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생물검정을 이용한 딸기(× Duch.) 유전자원의 역병균()에 의한 crown rot 저항성 평가

이예린1, 장원석2, 남명현2, 이준대1,*

Screening of Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum through Bioassay Analysis in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2018;50(3):203-210.
Published online: August 31, 2018

전북대학교 농업생명과학대학 농업과학기술연구소 원예학과

충청남도농업기술원 논산딸기시험장

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(E-mail: ajfall@jbnu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-63-270-2560, Fax: +82-63-270-2581)
• Received: June 27, 2018   • Accepted: August 9, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Crown rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum is one of several serious, widespread diseases that cause problems in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivation. In this study, we aimed to identify a strawberry resistant to P. cactorum through bioassay. A total of 104 wild and cultivated strawberry accessions, including ‘Sulhyang’ and ‘Akihime’, were inoculated with an isolate of P. cactorum, ‘PC151111’. A zoospore suspension was used with a density of approximately 106 zoospores·mL-1. Three strawberry seedlings were tested three times independently. The disease index was scored on a scale from 0–4 through symptom observation while the inoculated plants were incubated at 25±3°C under 16 h/8 h (light/dark) conditions for three weeks. The results showed that the mean disease index varied from 0.78–3.78, and the ‘Pechika’ and ‘Kaorino’ cultivars were highly resistant to P. cactorum, with mean disease indexes of 0.78 and 0.89, respectively. These cultivars will be useful resources in breeding strawberries resistant to crown rot.
딸기(Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)는 고유한 맛과 향, 항산화 성분인 anthocyanin과 ellagitannins이 있어 전세계적으로 가치 있는 작물이다(Giampieri et al. 2012). 국내 딸기 생산액은 2011년 8,940억원에서 2016년 1조 3,057억원으로 급격하게 증가하고 있다(KOSIS 2018).
딸기에 발생하는 병으로 딸기잿빛곰팡이병(Botrytis cinerea Pers, ex Fr.), 딸기 점무늬병(Ramularia tulasnei Sacc.), 탄저병(Colletotrichum fragariae Brooks, C. dematium Pers, ex Fr., C. acutatum Simmonds, and C. gloeosporioides Penz.), 흰가루병(Sphaerotheca macularis Jacz. f. sp. fragariae), 뿌리썩음병(Phytophthora fragariae Hickman), 역병(Phytophthora cactorum Schroet), 시들음병(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) 등이 보고되었다(Paulus 1990).
이 중 딸기에 심한 피해를 주는 역병균 Phytophthora spp.은 뿌리, 관부 및 과실에 발병하는 P. cactorum, 뿌리에 발병하는 P. fragariae, 과실에 발병하는 P. citrophthoraP. nicotianae var. parastica 등이 있으며 발병되는 위치에 따라 분류되었다(Lim et al. 1998). P. cactorum의 경우 leather rot과 crown rot으로 분류할 수 있으며(Eikemo & Stensvand 2015), leather rot의 경우 미국에서 처음 보고되었고(Rose 1924), crown rot은 독일에서 처음 보고되었다(Deutschmann 1954). 국내의 경우 P. cactorum에 의한 crown rot 발병은 1997년 처음 보고되었다(Lim et al. 1998). Crown rot은 딸기 뿌리 및 줄기 조직이 갈변화되며, crown rot 발병균을 뿌리에서 분리하여 과실에 접종할 경우 병이 발병하지만, 반대의 경우에는 발병하지 않는다(Eikemo & Stensvand 2015). 또한 Eikemo et al. (2004)은 AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) 분석을 통해 딸기 44개의 P. cactorum isolates의 유전적 다양성을 확인했다.
P. cactorum에 의한 딸기 역병 저항성과 관련된 연구가 몇몇 보고되었다. 26개의 품종을 이용하여 유주자(zoospore) 접종을 통해 5개의 저항성 품종(‘Senga Sengana’, ‘Induka’, ‘Melody’, ‘Glima’ 및 ‘Bogota’)과 4개의 이병성 품종(‘Tamella’, ‘Inga’, ‘Evita’ 및 ‘Jonsok’)을 확인하였다(Eikemo et al. 2003). Eikemo et al. (2010)은 2배체 Fragaria 종인 F. vesca, F. nilgerensis, F. iinumae, F. nipponica, F. bucharica, F. nubicolaF. pentaphylla을 이용하여 P. cactorum에 대한 저항성/이병성 종을 구별하고자 하였으나, 다른 종에 비해 저항성이나 이병성이 뚜렷하게 구분되지 않았다. Schafleitner et al. (2013)은 107개의 딸기 품종을 이용하여 P. cactorum 저항성 평가를 실시하였으며, ‘Cirafine’, ‘Cireine’ 및 ‘Senga Sengana’ 저항성 품종을 확인하였다. 유럽 재배 품종 및 유전자원 딸기를 이용하여 P. cactorum 저항성 품종을 확인하였으며, P. cactorum에 의한 crown rot과 leather rot 간의 상관 관계가 없는 것을 확인하였다(Eikemo & Stensvand 2015). 그러나 지금까지 한국, 일본 및 미국 딸기 품종 및 유전자원에서 P. cactorum에 의한 저항성 품종은 보고된 바 없다.
따라서 본 연구에서는 국내 품종뿐만 아니라 일본 및 미국의 딸기 품종 및 유전자원을 이용하여 P. cactorum 유주자 접종을 통해 crown rot 저항성 품종을 확인하고자 하였으며, 딸기 육종 시 crown rot 저항성에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 하였다.
식물 재료
딸기 crown rot 저항성 평가를 하기 위해서 26개의 국내품종, 37개의 일본품종, 20개의 미국품종, 21개의 기타 품종을 포함한 104개의 유전자원을 논산딸기시험장에서 2015와 2016년에 분양 받았다. 실험에 사용된 104개의 딸기 정보는 Table 1과 같다(Lim et al. 2017).
Table 1
List of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions used in this study.
Table 1
No.  Name Origin Parentage Status Resistance test to crown rot

