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국내 밀 품종의 종자 외관 특성 및 영상 이미지 분석

최리1, 홍수민1, 유진희1, 이채원2, 백정호2, 모영준1, 박철수1,*

Analysis of Grain Appearance Traits and Images of Korean Wheat Cultivars

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2022;54(3):158-170.
Published online: September 1, 2022

1전북대학교 작물생명과학과

2농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업생명자원부

1Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea

2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding Author (E-mail: pcs89@jbnu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-63-270-2533, Fax: +82-63-270-2640)
• Received: May 30, 2022   • Revised: July 4, 2022   • Accepted: July 4, 2022

Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Analysis of Grain Appearance Traits and Images of Korean Wheat Cultivars
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(3):158-170.   Published online September 1, 2022
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Analysis of Grain Appearance Traits and Images of Korean Wheat Cultivars
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(3):158-170.   Published online September 1, 2022
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Analysis of Grain Appearance Traits and Images of Korean Wheat Cultivars
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Description of wheat kernel. Grain perimeter (GP); The length of the outside boundary of the selection. Grain length (GL); The longest length of the grain. Grain width (GW); The shortest length of the grain. Grain area (GA); Area of selection in square pixels or in calibrated square units. Aspect ratio (AR); The aspect ratio of the particle’s fitted ellipse. Grain circularity (GC); The degree of roundness of a circular hole.
Fig. 2 Grain color reaction of Korean wheat cultivars to the chemical tests. The result of the 5M NaOH assay (A; left: red, right: white). The result of the ninhydrin assay (B; left: dark violet, right: light violet). The result of the red wheat L-DOPA assay (C; left: black, right: no color change).
Fig. 3 Amplification profiles of alleles at Tamyb10-A (A), Tamyb10-B (B) and Tamyb10-D (C) of Korean wheat cultivars. M, Size marker; 1, Eunpa; 2, Hojoong; 3, Goso; 4, Joa; 5, Uri; 6, Tapdong; 7, Alchan; 8, Baekjoong; 9, Hanbaek; 10, Jokyung; 11, Hwangkeumal; 12, Seodun.
Fig. 4 Amplification profiles of alleles at Ppo-A1 (A), Ppo-B1 (B) and Ppo-D1 (C) of Korean wheat cultivars. M, Size marker; 1, Suan; 2, Kyungkwang; 3, Baekkang; 4, Saekkeumkang; 5, Geuru; 6, Jonong; 7, Johan; 8, Uri; 9, Baekjoong; 10, Jeokjoong; 11, Chokwang; 12, Hanbaek.
Fig. 5 Amplification profiles of alleles at TaCWI-4A (A), TaGW2-6A (B) and TaSus2-2B (C) of Korean wheat cultivars. M, Size marker; 1, Ol; 2, Namhae; 3, Joa; 4, Goso; 5, Olgeuru; 6, Geuru; 7, Jonong; 8, Saeol; 9, Saekeumkang; 10, Hwangkeumal; 11, Joeun; 12, Taejoong.
Fig. 6 Difference in grain length according to the combination of grain color and PPO activity (A), Tamyb10 (B), Ppo-A1b and Ppo-B1a (C), and TaGW2-6A and TaSus2-2B (D) in 50 Korean wheat cultivars. Each bar represents the mean±standard error. Bars with different letters above are significantly different at p<0.05.
Fig. 7 Scattered diagram of grain characteristics of 50 Korean wheat cultivars. Cultivar names for each number are identical as in Table 2.
Analysis of Grain Appearance Traits and Images of Korean Wheat Cultivars

Classification of Korean wheat cultivars based on NaOH, Ninhydrin and L-DOPA assays.

