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사료용 옥수수와 같은 줄에 혼작이 가능한 콩 유전자원 선발과 조사료 특성 검정

서진동1, 김민수1, 송요욱1, 조다님1, 송종태1, 김종덕2, 권찬호3, 조현1, 이정동1,*

Selection of Soybean Germplasm for Mixed Cropping with Corn on the Same Row to Produce Better Yield and Value-Added Forage

Jin-Dong Seo1, Minsu Kim1, Yowook Song1, Danim Jo1, Jong Tae Song1, Jong Duk Kim2, Chan Ho Kwon3, Hyun Jo1, Jeong-Dong Lee1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2019;51(1):1-8.
Published online: March 1, 2019

경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 응용생명과학부

연암대학교 축산계열

경북대학교 생태환경대학 축산학과

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*(E-mail: jdlee@knu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-53-950-5709, Fax: +82-53-958-6880)
• Received: January 15, 2019   • Revised: January 21, 2019   • Accepted: February 19, 2019

Copyright: © 2019 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Soybean has a high protein content in both its hay and seed. Studies have shown that the mixed cropping of corn and soybean improved forage yield and quality. The objective of this study was to select soybean germplasm suitable for mixed cropping with corn on the same row to produce better forage yield and quality. Eleven soybean lines selected from previous evaluations were used in this study. Soybeans were planted with corn on the same row at 10 cm intervals. The planting rate in hills was one corn plant and three soybean plants. The fertilization and time of forage harvest were based on the recommendations for forage corn production. The results showed that in corn–soybean mixed cropping, the forage yield increased by about 19%, the silage protein content increased by 1%–2%, the percentage of acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers decreased, the total digestible nutrients increased, and the acetic acid content decreased. Therefore, the selected soybean lines were suitable for mixed cropping with corn to produce high quality forage and/or as breeding material for the development of forage soybean varieties. Based on this study, we suggest that the agronomic traits of soybean needed for mixed cropping with corn on the same row for forage are as follows: soybean should 1) have the ability to grow well under the corn canopy, 2) have lodging tolerance for ease of mechanical forage harvest, 3) develop to the full pod stage at the time of harvest for increased protein content, and 4) have no adverse effects on corn growth to maintain a high forage yield.