Disease index Resistancez
1 Chodong Korea, South Harunoka × Yachio Cultivar 3.33abcdey HS
2 Daehak1 Korea, South Unknown Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
3 Daewang Korea, South Maehyang × Wonkyo3111 Cultivar 2.56efghijk S
4 Dahong Korea, South Sachinoka × Maehyang Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
5 Danmi Korea, South Maehyang × Amaou Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
6 Geumhyang Korea, South Akihime × Tochiotome Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
7 Gumsil Korea, South Meahyang × Sulhyang Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
8 Johong Korea, South Nyoho × Akihime Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
9 Maehyang Korea, South Tochinomine × Akihime Cultivar 2.89abcdefg S
10 Manhyang Korea, South Nyoho × Akanekko Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
11 Mihong Korea, South Toyonoka × Maehyang Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
12 Okmae Korea, South Toyonoka × Reiko Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
13 Seolhyang Korea, South Akihime × Redpearl Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
14 Shinsulmae Korea, South Seolhyang × Gumhyang Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
15 Ssanta Korea, South Maehyang × Seolhyang Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
16 Suhong Korea, South Hokowase × Harunoka Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
17 Sukhyang Korea, South Seolhyang × Maehyang Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
18 Sulhong Korea, South Suhong × Toyonoka Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
19 Wonkyo3111 Korea, South Open pollinated of Benihoppe Line 2.89abcdefg S
20 Gwanha Korea, South - - 2.89abcdefg S
21 Joseonghongsim Korea, South - Cultivar 2.89abcdefg S
22 Jukhyang Korea, South - - 3.56abc HS
23 King’s Berry Korea, South - - 3.78a HS
24 Okhyang Korea, South - - 1.67lmnopqr MR
25 Sinmyeong Korea, South - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
26 Sukyeng Korea, South - - 3.11abcdefg HS
27 Aiberry Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.33opqrs MR
28 Akanekko Japan Aiberry × Hokowase Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
29 Akasyanomitsuko Japan Nyoho × Kunowase Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
30 Akihime Japan Kunowase × Nyoho Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
31 Amaou Japan Fukuoka S6 Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
32 Aska Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.78klmnopq MR
33 Asuka Wave Japan [Uzushio × {(Kurume Sokusei-3 × Hokowase) × (Donner × Hokowase)]} × {[(Kurume Sokusei-3 × Hokowase) × {Donner × (Kobe-1 × Hokowase)}] Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
34 Benihoppe Japan Akihime × Sachinoka Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
35 Everberry Japan Oishi-Sikinary × Haruyoi Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
36 Goryeong Japan Takane Haikara × Donner Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
37 Harunoka Japan Kurume103 × Donner Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
38 Haruyoi Japan Hokowase × Harunoka Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
39 Jumbo Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.00hijklmno S
40 Jumbo Pure Berry Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
41 Kunowase Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.44efghijk HS
42 Kurume52 Japan Unknown Line 3.56abc HS
43 Myongbo Japan Meiho derived Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
44 Pechika Japan Unknown Cultivar 0.78s R
45 Red Pearl Japan Aiberry × Toyonoka Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
46 Reiyu Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
47 Rockyhara Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
48 Sachinoka Japan Toyonoka × Aiberry Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