Chemical Color No Cultivar
NaOH Red 37 Alchan, Anbaek, Chokwang, Chunggye, Dahong, Dajoong, Eunpa, Geuru, Gobun, Goso. Hojoong, Hwangkeumal, Jangkwang, Jinpoom, Jinpoong, Joa, Joeun, Johan, Jojoong, Jonong, Jopum, Kyungkwang, Milsung, Namhae, Ol, Olgeuru, Saekeumkang, Saeol, Seodun, Shinmichal, Shinmichal1, Suan, Sukang, Taejoong, Tapdong, Uri, Yungkwang
White 13 Baekchal, Baekjoong, Baekkang, Dabun, Hanbaek, Jeokjoong, Jokyung, Joongmo2003, Joongmo2004, Joongmo2008, Joongmo2012, Keumkang, Younbaek
Ninhydrin Light violet 37 Alchan, Anbaek, Chokwang, Chunggye, Dahong, Dajoong, Eunpa, Geuru, Gobun, Goso. Hojoong, Hwangkeumal, Jangkwang, Jinpoom, Jinpoong, Joa, Joeun, Johan, Jojoong, Jonong, Jopum, Kyungkwang, Milsung, Namhae, Ol, Olgeuru, Saekeumkang, Saeol, Seodun, Shinmichal, Shinmichal1, Suan, Sukang, Taejoong, Tapdong, Uri, Yungkwang
Dark violet 13 Baekchal, Baekjoong, Baekkang, Dabun, Hanbaek, Jeokjoong, Jokyung, Joongmo2003, Joongmo2004, Joongmo2008, Joongmo2012, Keumkang, Younbaek
L-DOPA Black 24 Anbaek, Baekchal, Baekkang, Dajoong, Eunpa, Geuru, Gobun, Hanbaek, Hwangkeumal, Joa, Joeun, Johan, Jojoong, Jokyung, Jonong, Joongmo2003, Joongmo2008, Keumkang, Kyungkwang, Ol, Saekeumkang, Suan, Taejoong, Tapdong
No change 26 Alchan, Baekjoong, Chokwang, Chunggye, Dabun, Dahong, Goso, Hojoong, Jangkwang, Jeokjoong, Jinpoom, Jinpoong, Joongmo2004, Joongmo2012, Jopum, Milsung, Namhae, Olgeuru, Saeol, Seodun, Shinmichal, Shinmichal1, Sukang, Uri, Younbaek, Yungkwang

Allelic variations of Tamby10, Ppo-1, TaCWI-4A, TaGW2-6A and TaSus2-2B in 50 Korean wheat cultivars.

No Cultivar Tamby10 Ppo-1 TaCWI-4A TaGW2-6A TaSus2-2B
A1 B1 D1 A1 B1 D1
1 Alchan b b b b a a C A H
2 Anbaek b b a a a a C A H
3 Baekchal a a a a a a C A H
4 Baekjoong a a a b a a C A L
5 Baekkang a a a a b a C G L
6 Chokwang b b b b a b C A H
7 Chunggye b b a b a a C A H
8 Dabun a a a b a a C G H
9 Dahong b b a b a a C G H
10 Dajoong a b a a a a C A H
11 Eunpa a b a a b a C A H
12 Geuru b b a a a b C G H
13 Gobun a b a a a a C A H
14 Goso b a a b a a T A H
15 Hanbaek a a a b a b C G L
16 Hojoong a b a b a a C A H
17 Hwangkeumal a b a a b a C G L
18 Jangkwang b b a b a a C G H
19 Jeokjoong a a a b b a C A L
20 Jinpoom a b a b a a C A H
21 Jinpoong b b a b a a C G H
22 Joa b a a b a a T A H
23 Joeun a b a a b a C A L
24 Johan b a a a b b C A H
25 Jojoong b a a b a a C A H
26 Jokyung a a a a b a C G L
27 Jonong b a a a a b C A H
28 Joongmo2003 a a a a b a C A H
29 Joongmo2004 a a a a b a C G H
30 Joongmo2008 a a a a b a C A H
31 Joongmo2012 a a a b a a C G H
32 Jopum b b a b a a C A H
33 Keumkang a a a a b a C G H
34 Kyungkwang b b a a a a C G H
35 Milsung b a a b a a C A H
36 Namhae b b a b a a T A H
37 Ol b b b a a a T A H
38 Olgeuru b a a b a a T A H
39 Saekeumkang a b a a b a C G H
40 Saeol b a a b a a C A H
41 Seodun a b b b a a C A H
42 Shinmichal b a a b a a T A H
43 Shinmichal1 b b a b a a T A H
44 Suan b b a a a a C A H
45 Sukang b a a b a a C G H
46 Taejoong a b a a b a T G L
47 Tapdong b b b a a a C A H
48 Uri b b a b a a C A H
49 Younbaek a a a b a a C G L
50 Yungkwang b b a b a a C G H

Grain characteristics using image analysis of Korean wheat cultivars.