콩 [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]은 인간뿐만 아니라 동물에게도 필요한 양질의 식물성 단백질 및 지방원으로 세계적으로 많이 이용되고 있는 작물이다. 전통적으로 콩의 식물체나, 탈곡 후 콩 깍지, 야생콩의 덩굴 등을 동물의 사료로 사용해 왔으며(Kulkarni et al. 2018), 미국의 콩이 도입된 후(Arny 1926), 사료작물로서 오랫동안 재배되어 왔다(Smith & Huyser 1987). Hackleman (1924)은 콩이 콩과작물 중 질소성분이 가장 풍부한 종실과 건초를 생산할 수 있는 일년생 작물이라고 보고했다. 콩 식물체는 성숙단계(R7)에 평균 조단백질은 15.5%, 산성세제 불용성 섬유(ADF, acid detergent fiber)는 36.2%, 중성세제 불용성 섬유(NDF, neutral detergent fiber)는 46.9%을 함유한다고 보고하였다(Seiter et al. 2004).
미국에서는 ‘Derry’, ‘Dongal’, ‘Tyrone’과 같은 사료용 콩 품종이 개발되었으며(Devine & Hatley 1998, Devine et al. 1998a, 1998b), 국내에서 육성된 재배콩 품종 중 남해콩, 단파흑두, 백운콩 등이 조사료의 단백질 함량이 19% 이상이고, 건초수량이 7 t/ha 이상으로 청예용 사료로서의 가능성이 있다고 보고하였다(Cho et al. 2003). 또한, 넝쿨성의 재래콩 유전자원 중에 옥수수와 간작시에 수량 및 사료적 가치가 높은 3계통을 선발하였다(Shin 2008). 최근 Lee et al. (2014a)은 야생콩과 재배콩의 교잡으로 육성한 계통들에 대한 조사료의 수량 및 품질을 평가하였는데, 대조품종인 재배콩과 비슷한 조사료수량을 보이면서 가식부위 비율이 높고 조사료 품질이 우수한 다수의 사료용 콩 계통을 선발하였다.
콩과 사료작물과 화본과 사료작물을 혼파하여 조사료를 생산하면 단파재배 보다 건물수량과 단백질 함량을 높일 수 있고(Ta & Faris 1987) 사료가치를 증가시킬 수 있는(Burton 1976) 장점이 있다. 콩과 옥수수를 여러 유형의 간작 실험을 하였을 때, 콩의 수량은 콩 단작보다 6-32% 건물수량이 줄어 들며, 옥수수의 수량은 옥수수 단작일 때 보다 21-53% 많아지는 것으로 보고 되었다(Herbert et al. 1984). 수수/수단글라스 교잡종과 콩을 간작 재배하였을 때 건물수량과 조단백질 함량 및 기호성이 높아진 것으로 보고되었으며(Lee & Jeon 1996, Lee et al. 1999), 청보리와 두과사료작물과의 혼파는 사료가치의 향상과 지력유지 및 화학비료 절감 등 친환경 지속적 농업을 위한 유능한 재배기술이라 하였다(Kim et al. 2010). Song et al. (2017)은 국내 17개의 농가에서 옥수수와 사료용 콩을 간작한 결과 조사료 수량의 증대와 가소화 영양소의 증대가 있다는 보고를 하였다. 더불어, 옥수수와 콩을 간작하여 생산한 조사료는 옥수수 단작 보다 NDF와 ADF의 수치가 줄어 든다고 보고하였다(Demirel et al. 2009, Murphy et al. 1984, Javanmard et al. 2009). Kang et al. (2017)은 옥수수 사일리지와 옥수수와 콩이 혼합된 사일리지를 젖소에 먹였을 때 우유의 수량은 차이가 없었지만, 우유의 단백질과 지방의 함량이 유의적으로 높았으며 또한 간작하여 만든 사일리지는 사일리지의 단백질함량, 반추위발효가 증대되고 젖소에 이롭다고 하였다.
인공교잡에 의하여 신품종을 육성하는데는 많은 시간이 필요하다. 기존에 보유하고 있는 유전자원 중에 사료용 콩으로 적합한 자원을 선발하면 바로 현장에 사용이 가능하고 향후 사료용 콩 품종육성에 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 콩 유전자원 중에 사료용 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 자원을 선발하고 혼작에 의해 생산된 조사료의 품질을 평가하였다.
옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 자원선발
선행연구에서 사료용 옥수수와 사료용 콩을 혼작하여 생산한 조사료는 전체 수량이 증대되고 단백질 함량이 높아지는 경향이 있는 것으로 보고되었다(Seo et al. 2014). 일반적으로 단작으로 재배되는 사료용 옥수수는 8월 말이나 9월초에 수확이 되는데, 이 시기에 사료용 콩의 생육단계가 R6 단계에 가까워질수록 단백질 함량과 수량이 높아(Lee et al. 2014b) 전체 조사료의 수량과 단백질 함량을 증대하는데 영향을 미친다. 따라서 사료용 옥수수와 혼작이 가능하면서 조사료의 수량과 단백질 함량을 높일 수 있는 콩을 선발하기 위해 농촌진흥청 농업유전자원센터에서 보유하고 있는 콩 자원 중 성숙기가 9월 20일 전후 인 349 계통을 분양 받아 2014년 5월 2일에 심어 8월 22에 생육단계와 경장을 측정하였다. 총 349계통 중 옥수수와 혼작 가능성(경장이 길고 무한형이며 덩굴성을 가진 계통)과 옥수수 수확시기의 콩 생육단계를 고려하여 총 68개의 콩을 선발하였다(Supplementary Table 1). 선발된 계통은 대부분 콩 생육단계가 R4-6 사이에 있어 기존에 육성된 혼작용 콩(축두 1, 축두 2) 보다 생육단계가 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 이들 68계통을 이용하여 연차별로 옥수수와 혼작을 하면서 혼작 가능성을 평가하였다. 2015년 5월 13일 경북 군위군 소재 경북대학교 실습농장에서 68계통에 대한 혼작 가능성 예비 시험이 실시되었다. 옥수수는 1주 1본, 콩은 1주 3본으로 심겨 졌다. 옥수수와 콩의 재식밀도는 각각 70 × 20 cm 이었고, 옥수수와 콩을 같은 줄에 10 cm 간격으로 심었다. 옥수수 조사료 수확시기에 콩의 혼작가능성과 생육단계를 달관 조사하였다. 콩의 혼작가능성은 혼작한 콩이 옥수수 사이에서 도복하지 않고 직립하거나 옥수수를 감고 있었을 경우 혼작가능성이 높은 것으로 평가하여 선발에 이용하였다. 2015년 검정을 통해 11개의 계통을 선발하였으며 이를 이용하여 2017년에 정밀 검정을 실시하였다.