49 Sagahonoka Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
50 Shinyurbong Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.56efghijk S
51 Sungkang19 Japan Morioka19 Line 2.56efghijk S
52 Syuko Japan Shizutakara × Haruyoi Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
53 Tochinomine Japan (Florida69-266 × Reiko) × Nyoho Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
54 Tochiotome Japan Kurume49 × Tochinomine Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
55 Toyonoka Japan Himiko × Harunoka Cultivar 3.67ab HS
56 Wonyuk Japan Himiko derived Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
57 Bogyojoseong Japan - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
58 Iberry Japan - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
59 Kaorino Japan - - 0.89rs R
60 Yeobong Japan - - 2.00hijklmno S
61 Yeohong Japan - - 2.11hijklmno S
62 Seongkang17 Japan - - 2.56efghijk S
63 Tochun Japan - - 1.44nopqrs MR
64 Armore United States Blakemore × Aroma Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
65 Berry Star United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
66 Camarosa United States Douglas × Cal 85.218-605 Cultivar 1.78klmnopq MR
67 Cascade United States Shasta × Northwest Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
68 Comet United States Earlibelle × ARK 5063 Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
69 Diamante United States Cal.87112-6 × Cal.145.52 Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
70 Flamenco United States Evita × EMR077 Cultivar 1.33ppqrs MR
71 Juspa United States Unknown Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
72 Linn United States MDUS3184 × ORUS2414 Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
73 Missionary United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
74 North West United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
75 Red Rich United States Unknown Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
76 Sweet Charlie United States FL80-456 × Pajaro Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
77 Ventana United States Cal.93.170-606 × Cal92.35-601 - 2.33ghijklm S
78 Festival United States - Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
79 Monterey United States - Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
80 Oso Grande United States Parker × Cal77.3-603 Cultivar 1.83klmnopq MR
81 Portola United States Cal97.93-7 × Cal97.209-1 Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
82 San Andreas United States Albion × Cal97.86-1 Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
83 Alibion United States - - 2.11hijklmno S
84 Bolero United Kingdom LA0988 × Selva Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
85 Tamar Israel Osogrande × Dorit Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
86 Senga Sengana Germany Markee × Sieger Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
87 Kama Russia Sengasengana × Cavluer Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
88 Favette France (Souvenir des Halles × Regina) × (Pocahontas × Aliso) Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
89 Micmac Canada - Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
90 Elista Poland - - 1.22pqrs MR
91 Aram Unknown - - 2.56efghijk S
92 Bious Unknown - - 1.11qrs MR
93 Camouoreal Unknown - - 2.11hijklmno S
94 Chonhak Unknown - - 3.67ab HS
95 Dabreak Unknown - - 2.67cdefghi S
96 Derunoka Unknown - - 1.89jklmnopq MR
97 Gilkyong53 Unknown - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
98 Ihime Unknown - - 3.11abcdefg HS
99 J&Q’s Early Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S
100 Jansan Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S
101 Naoami Unknown - - 2.22ghijklm S
102 Niigada Unknown - - 3.22abcdef HS
103 Redbell Unknown - - 3.33abcde HS
104 Sakyejeol Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S

