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밀 유전자원의 농업형질과 SSR마커를 이용한 다양성 분석

신명재1, 오미애1, 김경민2, 왕샤오한1, 김성훈1, 한세희3, DestaKebede Taye1, 최유미1, 윤혜명1, 이윤정1, 이정윤1, 이수경1,*

Diversity Analysis Using Agricultural Traits and SSR Markers of Wheat Germplasms

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2022;54(4):345-357.
Published online: December 1, 2022

1농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업유전자원센터

2경북대학교 농업생생명과학대학 응용생명과학과 식물생명과학전공

3국립호남권 생물자원관 도서생물연구본부

1National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea

2School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

3Honam National Institute of Biological Resources, Mokpo, 58762, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding Author: (E-mail: reset00@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-4901)
• Received: October 23, 2022   • Revised: November 2, 2022   • Accepted: November 4, 2022

Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Phenotypic characterization of underutilized common wheat germplasm for diversifying breeding materials in Korea
    Sun-Hwa Kwak, Ho-Sun Cheon, Sukyeung Lee, Young-ah Jeon, Sieun Choi, Chul Soo Park, Youngjun Mo
    Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology.2024; 27(3): 397.     CrossRef

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Diversity Analysis Using Agricultural Traits and SSR Markers of Wheat Germplasms
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(4):345-357.   Published online December 1, 2022
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Diversity Analysis Using Agricultural Traits and SSR Markers of Wheat Germplasms
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(4):345-357.   Published online December 1, 2022
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Diversity Analysis Using Agricultural Traits and SSR Markers of Wheat Germplasms
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Ten agronomic trait statistics of unused wheat germplasms. The position of the control group was marked, Geuru (C1), Geumgang (C2), Uri (C3), and Jokyoung (C4).
Fig. 2 The results of unused wheat germplasms population structure. (a) is analysis to range of K (2~9) used Delta K. (b) is population structure on K=5. The position of the control group was marked, Geuru (C1), Geumgang (C2), Uri (C3), and Jokyoung (C4). Red, cluster 1; green, cluster 2; blue, cluster 3; yellow, cluster 4; and pink, cluster 5.
Fig. 3 The difference between each cluster in six qualitative traits.
Diversity Analysis Using Agricultural Traits and SSR Markers of Wheat Germplasms

The list of selected 129 germplasms.

No. Accession No. Originz Popy Clux
1 10753 KOR 1 1
2 10761 KOR 1 -
3 10772 KOR 1 1
4 10774 KOR 1 1
5 10803 KOR 1 1
6 10912 KOR 1 -
7 10913 KOR 1 -
8 10916 KOR 1 -
9 11066 GEO 2 2
10 11189 FIN 5 -
11 12247 KOR 1 -
12 12381 UNK 2 -
13 12477 BIH 2 -
14 12551 PRT 2 2
15 12570 BRA 2 -
16 12649 ESP 5 5
17 12843 HUN 2 2
18 12858 YUG 2 2
19 12935 TKM 2 -
20 12942 MDA 2 -
21 13004 UKR 5 -
22 13882 KOR 1 1
23 14302 KOR 4 -
24 14307 KOR 4 -
25 14330 KOR 1 1
26 14402 KOR 2 2
27 14923 MEX 2 -
28 15482 KOR 1 1
29 15537 KOR 5 -
30 15543 KOR 1 -
31 15552 KOR 4 -
32 15553 KOR 5 -
33 15560 KOR 5 -
34 15567 KOR 1 -
35 15577 KOR 5 -
36 16834 KOR 4 4
37 16842 KOR 4 4
38 100984 KOR 5 -
39 116142 KOR 1 -
40 116197 KOR 1 1
41 116202 KOR 5 5
42 116203 KOR 1 1
43 116206 KOR 1 1
44 116209 KOR 4 -
45 116210 KOR 4 4
46 116267 KOR 4 4
47 137030 NPL 5 -
48 146983 KOR 1 1
49 147028 KOR 1 1
50 147032 KOR 4 4
51 147052 KOR 1 1
52 147072 KOR 4 4
53 147077 KOR 4 -
54 147206 KOR 4 4
55 147273 KOR 4 4
56 147275 KOR 4 4
57 147277 KOR 4 4
58 147279 KOR 4 -
59 150577 UNK 2 2
60 151076 KOR 1 1
61 172225 KOR 1 1
62 173162 KOR 2 2
63 175574 KOR 4 4
64 176600 ITA 5 5
65 176631 ISR 2 2
66 176786 AUS 2 2
67 178884 ZAF 2 -
68 180668 EGY 3 3
69 187153 SYR 3 3
70 187218 THA 2 2
71 188131 AZE 3 3
72 189924 TJK 5 -
73 194614 MNG 5 5
74 196318 CHN 5 5
75 198645 ROM 5 5
76 205688 ARM 2 -
77 205757 CSK 2 -
78 206106 BEL 4 -
79 206270 RUS 5 -
80 206300 BLR 2 -
81 206682 KOR 1 1
82 209956 UZB 3 3
83 251106 JPN 4 -
84 269480 KOR 4 -
85 269483 KOR 5 5
86 284901 IND 2 2
87 312053 AFG 1 1
88 323382 PAK 2 2
89 323409 BGR 5 5
90 333284 GBR 5 5
91 333285 FRA 5 5
92 333293 LTU 5 5
93 333294 BOL 2 2
94 333296 JOR 2 -
95 333301 POL 5 5
96 333390 IRQ 3 3
97 333407 TUN 3 3
98 909058 LBN 3 3
99 K015784 PRK 5 -
100 K015785 KOR 5 -
101 K155155 UNK 3 3
102 K155229 UNK 3 3
103 K155239 IRN 3 3
104 K164152 CAN 2 -
105 K164262 SWE 5 5
106 K164554 USA 2 2
107 K176105 AUT 5 -
108 K212020 NLD 5 5
109 K223677 DNK 5 5
110 K224554 MLI 5 -
111 K261485 COL 2 2
112 K261488 CHL 2 2
113 K261527 ARG 2 2
114 K264032 URY 2 2
115 K264037 BGD 2 2
116 K264053 DEU 5 5
117 K264055 PER 2 -
118 K264064 PER 5 -
119 K264084 ERI 3 3
120 K264094 ETH 3 3
121 K264241 MEX 2 2
122 K269896 SRB 5 5
123 K269974 TUR 5 -
124 K270024 KAZ 2 -
125 K270039 CHE 5 -
126 Geuru (C1) KOR 1 1
127 Geumgang(C2) KOR 1 1
128 Uri(C3) KOR 4 4
129 Jokyoung(C4) KOR 4 -