선발된 콩의 혼작 가능성 검정
2017년 정밀 검정도 경상북도 군위군 효령면 소재 경북대학교 농장에서 실시되었다. 혼작시 조사료 수량 및 품질을 조사하기 위해 4월 27일에 파종을 하였다. 시비량은 N-P2O5-K2O = 10-15-15 kg/10a로 전량 기비로 처리하였다. 옥수수는 국내에서 육성된 광평옥(Moon et al. 2001)을 이용하였으며, 콩은 2015년에 선발된 11개 계통과 사료용 콩으로 육성된 축두 1과 축두 2를 대조품종으로 하여 파종을 하였으며, 더불어 사료용 옥수수인 광평옥을 단작으로 파종하여 조사료 수량 및 품질을 비교하였다. 혼작은 옥수수와 콩을 동일한 줄에 심는 유형을 이용하였다. 혼작의 재식거리는 옥수수와 콩 각각 70 × 20 cm로 하였고, 옥수수와 콩은 같은 줄에 10 cm 간격으로 파종을 하였다. 옥수수는 1주 1본, 콩은 1주 3본으로 심었다. 시험구 배치는 난괴법 3반복으로 하였고, 시험구당 4열씩 파종하였고 시험구의 길이는 4 m 이었으며 중간의 2열에서 생산된 것을 조사료 수량 검정에 이용하였다. 조사료의 수량은 혼작 시 전체 수량(옥수수+콩), 혼작시 옥수수 수량, 혼작시 콩 수량으로 구분하였다. 혼작시 옥수수와 콩 수량은 전체 수량에서 옥수수와 콩을 각각 분리하여 측정하였다.
2015년에 선발된 11개 계통과 사료용 콩으로 육성된 축두 1과 축두 2를 단작하여 조사료 수량 및 품질을 평가하기 위해 70 × 20 cm 의 재식 밀도로 심었고 1주 3본으로 하였다. 시험구 배치는 난괴법 3반복으로 하였으며, 시험구당 4열씩 파종을 하였고 시험구의 길이는 4 m 이었으며 중간의 2열에서 생산된 것을 조사료 수량 검정에 이용하였다. 본 실험에서 모든 조사료의 수확시기는 옥수수 사일리지 수확적기인 황숙기(파종 후 약 120일)에 실시하였다.
혼작에 의해 생산된 조사료 사일리지제조
혼작에 의해 생산된 조사료로 만든 사일리지의 품질을 분석하기 위해 사일리지를 제조하였다. 사일리지 제조에 사용된 콩은 혼작 시험에 사용된 11개의 계통 중 혼작 시 수량이 우수하고 혼작가능성이 우수한 것으로 평가된 IT023319, IT163450, IT167209, IT167282와 대조품종인 축두 1, 축두 2가 혼작 된 각각의 시험구에서 생산된 조사료(옥수수+콩)와 옥수수단작 시험구에서 수확된 조사료를 이용하여 사일리지를 만들었다. 사일리지용 조사료의 샘플은 각각의 시험구에서 채취하여 분쇄 후 사용하였으며(처리당 3 반복) 옥수수와 콩의 혼합비율은 Table 1의 시험구별 조사료 전체생산량 중 옥수수와 콩의 비율과 같았다. 사일리지 제조는 10리터가 들어가는 원통플라스틱 통에 각 시험구에서 수확된 옥수수와 콩의 혼합된 조사료를 최대한 압착하여 공기를 뺀 후 뚜껑을 닫고 2개월간 발효를 시켰다. 혐기상태를 유지하기 위하여 최대한 압착을 하였을 때 각 사일리지 제조 통에는 약 5 kg의 조사료가 들어갔다.
Table 1
Fresh forage yield and yield contribution of corn and soybean in mixed cropping system and forage yield of soybean monocropping system.
Table 1
Linesw Soybean R stage Fresh forage yield (t/ha) Yield index y from mixed-cropping (%) Soybean forage yield from mono-cropping (t/ha) x
Soybean Corn Corn+Soybean
IT022260 5 4.8d z 42.6bc 47.4cd 104 24.0c
IT023035 5 6.9a-d 44.3bc 51.2a-d 113 18.6c
IT023102 5 4.3d 48.4a-c 52.7a-d 116 23.0c
IT023236 5 5.9cd 47.0a-c 52.9a-d 117 19.4c
IT023319 5 9.0a-c 53.6ab 62.6a 138 23.7c
IT024286 5 6.0b-d 44.4a-c 50.4b-d 111 23.1c
IT024324 5 4.6d 44.6a-c 49.3b-d 109 22.4c
IT163450 3 7.7a-d 51.1a-c 58.8a-c 130 24.5bc
IT165490 4 5.8cd 46.5a-c 52.4a-d 115 22.1c
IT167209 4 9.6ab 41.2c 50.8a-d 112 25.8ab
IT167282 5 10.2a 47.9a-c 58.1a-c 128 27.6a
Chookdu 1 4 4.9d 55.5a 60.3ab 133 21.3c
Chookdu 2 4 5.5cd 50.2a-c 55.8a-d 123 21.6c
Kwangpyeongok - 45.4a-c 45.4d 100 -
Mean 6.6 47.5 v 54.0 v 119 v 22.6