zR, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).

yDifferent letters within the column indicate statistically significant by Duncan’s multiple-range test at p≤0.05

역병균 접종
충남농업기술원 논산딸기시험장에서 P. cactorum ‘PC151111’을 분양 받아 Lim et al. (1998) 방법을 이용하여 접종을 실시하였다. 분양 받은 ‘PC151111’의 균주를 potato dextrose agar (PDA, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo, USA)에 치상하여 25-28°C 식물생장상에서 16h/8h (명/암) 조건에서 5-7일간 배양하였다. 배양 후 멸균수에 담가 25°C incubator에서 3-4일간 배양하여 유주자낭(zoosporangium)을 형성시켰다. 형성된 유주자낭을 수거하여 4°C에서 1-2시간 저온처리를 한 후 상온에서 유주자(zoospore)를 유출시켰다. 접종농도는 hemocytometer를 이용하여 1×106 zoospores⋅mL-1로 맞추어 사용하였다. 접종은 관부(crown)에 상처를 낸 후 유주자 현탁액 10 mL씩 토양관주하였다. 접종 후 식물생장상에서 온도는 25±3°C, 습도 80±5%, 광 조건은 백색형광등 30,000lux, 16h/8h (명/암) 조건하에 병 발병을 유도하였다. 1반복 당 3개체를 사용하였으며, 총 3반복을 실시하였다.
병 지수 조사
병 지수(DI, disease index)는 0-4까지 총 5단계로 Shaw et al. (2008)의 평가 방법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 접종 후 21일 후 병 지수를 조사하였으며(Fig. 1), 0 = 증상없음(no symptoms); 1 = 몇 개의 갈색 반점 보임(a few brown speckles); 2 = 작은 괴사 증상 보임(small patches of necrosis); 3 = 50% 이상 갈색으로 괴사됨(more than 50% of the crown with necrosis); 4 = 죽음(dead)로 구분하였다. 또한 품종 당 병 지수 평균을 계산하여 저항성을 평가하였다. 병 지수(DI)가 DI<1일 때를 저항성(resistant, R), 1≤DI<2일 때 중도저항성(moderately resistant, MR), 2≤DI<3일 때 이병성(susceptible, S), 3≤DI일 때 높은 이병성(highly susceptible, HS)으로 평가하였다.
Fig. 1
Disease index for resistance of strawberry after inoculation with zoospores of P. cactorum ‘PC151111’. Disease index was scored on a scale from 0 to 4: 0, no symptoms; 1, a few brown speckles; 2, small patches of necrosis; 3, more than 50% of the crown with necrosis; 4, dead.
KJBS_50_203_fig_1.jpg
본 연구는 딸기 역병균 P. cactorum의 저항성 품종 및 유전자원을 확인하기 위해 104개의 딸기 품종 및 유전자원을 이용하여 관부 상처를 통해 유주자 현탁액을 토양관주하여 crown rot 저항성을 평가하였다(Tables 1, 2). 병 지수(DI)는 0.78에서 3.78까지 분포하였고, 일본 품종인 ‘Pechika’가 가장 높은 저항성을, 국내 품종인 ‘King’s berry’가 가장 높은 이병성을 보였다. 저항성 정도로 나누어 보면 저항성(R, 0≤DI<1)은 2종, 중도저항성(MR, 1≤DI<2)은 27종, 이병성(S, 2≤DI<3)은 44종, 높은 이병성(HS, 3≤DI≤4)은 33종으로 분포하였다(Fig. 2, Table 2).
Table 2
Disease responses of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions to crown rot according to cultivated region.
Table 2
Cultivated region Number of strawberry cultivars or accessions Total

Rz MR S HS
South Korea 0 4 10 12 26
Japan 2 11 14 10 37
United States 0 5 9 6 20
Other 0 7 9 5 21

Total 2 27 42 33 104

zR, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).

