길고 넓기 때문에 전체적으로 바이오매스가 증대된 것으 로 판단된다.
Table 8
Dry matter yields of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 8
Region Nokyang(kg/10a) Nokwoo(kg/10a)
'12 '13 '14 Ave. '12 '13 '14 Ave. Index
Central 1,436 1,511 1,309 1,419 1,636 1,535 1,502 1,558 110
Honam 1,302 1,541 1,610 1,481 1,609 1,669 1,733 1,670 113
Yeongnam 1,278 1,379 1,561 1,406 1,546 2,054 1,458 1,686 120
Average 1,329 1,439 1,523 1,448 1,600 1,732 1,607 1,646 114
사료가치, 입형 및 미질특성
출수 후 30일에 지상부 전체 즉 잎, 줄기, 이삭을 건조 후 혼합 분쇄하여 사료가치를 분석한 결과 조지방은 3.2%로 ‘녹 양’(2.5%)보다 높았고 조단백질은 5.3%로 ‘녹양’(6.7%)보다 낮았으며 조사료의 소화율에 관여하는 산성세제불용섬유소 (ADF)와 섭취량에 관계하는 중성세제불용섬유소(NDF)는 각 각 25.5%, 41.6%를 보여 ‘녹양’(22.6%, 38.8%)보다 ADF, NDF모두 많았다. 이로 인해 가소화양분총량(TDN)은 68.8%로 71.1%인 ‘녹양’보다 다소 낮았다(Table 9). 입형은 정조 장폭비 가 2.47, 현미 장폭비가 2.01로 ‘녹양’(2.64, 2.06)과 비슷하였고 아밀로스 함량은 26.3%로 ‘녹양’(21.4%)에 비해 월등히 높은 편이다. 심복백은 3/1로 ‘녹양’(1/2)에 비해 심백이 많은 편이다 (Table 10). 미질을 불량하게 만드는 것은 사료용 벼 육종에 있어 중요하다(Kato 2008). 밥쌀용과 비슷한 수준의 외관품위를 갖는다면 생산자의 편의에 따라 용도변경이 가능하여 수급, 유통 과정에서 여러 문제를 야기할 수 있다. ‘녹우’는 심복백이 다소 있어 이런 문제에도 큰 어려움이 없을 것으로 판단된다.
Table 9
Nutritive value of ‘Nokwoo’ on 30 days after heading for silage use.
Table 9
Variety Chemical properties (%)
CFz CPy ADFx NDFw TDNv
Nokwoo 3.2 5.3 25.5 41.6 68.8
Nokyang 2.5 6.7 22.6 38.8 71.1

zCF: crude fat,

yCP: crude protein,

xADF: acid detergent fiber,

wNDF: neutral detergent fiber,

vTDN: total digestible nutrients

Table 10
Grain shape, appearance and amylose content of ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 10
Variety Unhulled rice Brown rice White core/belly (0-9) Amylose content (%)
Lz Wy Tx L/Ww L W T L/W
Nokwoo 7.78 3.16 2.03 2.47 5.39 2.69 1.71 2.01 3/1 26.3
Nokyang 8.02 3.05 2.10 2.64 5.70 2.76 1.94 2.06 1/2 21.4