No Cultivar Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain perimeter (mm) Grain area (mm2) Grain aspect Grain circularity
1 Alchan 6.0 3.3 15.8 15.6 1.83 0.78
2 Anbaek 6.6 3.7 17.5 19.1 1.79 0.79
3 Baekchal 6.6 3.5 17.2 18.3 1.86 0.78
4 Baekjoong 6.6 3.4 17.2 17.8 1.95 0.75
5 Baekkang 7.3 3.6 18.6 20.8 2.04 0.75
6 Chokwang 7.0 3.4 17.9 18.9 2.04 0.74
7 Chunggye 6.1 3.1 15.8 15.1 1.98 0.75
8 Dabun 6.8 3.4 17.5 18.2 2.02 0.75
9 Dahong 6.1 3.1 15.7 14.8 2.02 0.75
10 Dajoong 7.2 3.1 17.8 17.4 2.39 0.69
11 Eunpa 6.4 3.3 16.5 16.6 1.93 0.76
12 Geuru 7.2 3.6 18.5 20.4 2.01 0.74
13 Gobun 6.6 3.3 16.9 17.1 2.03 0.74
14 Goso 6.9 3.5 17.9 19.3 1.97 0.75
15 Hanbaek 7.7 3.7 19.5 22.5 2.07 0.74
16 Hojoong 7.1 3.5 18.2 19.7 2.05 0.74
17 Hwangkeumal 7.2 3.5 18.3 20.0 2.05 0.74
18 Jangkwang 6.6 3.4 17.1 17.7 1.93 0.76
19 Jeokjoong 6.9 3.6 18.0 19.5 1.96 0.75
20 Jinpoom 6.3 3.2 16.2 15.7 1.99 0.75
21 Jinpoong 6.2 3.4 16.4 16.7 1.83 0.78
22 Joa 7.1 3.5 18.3 19.7 2.04 0.74
23 Joeun 6.5 3.4 16.9 17.6 1.91 0.77
24 Johan 6.7 3.4 17.2 17.7 2.00 0.75
25 Jojoong 6.8 3.3 17.3 17.8 2.04 0.74
26 Jokyung 7.2 3.7 18.6 20.9 1.99 0.75
27 Jonong 7.1 3.5 18.1 19.6 2.02 0.75
28 Joongmo2003 6.6 3.6 17.6 19.1 1.84 0.77
29 Joongmo2004 7.1 3.6 18.4 20.3 1.99 0.75
30 Joongmo2008 7.5 3.4 18.9 20.3 2.21 0.71
31 Joongmo2012 7.7 3.8 19.7 22.9 2.07 0.74
32 Jopum 7.1 3.3 18.1 18.7 2.17 0.72
33 Keumkang 7.1 3.7 18.3 20.4 1.95 0.76
34 Kyungkwang 7.0 3.3 17.8 18.5 2.11 0.73
35 Milsung 6.1 3.2 15.9 15.5 1.92 0.77
36 Namhae 6.2 3.3 16.4 16.4 1.88 0.76
37 Ol 6.3 3.3 16.5 16.5 1.94 0.76
38 Olgeuru 6.8 3.5 17.7 18.8 1.96 0.76
39 Saekeumkang 7.3 3.6 18.6 20.5 2.07 0.74
40 Saeol 7.1 3.3 17.8 18.2 2.18 0.71
41 Seodun 6.3 3.3 16.3 16.2 1.92 0.77
42 Shinmichal 6.9 3.4 17.6 18.6 2.01 0.75
43 Shinmichal1 6.3 3.3 16.4 16.4 1.94 0.76
44 Suan 7.2 3.5 18.4 20.2 2.06 0.74
45 Sukang 6.6 3.5 17.2 17.9 1.93 0.76
46 Taejoong 7.4 3.8 19.1 22.0 1.94 0.76
47 Tapdong 6.5 3.4 16.8 17.2 1.94 0.76
48 Uri 6.8 3.3 17.3 17.7 2.10 0.74
49 Younbaek 6.9 3.5 17.8 19.1 1.94 0.75
50 Yungkwang 7.0 3.5 18.0 19.1 2.03 0.74
LSDz 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.02 0.01

Coefficients of correlations among grain characteristics of 50 Korean wheat cultivars.