Fig. 2
Disease responses of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions to an isolate of P. cactorum ‘PC151111’. Black bars, resistant (R); dark gray bars, moderately resistant (MR); gray bars, susceptible (S); light gray bars, highly susceptible (HS). Each vertical bar represents mean±SD of the three replications.
KJBS_50_203_fig_2.jpg
국내 품종인 ‘다홍(Dahong)’, ‘만향(Manhyang)’, ‘옥향(Okhyang)’ 및 ‘신명(Sinmyeong)’ 4개 품종이 P. cactorum에 대해서 중도저항성(MR)을 보인 반면 나머지 22개의 국내 딸기 품종은 이병성(S) 또는 높은 이병성(HS)을 보였다(Table 2). 이 중 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 ‘설향(Seolhyang)’, ‘매향(Maehyang)’, ‘금향(Geumhyang)’ 품종의 경우에도 이병성(S) 혹은 높은 이병성(HS)으로 나타나 이전 연구와 일치하는 결과를 얻었다(Table 1; Nam et al. 2009). 중도저항성(MR) 품종인 ‘다홍(Dahong)’의 경우 모친인 ‘Sachinoka’가 중도저항성(MR), 부친인 ‘매향(Maehyang)’이 이병성(S)이기 때문에 ‘다홍(Dahong)’의 저항성은 일본 품종인 ‘Sachinoka’에서 유래한 것으로 생각된다(Table 1).
본 연구에서 가장 높은 저항성을 보인 품종은 일본 품종인 ‘Pechika’와 ‘Kaorino’로 병 지수가 각각 0.78과 0.89였다(Table 1). 그러나 ‘설향(Seolhyang)’의 교배모본으로 잘 알려져 있는 ‘Akihime’와 ‘Red Pearl’의 경우 두 품종 모두 높은 이병성(HS)이기 때문에 ‘설향(Seolhyang)’ 품종 또한 높은 이병성(HS)을 보였다(Table 1). 따라서 저항성 품종인 ‘Pechika’와 ‘Kaorino’는 딸기 역병 저항성 품종 육성 시 교배 모본/부본으로 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 ‘설향(Seolhyang)’, ‘Akihime’, ‘Red Pearl’과 교배한 후대에서 딸기 역병 저항성 QTL 분석에도 유용하게 사용할 수 있을 것이다.
미국 유전자원 ‘Armore’, ‘Camarosa’, ‘Flamenco’, ‘Sweet Charlie’ 및 ‘Oso Grande’가 중도저항성(MR)이었으며, 그 외의 15종의 품종 및 유전자원은 이병성(S) 또는 높은 이병성(HS)이었다(Table 2). ‘Diamante’와 ‘Ventana’의 경우 이전 연구에서 높은 이병성(HS)으로 보고되었으며, 본 실험에서도 같은 결과를 보였다(Browne et al. 2003; Schafleitner et al. 2013).
독일 품종인 ‘Senga Sengana’는 기존 연구(Eikemo et al. 2000; Schafleitner et al. 2013)에서 저항성(R)으로 보고되었으나, 본 연구에서는 높은 이병성(HS)이었다. 이는 Phytophthora spp.의 경우 다른 병원균에 비해 race 분류가 쉽지 않아 분류가 세세하게 되어있지 않으며, 같은 종 내에서도 유전적으로 분리되기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 그 외 딸기에서 ‘Tamar’, ‘Favette’, ‘Micmac’, ‘Elista’, ‘Bious’, ‘Derunoka’ 및 ‘Gilkyong53’이 중도저항성(MR)으로 나타났다(Tables 1, 2).
딸기에서 P. cactorum 저항성과 관련된 연구는 이전에도 많이 보고되어 있다(Eikemo et al. 2000, 2003, 2010; Schafleitner et al. 2013; Eikemo & Stensvand 2015; Mangandi et al. 2017). 그러나 이전 연구 대부분은 유럽에서 재배되고 있는 딸기 품종 및 유전자원에 대해 역병 저항성을 평가였으며, 국내 및 일본 품종에 대해서는 아직까지 P. cactorum에 의한 역병 저항성 연구가 없었다. 본 실험에서 국내 주요 품종인 ‘설향(Seolhyang)’, ‘매향(Maehyang)’, ‘금향(Geumhyang)’과 일본의 주요 품종인 ‘Akihime’ 및 ‘Red Pearl’ 모두 이병성(S) 또는 높은 이병성(HS)을 보였다(Table 1). 이는 역병 저항성 딸기 품종 개발이 절실히 필요하다는 것을 보여주는 결과이다. 또한 본 실험을 통해서 P. cactorum에 대해서 저항성을 가진 육종 소재(일본 품종인 ‘Pechika’와 ‘Kaorino’)를 선발할 수 있었다(Table 1). 이러한 역병 저항성 자원은 딸기 역병 저항성 유전 분석, QTL 분석 및 마커 개발 시 중요한 재료로 활용될 수 있고, 더 나아가 딸기 역병 저항성 품종 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