zMeans with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD, p=0.05)

yYield index was calculated from follow formula: (yield from corn+soybean)×100/45.4 (yield from corn only)

xSoybean forage for monocultures was harvested at the same day as the harvest of a corn-soybean mixed crop

wSoybean germplasm are presented in IT number, Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are soybean cultivars for silage with corn, Kwangpyeonok is a silage corn cultivar

vMean of 13 mixed crop plantings

사료용 콩 및 혼작으로 생산된 조사료의 품질 분석
단작시의 콩 11개의 계통과 사료용 콩 축두 1, 축두 2에 대한 조사료 품질을 분석하였다. 해당 콩은 사일리지 옥수수 수확할 시기인(황숙기) 8월 30일에 각각의 시험구에서 3개의 개체를 샘플을 하여 건조기에서 말린 후 분쇄기로 분쇄하였다. 각 시험구에서 만들어진 분쇄된 샘플을 조사성분에 따라 일정량을 취하여 분석에 사용하였다.
조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량, 조지방함량, ADF 및 NDF를 조사하였는데 이들 함량은 선행 연구에서 개발된 NIR 검량선(Asekova et al. 2016)을 이용하여 측정하였다.
혼작에 의해 생산된 사일리지는 수분함량, 조단백질 함량, ADF, NDF, TDN (total digestible nutrients), pH, acetic acid, lactic acid에 대하여 평가를 하였다.
수분함량은 각 처리구별로 500-800 g의 시료를 채취한 다음 65°C의 순환식 열풍건조기에 72시간 이상 충분히 건조시킨 후 측정하였으며, 건조한 시료는 Wiley Mil로 분쇄하여 20 mesh 표준체를 통과시킨 후 분석 시료로 사용하였다(Kim et al. 2010).
사일리지의 pH는 사일리지 10 g을 증류수 100 mL에 넣고 –5°C 냉장고에서 12시간 교반 후 4중 거즈로 걸러낸 액을 pH meter를 이용하여 측정하였다.
조단백질과 조지방은 AOAC (2011)법에 의거하여 분석하였고, ADF와 NDF는 Goering and Van Soest (1970)법으로 분석을 하였다. TDN은 ADF의 분석치에 의한 계산식 TDN = 88.9 - (0.79 × ADF%)에 의하여 산출하였다. 젖산(lactic acid)과 초산(acetic acid)를 분석하기 위해 분쇄된 샘플을 여과지로(Whatman No. 6) 1차 거른 후 사용하였다. 젖산은 1차 거른 용액을 0.45 μm 필터로 여과 후 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC, Poster, Varian, USA)를 이용하여 분석을 하였으며, 초산은 여과된 용액 5 mL을 취해 SPE cartridge를 통과시킨 다음 아세톤을 1 mL씩 두 번 처리하여 유기산을 회수한 후 gas chromatography (GC, Aglient 6809N, Aglient, USA)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석에 사용된 HPLC와 GC의 조건은 Supplementary Table 2와 같다.
Table 2
Forage quality of eleven selected soybean lines and two checks for monocultures.
Table 2
Lines Forage quality parameters z
Crud protein (%) Crude fat (%) NDF y (%) ADF y (%)
IT022260 17.5 1.73 43.8 31.0
IT023035 17.9 2.31 40.1 29.7
IT023102 17.2 1.86 38.3 27.3
IT023236 17.4 1.88 35.9 26.7
IT023319 17.8 1.64 46.8 34.3
IT024286 16.4 1.69 44.0 30.4
IT024324 16.4 1.94 46.4 31.5
IT163450 18.7 1.48 47.5 32.2
IT165490 17.5 1.99 43.5 28.0
IT167209 19.3 1.33 51.3 37.9
IT167282 18.2 1.18 52.1 37.9
Chookdu 1 18.8 1.26 49.7 36.2
Chookdu 2 19.5 0.88 51.5 39.1
Mean 17.9 1.63 45.5 32.5
LSD (5%) 1.4 0.6 8.6 4.3

zParameters were measured from dried soybean forage which harvested at the same day as corn harvest

yNDF and ADF stand for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, respectively.