zlength,

ywidth,

xthickness,

wlength/width ratio

재배상의 유의점
‘녹우’는 중만생종으로 파종이 늦어질 경우 생육기간이 짧아 져 후기 등숙이 불량할 수 있으므로 만기재배는 피하는 것이 좋다. 또한 최대 건물수량을 확보하려면 다비조건(질소: 18㎏ /10a)에서 재배하는 것이 좋으나 다비조건에서는 식물체가 연약 해 짐에 따라 내병충성이 약한 ‘녹우’의 경우 병해충 발생이 우려되므로 적기에 방제하는 것 또한 중요하며 상습발생지 및 서남부해안지역에서는 재배를 삼가하는 것이 좋다. 수확은 사료 영양가치 및 알곡의 소화율을 높이기 위하여 호숙기(출수 후 15일) 에서 황숙기(출수 후 30일) 에 하는 것이 좋으며 수확시기 가 늦어지면 지상부 수량성은 다소 높아지나 사료영양가치 및 소화율은 낮아 질 수 있다.
‘녹우’는 지상부 건물수량이 높으면서 직파 재배 시 초기 입모 안정성에 요구되는 저온발아성과 잡초경합성에 필요한 초기신 장성이 좋은 특성을 가지면서 도복저항성이나 밀식조건 시 등숙 율 향상 및 질소 이용효율을 높이는데 적합한 소얼 수중형 계통을 육성하기 위해 2005년 하계에 ‘LK1A-2-12-1-1’계통을 모본으 로 신초형(NPT)인 ‘IR72225-29-1-1’계통을 부본으로 계통육 종법으로 전개한 후 2014년 사료용 벼로 육성하였다. 주요 농업 적 특성은 중부, 호남 및 영남평야지 4개소 보통기 다비재배에서 출수기가 평균 8월 21일로 ‘녹양’보다 9일 늦은 중만생종이고 간장은 122㎝로 긴 편이며 주당수수는 9개, 수당립수는 144개이 고 현미천립중은 24.4g으로 ‘녹양’보다 가벼운 편이다. 불시출수 는 되지 않았고 성숙기 잎의 노화는 느린 편이며 수발아는 25.1% 로 ‘녹양’과 비슷하였다. 종합내랭성은 7로 ‘녹양’과 비슷하게 약했고 도복지수는 ‘녹양’에 비해 약간 높아서 실제 포장도복에 도 ‘녹양’보다 약했다. 잎도열병에는 중도저항성을 보였으나 흰잎마름병, 줄무늬잎마름병 및 벼멸구에는 모두 약한 반응을 보였다. 지상부 수량성은 건물기준으로 10a당 평균 1,646㎏으로 ‘녹양’(1,448㎏)보다 14% 증수되었다. 사료가치는 조단백질이 5.3%, 가소화양분총량(TDN)이 68.8%로 ‘녹양’보다는 약간 적 었지만 양호한 편이었다. ‘녹우’의 재배에 알맞은 지역은 중부 및 남부평야지이나 흰잎마름병 및 기타 병해충에 약한 품종이므 로 상습발생지 및 해안지역 재배는 삼가하는 것이 좋다. 생육 후기 기상이 좋은 지역이 재배 및 등숙에 안전할 것으로 보이며 호숙기에서 황숙기에 수확하는 것이 사료영양가치가 높고 알곡 의 소화율을 높일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 적절한 건물수량도 기대할 수 있다.
‘녹우’를 육성함에 있어 적극 협력하여주신 국립식량과학원 본원, 중부작물부, 남부작물부 벼 육종 연구팀 및 각 도농업기술 원 지역적응시험 담당자들과 농촌진흥청 연구정책국 관계관 여러분께 깊이 감사 드리며 본 연구는 농촌진흥청 기관고유사업 (세부과제명 : 사료용 벼 유용 형질 도입 계통 육성, 과제번호 : PJ012552012017)의 지원으로 수행된 결과입니다.
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Mid-late Flowering, High Biomass Yielding Whole Crop Silage Rice Cultivar ‘Nokwoo’ Improved an Early Growth and Germination at Low Temperature
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(3):265-272.   Published online September 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.3.265
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Mid-late Flowering, High Biomass Yielding Whole Crop Silage Rice Cultivar ‘Nokwoo’ Improved an Early Growth and Germination at Low Temperature
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2017;49(3):265-272.   Published online September 1, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2017.49.3.265
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Mid-late Flowering, High Biomass Yielding Whole Crop Silage Rice Cultivar ‘Nokwoo’ Improved an Early Growth and Germination at Low Temperature
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of ‘Nokwoo’.
Fig. 2 Genealogical diagram of ‘Nokwoo’.
Fig. 3 The appearance of whole crop silage rice variety, ‘Nokyang’(left) and ‘Nokwoo(Suweon560)’(right) improved an early growth and germination at low temperature in the paddy field

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Mid-late Flowering, High Biomass Yielding Whole Crop Silage Rice Cultivar ‘Nokwoo’ Improved an Early Growth and Germination at Low Temperature

Heading date of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.

Plain Region Seeding date Transplanting date Heading date
Nokwoo Nokyang
Central Suwon Apr. 20 May 25 Aug. 22 Aug. 9
Honam Iksan Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 21 Aug. 13
Naju Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 20 Aug. 12
Yeongnam Milyang Apr. 25 May 30 Aug. 23 Aug. 14
Average - - Aug. 21 Aug. 12

Major agronomic traits and yield components.

Variety Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicles /hill No. of grains /panicle Ripened grain ratio (%) 1,000 grain weight of brown rice (g)
Nokwoo 122 29 9 144 65.2 24.4
Nokyang 84 27 10 105 73.8 27.8

Major growth characteristics of the ‘Nokwoo’ in the early stages, which have, especially, good germination rate at low temperature and early elongation.

Variety Germinationz Rate (%) Seedlingy height (cm) Early Elongation Coldx tolerance Discolorationw
Nokwoo 80.3 21.8 good 8 4
Nokyang 43.7 20.7 normal 8 6

zGermination rate was investigated after incubating 13°C, 15days

ySeedling height was measured by 3 replicate on 30 days after seeding

xCold tolerance was investigated after treating 13°C, 10days

wGrade standard for discoloration: 1, normal, 3, pale green of leaf tip, 5, 1/3 yellow green of leaf, 7, 2/3 yellowish brown of leaf, 9, most of leaves withered

Response to physiological and environmental stress.

Variety Premature heading (%) Appearance of wilting Adult leaf sensecence Premature germination of paniclez (%) Cold tolerancey
Heading delay (days) Grain fertility (%) PAx
Nokwoo 0.0 Resistant Slow 25.1 13 12.2 7
Nokyang 6.6 Resistant Normal 23.2 13 13.7 8

zGermination rate at 7 days after incubation (25°C, 100% RH)

yCold tolerance was evaluated at a cold-water (17°C) irrigated nursery in Chuncheon

xPhenotypic acceptability: 1, strong, 3, medium strong, 5, medium, 7, medium weak, 9, weak

Agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of ‘Nokwoo’.