딸기(Fragaria × ananassa Duch.)는 국내에서 중요한 과채류 작물 중 하나이다. 그러나 현재 딸기와 관련된 저항성 품종 연구는 아직 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 총 104개의 딸기 품종 및 유전자원을 충남농업기술원 논산딸기시험장에서 분양 받아 이를 이용하여 딸기 역병균인 P. cactorum에 의한 crown rot 저항성을 평가하였다. 딸기 관부(crown) 부분에 상처를 낸 다음 딸기 역병균인 P. cactorum isolate ‘PC151111’ 유주자 현탁액을 주당 10 mL 토양관주 하였다. 접종 후 병이 잘 발생할 수 있는 환경 조건으로 유지하였으며, 3주 후 이병률을 조사하였다. 이병률은 0-4 단계로 나눠 조사하였으며, DI<1를 저항성(R)으로, 1≤DI<2를 중도저항성(MR)으로, 2≤DI<3를 이병성(S)으로, 3≤DI을 높은 이병성(HS)으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 평균 이병률 지수(DI)는 0.78에서 3.78까지 다양하게 분포하였으며, 저항성 품종은 2종, 중도저항성 품종은 27종, 이병성 품종은 42종, 높은 이병성 품종은 33종을 확인하였다. 가장 높은 저항성을 보인 품종은 일본 품종인 ‘Pechika’와 ‘Kaorino’였다. 본 실험을 통해 P. cactorum 저항성/이병성 유전자원을 분류하였으며, 이는 딸기 품종 육성 시 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
본 논문은 농림수산식품기술기획평가원 수출전략기술개발사업(과제번호: 315047-3)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Screening of Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum through Bioassay Analysis in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(3):203-210.   Published online September 1, 2018
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Screening of Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum through Bioassay Analysis in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(3):203-210.   Published online September 1, 2018
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Screening of Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum through Bioassay Analysis in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)
Image Image
Fig. 1 Disease index for resistance of strawberry after inoculation with zoospores of P. cactorum ‘PC151111’. Disease index was scored on a scale from 0 to 4: 0, no symptoms; 1, a few brown speckles; 2, small patches of necrosis; 3, more than 50% of the crown with necrosis; 4, dead.
Fig. 2 Disease responses of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions to an isolate of P. cactorum ‘PC151111’. Black bars, resistant (R); dark gray bars, moderately resistant (MR); gray bars, susceptible (S); light gray bars, highly susceptible (HS). Each vertical bar represents mean±SD of the three replications.
Screening of Resistance to Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora cactorum through Bioassay Analysis in Strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)