데이터 분석
모든 시험은 3반복으로 배치되어 데이터를 획득하였으며 각각 시험별로 조사항목에 대한 분산분석은 SAS를 이용하여 분석하였다.
옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 사료용 콩 선발을 위한 다년간의 연구에서 최종 선발된 11개 계통에 대한 혼작시 조사료 수량에 대한 결과는 Table 1과 같다. 선발된 계통들은 사료용 옥수수가 수확되는 8월 말경에 R4(착협성기), R5(입비대기), R6(입비대성기) 단계의 성숙기를 보였다(Fig. 1). 기존의 육성된 축두의 경우 R4 단계에 도달하였는데, 선발된 계통들은 축두 1, 2 보다는 1, 2단계 빠른 생육시기를 보였다. 옥수수와 혼작을 하였을 경우에는 콩 13계통은 평균적으로 6.6 t/ha의 생체 수량을 보였으나, 콩의 생체중은 계통간에 차이가 나는 것으로 평가되었다. IT167282, IT167209, IT023319 등이 9 t/ha 이상의 생체 수량을 보여 상대적으로 혼작에서 잘 적응하는 것으로 평가되었다. 콩과 혼작시 옥수수는 평균 47.5 t/ha가 생산되는 것으로 나타났고 혼작시 옥수수의 수량은 콩의 계통에 크게 상관없이 시험구별로 비슷한 수량이 난 것으로 평가되었다. 옥수수와 콩을 혼작을 하였을 때는 평균적으로 54.0 t/ha의 생체중을 생산하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 옥수수 단작에 비해 평균적으로 약 19%정도 증수되는 효과를 보였다. 혼작시 IT023319와 옥수수를 혼작하였을 때 62.6 t/ha로 가장 높은 생체 수량을 보여 옥수수 단작 보다는 증수되는 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 IT163450, IT167282, 축두 1 등을 혼작하였을 경우 옥수수 단작 보다는 높은 생체 수량이 나오는 것으로 평가되었다. 옥수수 단작에 대비 혼작시 수량은 9-38%의 수량이 증대되는 것으로 나타났고 평균 19% 정도의 수량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 선발된 콩만을 단작으로 재배하였을 경우 계통별로 생체중은 유의적인 차이를 보였다. IT167282, IT167209 등이 각각 27.6, 25.8 t/ha의 수량을 보여 시험에 이용된 콩 중에서는 높은 생체 수량을 보였다.
Fig. 1
Five selected soybean lines for mixed cropping with corn at R3 - 5 stage in 2017. IT167209 line showed the mixed cropping system on the same row in the field at R4 stage (left) and the separation of corn and soybean (right).
KJBS_51_1_fig_1.jpg
콩은 단작으로 심었을 때 조사료의 품질을 조사한 결과는 Table 2와 같다. 단백질 함량은 13계통의 평균이 17.9%이었다. 콩 계통 중에는 축두 2, IT167209, 축두 1, IT163450 등이 각각 19.5, 19.3, 18.8, 18.7%로 다른 계통 보다 높은 단백질 함량을 보였다. 조지방 지방함량은 IT023035, IT16490, IT024324등이 각각 2.31, 1.99, 1.94%로 높은 함량을 보였다. NDF는 평균 45.5%를 보였으며 IT023236, IT023102, IT023035 등이 각각 35.9, 38.3, 40.1%로 낮은 함량을 보였으나 가장낮은 IT023236과 비교하여 44.0%인 IT24286과 4 계통(IT023102, IT023035, IT165490, IT022260) 등은 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p<0.05). ADF는 평균 32.5%로 나타났고, 범위는 26.7에서 39.1%이었다. IT023236, IT023102, IT165490, IT023035 등이 30% 미만으로 평가되었다.
콩와 옥수수를 혼작하여 사일리지를 만들었을 때 사일리지에 대한 품질을 분석한 결과는 Table 3과 같다. 13개의 콩 계통 중 혼작시 수량이 우수하고 혼작가능성이 우수한 것을 대상으로 평가를 실시하였다. 사일리지 제조 후 옥수수와 비교를 해 보았을 때 수분 함량은 옥수수와 유의적인 차이가 나지 않았다. 조지방 함량은 옥수수가 8.2%인 것에 반해 축두 1과 축두 2를 제외한 모든 계통에서 옥수수 사일리지 보다 단백질 함량이 1.6에서 2% 이상으로 유의적인 수준에서 높아진 것으로 평가되었다. NDF는 옥수수 사일리지는 46.8%를 보였으나 혼작에 의해 생산된 사일리지는 대부분 옥수수의 NDF보다 낮은 수치를 보였다. 즉, IT167209, IT167282와 혼작한 사일리지를 제외하고는 유의적으로 NDF가 낮아진 것으로 평가되었다. ADF도 DNF와 비슷한 경향을 보였는데, 축두 1과 IT023319와 혼작한 사일리지에서 광평옥 단작 사일리지 보다 유의적으로 낮은 ADF 수치를 보였고, 그 외에 계통들과 혼작을 한 사일리지에서도 옥수수 단작보다 수치적으로 ADF가 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. TDN은 옥수수 단작 사일리지 보다 혼작 사일리지에서 높아지는 경향을 보였는데, IT023319, 축두 1과 혼작한 사일리지에서는 옥수수 단작보다 유의적인 수준에서 높은 TDN 값을 나타내었다. 발효의 측도를 알 수 있는 pH 값은 옥수수단작과 혼작 사일리지에서 비슷한 값을 보여 모든 사일리지가 적당한 수준의 발효가 되었다는 것을 알수있었다. Lactic acid는 혼작한 사일리지가 수치상 낮은 경향을 보였지만 두 계통(IT023319, 축두 1)을 제외하고는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 acetic acid는 혼작한 사일리지 모두에서 옥수수 단작 사일리지 보다 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 보였다.
Table 3
Evaluation of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop and corn monocrop on a dry basis.
Table 3
Lines Silage x Moisture (%) Crude protein (%) NDF (%) z ADF (%) z TDN (%) z pH Lactic acid (%) Acetic acid (%)
IT023319 Corn-soybean 66.8a y 9.8a 37.2b 19.0c 73.9a 3.80ab 3.24b 0.78b
IT163450 70.3a 10.0a 41.1b 21.4abc 72.0abc 3.77abc 3.31ab 0.86b
IT167209 68.9a 10.3a 41.7ab 23.1ab 70.6bc 3.87a 3.33ab 0.74b
IT167282 70.5a 10.1a 41.7ab 22.1abc 71.4abc 3.83ab 3.63ab 0.87b
Chookdu 1 68.8a 9.8ab 38.5b 20.4bc 72.8ab 3.75bc 3.22b 0.81b
Chookdu 2 69.2a 9.5ab 40.6b 21.6abc 71.8abc 3.75bc 3.32ab 0.85b
Kwang-pyeongok Corn-monocrop 69.8a 8.2b 46.8a 24.2a 69.8c 3.67c 3.87a 1.22a