Parameter Grain length Grain width Grain perimeter Grain area Grain aspect
Grain width 0.62***z
Grain perimeter 0.98*** 0.76***
Grain area 0.92*** 0.88*** 0.98***
Grain aspect 0.61*** -0.24 0.45** 0.25
Grain circularity -0.61*** 0.21 -0.46** -0.26 -0.97***

Difference in grain characteristics using image analysis according to grain color, PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activity and allelic variations among 50 Korean wheat cultivars.

Characteristics Grain length (mm) Grain width (mm) Grain perimeter (mm) Grain area (mm2) Grain aspect Grain circularity
White grainz 7.1ax 3.6a 18.3a 20.0a 1.99a 0.75a
Red grain 6.7b 3.4b 17.3b 18.0b 2.00a 0.75a
PPO activityy High 7.0a 3.5a 17.9a 19.3a 2.01a 0.75a
Low 6.7b 3.4b 17.2b 17.9b 1.98a 0.75a
Tamyb10-A a 7.0a 3.5a 17.9a 19.3a 2.01a 0.75a
b 6.7b 3.4b 17.2b 17.8b 1.99a 0.75a
Tamyb10-B a 6.9a 3.5a 17.7a 18.7a 2.00a 0.75a
b 6.4b 3.3a 16.6b 16.9b 1.99a 0.75a
Tamyb10-D a 7.0a 3.5a 17.9a 19.2a 2.00a 0.75a
b 6.7b 3.4b 17.2b 17.9b 1.93a 0.76a
Ppo-A1 a 6.9a 3.5a 17.8a 19.1a 2.00a 0.75a
b 6.7a 3.4b 17.3a 18.0b 1.99a 0.75a
Ppo-B1 a 6.8b 3.4b 17.4b 18.1b 2.00a 0.75a
b 7.0a 3.6a 18.1a 19.7a 1.99a 0.75a
Ppo-D1 a 6.8a 3.4a 17.5a 18.4a 1.99a 0.75a
b 7.1a 3.5a 18.3a 19.8a 2.03a 0.74a
TaCWI-4A Hap-4A-C 6.8a 3.4a 17.6a 18.5a 2.00a 0.75a
Hap-4A-T 6.8a 3.5a 17.5a 18.5a 1.96a 0.75a
TaGW2-6A Hap-6A-A 6.7b 3.4b 17.3b 17.9b 1.99a 0.75a
Hap-6A-G 7.0a 3.5a 18.1a 19.6a 2.00a 0.75a
TaSus2-2B Hap-H 6.8b 3.4b 17.4b 18.2b 2.00a 0.75a
Hap-L 7.1a 3.6a 18.2a 20.0a 1.98a 0.75a
Table 1 Classification of Korean wheat cultivars based on NaOH, Ninhydrin and L-DOPA assays.
Table 2 Allelic variations of Tamby10, Ppo-1, TaCWI-4A, TaGW2-6A and TaSus2-2B in 50 Korean wheat cultivars.
Table 3 Grain characteristics using image analysis of Korean wheat cultivars.

zLeast significant difference (p=0.05). Differences between two means exceeding this value are significant.

Table 4 Coefficients of correlations among grain characteristics of 50 Korean wheat cultivars.

z** and *** are significant at p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively.

Table 5 Difference in grain characteristics using image analysis according to grain color, PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activity and allelic variations among 50 Korean wheat cultivars.

zGrain color was determined by NaOH and Ninhydrin treatments.

yPPO activity was determined by the color of L-DOPA assays.

xValues followed by the same letters within each gene or characteristic are not significantly different at p<0.05.