List of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions used in this study.

No.  Name Origin Parentage Status Resistance test to crown rot

Disease index Resistancez
1 Chodong Korea, South Harunoka × Yachio Cultivar 3.33abcdey HS
2 Daehak1 Korea, South Unknown Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
3 Daewang Korea, South Maehyang × Wonkyo3111 Cultivar 2.56efghijk S
4 Dahong Korea, South Sachinoka × Maehyang Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
5 Danmi Korea, South Maehyang × Amaou Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
6 Geumhyang Korea, South Akihime × Tochiotome Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
7 Gumsil Korea, South Meahyang × Sulhyang Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
8 Johong Korea, South Nyoho × Akihime Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
9 Maehyang Korea, South Tochinomine × Akihime Cultivar 2.89abcdefg S
10 Manhyang Korea, South Nyoho × Akanekko Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
11 Mihong Korea, South Toyonoka × Maehyang Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
12 Okmae Korea, South Toyonoka × Reiko Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
13 Seolhyang Korea, South Akihime × Redpearl Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
14 Shinsulmae Korea, South Seolhyang × Gumhyang Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
15 Ssanta Korea, South Maehyang × Seolhyang Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
16 Suhong Korea, South Hokowase × Harunoka Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
17 Sukhyang Korea, South Seolhyang × Maehyang Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
18 Sulhong Korea, South Suhong × Toyonoka Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
19 Wonkyo3111 Korea, South Open pollinated of Benihoppe Line 2.89abcdefg S
20 Gwanha Korea, South - - 2.89abcdefg S
21 Joseonghongsim Korea, South - Cultivar 2.89abcdefg S
22 Jukhyang Korea, South - - 3.56abc HS
23 King’s Berry Korea, South - - 3.78a HS
24 Okhyang Korea, South - - 1.67lmnopqr MR
25 Sinmyeong Korea, South - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
26 Sukyeng Korea, South - - 3.11abcdefg HS
27 Aiberry Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.33opqrs MR
28 Akanekko Japan Aiberry × Hokowase Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
29 Akasyanomitsuko Japan Nyoho × Kunowase Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
30 Akihime Japan Kunowase × Nyoho Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
31 Amaou Japan Fukuoka S6 Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
32 Aska Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.78klmnopq MR
33 Asuka Wave Japan [Uzushio × {(Kurume Sokusei-3 × Hokowase) × (Donner × Hokowase)]} × {[(Kurume Sokusei-3 × Hokowase) × {Donner × (Kobe-1 × Hokowase)}] Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
34 Benihoppe Japan Akihime × Sachinoka Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
35 Everberry Japan Oishi-Sikinary × Haruyoi Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
36 Goryeong Japan Takane Haikara × Donner Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
37 Harunoka Japan Kurume103 × Donner Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
38 Haruyoi Japan Hokowase × Harunoka Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
39 Jumbo Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.00hijklmno S
40 Jumbo Pure Berry Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
41 Kunowase Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.44efghijk HS
42 Kurume52 Japan Unknown Line 3.56abc HS
43 Myongbo Japan Meiho derived Cultivar 2.44efghijk S
44 Pechika Japan Unknown Cultivar 0.78s R
45 Red Pearl Japan Aiberry × Toyonoka Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
46 Reiyu Japan Unknown Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
47 Rockyhara Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
48 Sachinoka Japan Toyonoka × Aiberry Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
49 Sagahonoka Japan Unknown Cultivar 3.33abcde HS
50 Shinyurbong Japan Unknown Cultivar 2.56efghijk S
51 Sungkang19 Japan Morioka19 Line 2.56efghijk S
52 Syuko Japan Shizutakara × Haruyoi Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