zNDF; neutral detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent fiber, TDN; total digestible nutrients.

yMeans with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least square difference (LSD, p=0.05).

xValue of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop were evaluated separately in soybean and corn

본 실험은 옥수수와 혼작에 적합한 콩을 선발하기 위해 2014년 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 349 계통 중 68 계통을 선발하여 2015년 검정을 통해 11 계통을 선발하여 이용하였다. 이후 2017년 선발된 11 계통을 실험품종으로, 축두 1과 축두 2를 대조품종으로 정밀검정 하였으며, 총 13개의 콩을 옥수수와 혼작하여 나타난 계통 및 품종 간의 생육특성, 수량성 및 사료 가치에 대한 연구 결과이다. 화본과 작물과 두과 작물에 대한 연구 결과로 Carpici (2016)은 옥수수와 콩의 혼작 사일리지는 옥수수 사일리지에 비해 조단백질 함량이 최대 8.5% 증가한다고 보고하였으며, Lima (2011)는 사료용 콩은 수수와 혼작 시 기상조건이 건기이든 우기이든 조단백질, 조지방, 조섬유 함량이 증가하고, NDF 함량이 낮았다는 보고가 있었다. 본 연구에서도 조단백질의 함량은 옥수수 사일리지보다 콩-광평옥 혼합 사일리지가 계통에 따라 유의적으로 약 1.6-2.0% 이상 증가하였으며(Table 3), 조사료의 품질분석 결과에서는 NDF와 ADF 함량은 Seiter et al. (2004)가 발표한 결과와 비교하여 각각 1.4%, 3.7% 낮았고, 이는 선발한 콩이 과거 연구에 이용된 콩에 비해 우수한 형질을 가지고 있으며, 혼작에 더욱 적합한 계통이라고 판단할 수 있다. 옥수수와 콩을 사일리지로 제조 시, 사일리지 내 acetic acid의 함량은 유의적으로 낮았으며(p<0.05, Table 1), 사료용 콩과 옥수수 또는 수수와의 혼합 사일리지는 발효품질을 향상시키고 젖산균의 비율이 증가했던 Ni et al. (2018)의 연구 결과와 유사했다. Song et al. (2017)은 옥수수와 콩 혼작 시 사료가치 뿐만 아니라 약 19%의 생산성이 증가한다고 보고한 바 있는데, 본 연구의 결과에서도 혼작 시 총 생산량이 단작에 비해 평균 19%가 증가하였으며(Table 1), 콩이 옥수수와 혼작 시 수량증가에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 판단된다. Herbert et al. (1984)는 콩 단작에서 건초수량이 줄어든 만큼 옥수수-콩 혼작의 건초수량이 증대한다고 보고되었고, 본 혼작 실험에서 콩 11 계통과 혼작한 사료의 전체 수량이 옥수수 단작보다 증가되었다(Table 1). 사료용으로 개발된 축두 1과 축두 2와 더불어 본 실험에 사용한 4 계통(IT023319, IT163450, IT167209, IT167282)은 옥수수와 혼작시 조사료 수량과 품질을 높일 수 있는 유전자원으로 이용이 가능하며 사료용 콩 품종개발에 사용할 수 있는 우수한 유전자원으로 평가된다. 본 연구에서는 상대적으로 성숙기가 빠른 유전자원을 평가하여 선발하였지만 국내외의 다양한 콩 유전자원에 대한 평가를 통해 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 다양한 유전자원의 확보가 필요할 것이다.
본 연구에서 실시한 옥수수와 콩의 혼작은 옥수수와 동일한 줄에 콩을 심어 혼작한 형태로 이와 같은 혼작에 적합한 콩은 몇 가지 특성을 가지고 있어야 한다. 첫 번째, 옥수수는 초기 생장속도가 빠르기 때문에 혼작되는 콩은 옥수수의 canopy 밑 에서도 잘 자랄 수 있어야 하고, 기계수확을 위해 옥수수 수확시기인 황숙기까지 도복이 되지 않아야 한다. 두 번째, 혼작되어 만들어진 조사료의 품질을 높이기 위해 옥수수 수확기에 콩의 단백질 함량이 최대가 될 수 있는 콩의 생육시기에 도달해야 하고, 콩의 생장이 옥수수의 생육에 영향을 최소한으로 미쳐 옥수수 자체만의 조사료 수량이 떨어지지 않게 해야 한다. 지속가능한 농업과 축산을 위해서는 혼작을 통한 양질의 조사료 생산기술 개발이 필수적이라고 생각되며, 이를 위해서는 혼작에 적합한 작물에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다고 판단된다.