Variety Culm length (cm) Third Internode-length (cm) Breaking strength (g) Lodging Index Lodging in the field (0~9)
Nokwoo 110 17.5 2,609 182 3
Nokyang 86 15.1 1,768 167 1

Reaction to rice blast disease of ‘Nokwoo’ which has moderate resistance about leaf blast and resistance about neck blast.

Variety Reaction to leaf blast at nursery testy (0-9) Reaction to neck blast (%)
No. of site tested (14) Ichon Jechon Milyang
Rz (0-3) M (4-6) S (7-9)
Nokwoo 3 8 3 5.3 0.0 0.0
Nokyang 2 8 4 57.2 54.7 1.5

zR: resistant(Degree, 0-3), M: moderate(Degree, 4-6), S: susceptible(Degree, 7-9)

yData was investigated in 14 leaf blast test site at local adaptability test region.

Reaction to bacterial disease, virus diseases and insect pests of ‘Nokwoo’ that has no resistance.

Variety Bacterial blight Virus diseases Resistance to insects
K1 K2 K3 K3a Stripe Dwarf Black-streak dwarf BPHy SBPH
Nokwoo S S S S S S S S S
Nokyang Rz R R S S S S S S

zR: resistant, S: susceptible

yBPH: brown planthopper, SBPH: small brown planthopper

Dry matter yields of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.

Region Nokyang(kg/10a) Nokwoo(kg/10a)
'12 '13 '14 Ave. '12 '13 '14 Ave. Index
Central 1,436 1,511 1,309 1,419 1,636 1,535 1,502 1,558 110
Honam 1,302 1,541 1,610 1,481 1,609 1,669 1,733 1,670 113
Yeongnam 1,278 1,379 1,561 1,406 1,546 2,054 1,458 1,686 120
Average 1,329 1,439 1,523 1,448 1,600 1,732 1,607 1,646 114

Nutritive value of ‘Nokwoo’ on 30 days after heading for silage use.

Variety Chemical properties (%)
CFz CPy ADFx NDFw TDNv
Nokwoo 3.2 5.3 25.5 41.6 68.8
Nokyang 2.5 6.7 22.6 38.8 71.1

zCF: crude fat,

yCP: crude protein,

xADF: acid detergent fiber,

wNDF: neutral detergent fiber,

vTDN: total digestible nutrients

Grain shape, appearance and amylose content of ‘Nokwoo’.

Variety Unhulled rice Brown rice White core/belly (0-9) Amylose content (%)
Lz Wy Tx L/Ww L W T L/W
Nokwoo 7.78 3.16 2.03 2.47 5.39 2.69 1.71 2.01 3/1 26.3
Nokyang 8.02 3.05 2.10 2.64 5.70 2.76 1.94 2.06 1/2 21.4

zlength,

ywidth,

xthickness,

wlength/width ratio

Table 1 Heading date of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 2 Major agronomic traits and yield components.
Table 3 Major growth characteristics of the ‘Nokwoo’ in the early stages, which have, especially, good germination rate at low temperature and early elongation.

Germination rate was investigated after incubating 13°C, 15days

Seedling height was measured by 3 replicate on 30 days after seeding

Cold tolerance was investigated after treating 13°C, 10days

Grade standard for discoloration: 1, normal, 3, pale green of leaf tip, 5, 1/3 yellow green of leaf, 7, 2/3 yellowish brown of leaf, 9, most of leaves withered

Table 4 Response to physiological and environmental stress.

Germination rate at 7 days after incubation (25°C, 100% RH)

Cold tolerance was evaluated at a cold-water (17°C) irrigated nursery in Chuncheon

Phenotypic acceptability: 1, strong, 3, medium strong, 5, medium, 7, medium weak, 9, weak

Table 5 Agronomic traits related to lodging resistance of ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 6 Reaction to rice blast disease of ‘Nokwoo’ which has moderate resistance about leaf blast and resistance about neck blast.

R: resistant(Degree, 0-3), M: moderate(Degree, 4-6), S: susceptible(Degree, 7-9)

Data was investigated in 14 leaf blast test site at local adaptability test region.

Table 7 Reaction to bacterial disease, virus diseases and insect pests of ‘Nokwoo’ that has no resistance.

R: resistant, S: susceptible

BPH: brown planthopper, SBPH: small brown planthopper

Table 8 Dry matter yields of whole crop silage rice cultivar, ‘Nokwoo’.
Table 9 Nutritive value of ‘Nokwoo’ on 30 days after heading for silage use.

CF: crude fat,

CP: crude protein,

ADF: acid detergent fiber,

NDF: neutral detergent fiber,

TDN: total digestible nutrients

Table 10 Grain shape, appearance and amylose content of ‘Nokwoo’.

length,

width,

thickness,

length/width ratio

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

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