53 Tochinomine Japan (Florida69-266 × Reiko) × Nyoho Cultivar 3.44abcd HS
54 Tochiotome Japan Kurume49 × Tochinomine Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
55 Toyonoka Japan Himiko × Harunoka Cultivar 3.67ab HS
56 Wonyuk Japan Himiko derived Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
57 Bogyojoseong Japan - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
58 Iberry Japan - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
59 Kaorino Japan - - 0.89rs R
60 Yeobong Japan - - 2.00hijklmno S
61 Yeohong Japan - - 2.11hijklmno S
62 Seongkang17 Japan - - 2.56efghijk S
63 Tochun Japan - - 1.44nopqrs MR
64 Armore United States Blakemore × Aroma Cultivar 1.89jklmnopq MR
65 Berry Star United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
66 Camarosa United States Douglas × Cal 85.218-605 Cultivar 1.78klmnopq MR
67 Cascade United States Shasta × Northwest Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
68 Comet United States Earlibelle × ARK 5063 Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
69 Diamante United States Cal.87112-6 × Cal.145.52 Cultivar 2.78cdefghi S
70 Flamenco United States Evita × EMR077 Cultivar 1.33ppqrs MR
71 Juspa United States Unknown Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
72 Linn United States MDUS3184 × ORUS2414 Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
73 Missionary United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
74 North West United States Unknown Cultivar 3.11abcdefg HS
75 Red Rich United States Unknown Cultivar 2.11hijklmno S
76 Sweet Charlie United States FL80-456 × Pajaro Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
77 Ventana United States Cal.93.170-606 × Cal92.35-601 - 2.33ghijklm S
78 Festival United States - Cultivar 2.67cdefghi S
79 Monterey United States - Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
80 Oso Grande United States Parker × Cal77.3-603 Cultivar 1.83klmnopq MR
81 Portola United States Cal97.93-7 × Cal97.209-1 Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
82 San Andreas United States Albion × Cal97.86-1 Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
83 Alibion United States - - 2.11hijklmno S
84 Bolero United Kingdom LA0988 × Selva Cultivar 2.22ghijklm S
85 Tamar Israel Osogrande × Dorit Cultivar 1.44nopqrs MR
86 Senga Sengana Germany Markee × Sieger Cultivar 3.22abcdef HS
87 Kama Russia Sengasengana × Cavluer Cultivar 2.33ghijklm S
88 Favette France (Souvenir des Halles × Regina) × (Pocahontas × Aliso) Cultivar 1.67lmnopqr MR
89 Micmac Canada - Cultivar 1.56mnopqrs MR
90 Elista Poland - - 1.22pqrs MR
91 Aram Unknown - - 2.56efghijk S
92 Bious Unknown - - 1.11qrs MR
93 Camouoreal Unknown - - 2.11hijklmno S
94 Chonhak Unknown - - 3.67ab HS
95 Dabreak Unknown - - 2.67cdefghi S
96 Derunoka Unknown - - 1.89jklmnopq MR
97 Gilkyong53 Unknown - - 1.56mnopqrs MR
98 Ihime Unknown - - 3.11abcdefg HS
99 J&Q’s Early Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S
100 Jansan Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S
101 Naoami Unknown - - 2.22ghijklm S
102 Niigada Unknown - - 3.22abcdef HS
103 Redbell Unknown - - 3.33abcde HS
104 Sakyejeol Unknown - - 2.33ghijklm S

zR, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).

yDifferent letters within the column indicate statistically significant by Duncan’s multiple-range test at p≤0.05

Disease responses of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions to crown rot according to cultivated region.

Cultivated region Number of strawberry cultivars or accessions Total

Rz MR S HS
South Korea 0 4 10 12 26
Japan 2 11 14 10 37
United States 0 5 9 6 20
Other 0 7 9 5 21

Total 2 27 42 33 104

zR, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).

Table 1 List of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions used in this study.

R, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).

Different letters within the column indicate statistically significant by Duncan’s multiple-range test at p≤0.05

Table 2 Disease responses of 104 strawberry cultivars or accessions to crown rot according to cultivated region.

R, resistant to crown rot (0≤DI<1); MR, moderately resistant (1≤DI<2); S, susceptible (2≤DI<3); HS, highly susceptible (3≤DI≤4).