콩은 사람이나 동물의 중요한 단백질원이다. 전통적으로 콩은 인간 식품의 재료로 이용되었고, 서양에 도입될 당시에는 동물의 단백질 원으로 이용되었다. 옥수수는 화본과 사료작물 중 높은 에너지와 바이오매스를 생산하는 작물이나 단백질 함량이 부족하여 옥수수 사일리지는 단백질의 함량을 높여야하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 최근 연구에서 옥수수와 콩을 혼작하여 사일리지를 만들었을 때 조사료의 전체수량, 사일리지 품질 등이 증가하였다는 보고가 있었다. 국내에서는 이와 같은 연구가 초보단계에 있고 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 품종육성이나 유전자원 선발에 대한 연구가 시작단계에 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 콩 유전자원 중에 사료용 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 자원을 선발하고 혼작에 의해 생산된 조사료의 품질을 평가하였다. 농촌진흥청 유전자원센터에서 분양 받은 349개의 콩 계통을 이용하여 옥수수와 혼작이 가능한 콩 선발을 실시하였으며, 최종 11개의 계통을 선발하여 옥수수와 혼작시 조사료 수량과 조사료의 품질을 평가하였다. 혼작을 한 시험구의 조사료는 옥수수 단작에 비해 평균 19%의 수량이 증대되었으며, 혼작을 하여 만든 사일리지는 옥수수 단작 사일리지에 비해 단백질 함량이 1-2% 증대되었고, ADF, NDF의 비율이 낮아지고 TDN은 높아졌고, acetic acid의 함량이 감소되는 등 사일리지 품질이 높아지는 것으로 평가되었다. 선발된 콩 계통은 옥수수와 혼작용으로 사용하든지, 혼작이 가능한 콩 품종육성의 재료로 이용 가능할 것이다.
본문의 Supplementary Table 1과 Supplementary Table 2는 한국육종학회지 홈페이지에서 확인할 수 있습니다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 차세대 바이오그린21사업(세부과제번호: PJ01367401)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
KJBS-51-1_suppl.pdf
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Selection of Soybean Germplasm for Mixed Cropping with Corn on the Same Row to Produce Better Yield and Value-Added Forage
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(1):1-8.   Published online March 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.1.1
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Selection of Soybean Germplasm for Mixed Cropping with Corn on the Same Row to Produce Better Yield and Value-Added Forage
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(1):1-8.   Published online March 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.1.1
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Selection of Soybean Germplasm for Mixed Cropping with Corn on the Same Row to Produce Better Yield and Value-Added Forage
Image
Fig. 1 Five selected soybean lines for mixed cropping with corn at R3 - 5 stage in 2017. IT167209 line showed the mixed cropping system on the same row in the field at R4 stage (left) and the separation of corn and soybean (right).

Fig. 1

Selection of Soybean Germplasm for Mixed Cropping with Corn on the Same Row to Produce Better Yield and Value-Added Forage

Fresh forage yield and yield contribution of corn and soybean in mixed cropping system and forage yield of soybean monocropping system.

Linesw Soybean R stage Fresh forage yield (t/ha) Yield index y from mixed-cropping (%) Soybean forage yield from mono-cropping (t/ha) x
Soybean Corn Corn+Soybean
IT022260 5 4.8d z 42.6bc 47.4cd 104 24.0c
IT023035 5 6.9a-d 44.3bc 51.2a-d 113 18.6c
IT023102 5 4.3d 48.4a-c 52.7a-d 116 23.0c
IT023236 5 5.9cd 47.0a-c 52.9a-d 117 19.4c
IT023319 5 9.0a-c 53.6ab 62.6a 138 23.7c
IT024286 5 6.0b-d 44.4a-c 50.4b-d 111 23.1c
IT024324 5 4.6d 44.6a-c 49.3b-d 109 22.4c
IT163450 3 7.7a-d 51.1a-c 58.8a-c 130 24.5bc
IT165490 4 5.8cd 46.5a-c 52.4a-d 115 22.1c
IT167209 4 9.6ab 41.2c 50.8a-d 112 25.8ab
IT167282 5 10.2a 47.9a-c 58.1a-c 128 27.6a
Chookdu 1 4 4.9d 55.5a 60.3ab 133 21.3c
Chookdu 2 4 5.5cd 50.2a-c 55.8a-d 123 21.6c
Kwangpyeongok - 45.4a-c 45.4d 100 -
Mean 6.6 47.5 v 54.0 v 119 v 22.6

Means with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD, p=0.05)

Yield index was calculated from follow formula: (yield from corn+soybean)×100/45.4 (yield from corn only)

Soybean forage for monocultures was harvested at the same day as the harvest of a corn-soybean mixed crop

Soybean germplasm are presented in IT number, Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are soybean cultivars for silage with corn, Kwangpyeonok is a silage corn cultivar

Mean of 13 mixed crop plantings

Forage quality of eleven selected soybean lines and two checks for monocultures.

Lines Forage quality parameters z
Crud protein (%) Crude fat (%) NDF y (%) ADF y (%)
IT022260 17.5 1.73 43.8 31.0
IT023035 17.9 2.31 40.1 29.7
IT023102 17.2 1.86 38.3 27.3
IT023236 17.4 1.88 35.9 26.7
IT023319 17.8 1.64 46.8 34.3
IT024286 16.4 1.69 44.0 30.4
IT024324 16.4 1.94 46.4 31.5
IT163450 18.7 1.48 47.5 32.2
IT165490 17.5 1.99 43.5 28.0
IT167209 19.3 1.33 51.3 37.9
IT167282 18.2 1.18 52.1 37.9
Chookdu 1 18.8 1.26 49.7 36.2
Chookdu 2 19.5 0.88 51.5 39.1
Mean 17.9 1.63 45.5 32.5
LSD (5%) 1.4 0.6 8.6 4.3

Parameters were measured from dried soybean forage which harvested at the same day as corn harvest

NDF and ADF stand for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, respectively.

Evaluation of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop and corn monocrop on a dry basis.

Lines Silage x Moisture (%) Crude protein (%) NDF (%) z ADF (%) z TDN (%) z pH Lactic acid (%) Acetic acid (%)
IT023319 Corn-soybean 66.8a y 9.8a 37.2b 19.0c 73.9a 3.80ab 3.24b 0.78b
IT163450 70.3a 10.0a 41.1b 21.4abc 72.0abc 3.77abc 3.31ab 0.86b
IT167209 68.9a 10.3a 41.7ab 23.1ab 70.6bc 3.87a 3.33ab 0.74b
IT167282 70.5a 10.1a 41.7ab 22.1abc 71.4abc 3.83ab 3.63ab 0.87b
Chookdu 1 68.8a 9.8ab 38.5b 20.4bc 72.8ab 3.75bc 3.22b 0.81b
Chookdu 2 69.2a 9.5ab 40.6b 21.6abc 71.8abc 3.75bc 3.32ab 0.85b
Kwang-pyeongok Corn-monocrop 69.8a 8.2b 46.8a 24.2a 69.8c 3.67c 3.87a 1.22a

NDF; neutral detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent fiber, TDN; total digestible nutrients.

Means with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least square difference (LSD, p=0.05).

Value of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop were evaluated separately in soybean and corn

Table 1 Fresh forage yield and yield contribution of corn and soybean in mixed cropping system and forage yield of soybean monocropping system.

Means with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least significant differences (LSD, p=0.05)

Yield index was calculated from follow formula: (yield from corn+soybean)×100/45.4 (yield from corn only)

Soybean forage for monocultures was harvested at the same day as the harvest of a corn-soybean mixed crop

Soybean germplasm are presented in IT number, Chookdu 1 and Chookdu 2 are soybean cultivars for silage with corn, Kwangpyeonok is a silage corn cultivar

Mean of 13 mixed crop plantings

Table 2 Forage quality of eleven selected soybean lines and two checks for monocultures.

Parameters were measured from dried soybean forage which harvested at the same day as corn harvest

NDF and ADF stand for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, respectively.

Table 3 Evaluation of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop and corn monocrop on a dry basis.

NDF; neutral detergent fiber, ADF; acid detergent fiber, TDN; total digestible nutrients.

Means with the same letter within a column for a given measurement are not significantly different as determined by Fisher’s least square difference (LSD, p=0.05).

Value of silage quality for a corn-soybean mixed crop were evaluated separately in soybean and corn

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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