The list of selected 24 SSR markers from 106.

Name Forward Primer Reverse Primer Product sizez Anneal Temp.
barc21 GCGTCTTCCGGTTTTGTTTACTTTTC CGTCTTCCGGTTTTGTTTACTTTTC 220 bp 62℃
Xbarc80 CGAATTAGCATCTGCATCTGTTTGAG CGGTCAACCAACTACTGCACAAC 112 bp 66℃
Xcfa2155 TTTGTTACAACCCAGGGGG TTGTGTGGCGAAAGAAACAG 221 bp 60℃
Xcfd152 TGGAAGTCTGGAACCACTCC GCAACCAGACCACACTCTCA 288 bp 60℃
Xcfd29 GGTTGTCAGGCAGGATATTTG TATTGATAGATCAGGGCGCA 181 bp 60℃
Xcfd33 TACCGCAATAATCACACCCA GGTCGATGGACTGTCCCTAA 170 bp 60℃
Xcfd48 ATGGTTGATGGTGGGTGTTT ATGTATCGATGAAGGGCCAA 258 bp 64℃
Xcfd8 ACCACCGTCATGTCACTGAG GTGAAGACGACAAGACGCAA 156 bp 60℃
Xgwm161 GATCGAGTGATGGCAGATGG TGTGAATTACTTGGACGTGG 154 bp 60℃
Xgwm190 GTGCTTGCTGAGCTATGAGTC GTGCCACGTGGTACCTTTG 213 bp 60℃
Xgwm294 GGATTGGAGTTAAGAGAGAACCG GCAGAGTGATCAATGCCAGA 100 bp 60℃
Xgwm304 AGGAAACAGAAATATCGCGG AGGACTGTGGGGAATGAATG 217 bp 60℃
Xgwm325 TTTCTTCTGTCGTTCTCTTCCC TTTTTACGCGTCAACGACG 138 bp 58℃
Xgwm437 GATCAAGACTTTTGTATCTCTC GATGTCCAACAGTTAGCTTA 107 bp 55℃
Xgwm539 CTGCTCTAAGATTCATGCAACC GAGGCTTGTGCCCTCTGTAG 145 bp 60℃
Xgwm577 ATGGCATAATTTGGTGAAATTG TGTTTCAAGCCCAACTTCTATT 133 bp 60℃
Xgwm610 CTGCCTTCTCCATGGTTTGT AATGGCCAAAGGTTATGAAGG 167 bp 60℃
Xwmc1 ACTGGGTGTTTGCTCGTTGA CAATGCTTAAGCGCTCTGTG 154 bp 60℃
Xwmc264 CTCCATCTATTGAGCGAAGGTT CAAGATGAAGCTCATGCAAGTG 133 bp 64℃
Xwmc278 AAACGATAGTAAAATTACCTCGGAT TCAAAAAATAGCAACTTGAAGAC 165 bp 58℃
Xwmc428 TTAATCCTAGCCGTCCCTTTTT CGACCTTCGTTGGTTATTTGTG 257 bp 60℃
Xwmc457 CTTCCATGAATCAAAGCAGCAC CATCCATGGCAGAAACAATAGC 161 bp 60℃
Xwmc468 AGCTGGGTTAATAACAGAGGAT CACATAACTGTCCACTCCTTTC 154 bp 60℃
Xwmc532 GATACATCAAGATCGTGCCAAA GGGAGAAATCATTAACGAAGGG 176 bp 60℃

Four quantitative traits in accessions with each group.

Traits Value Group
1 2 3 4 Total
HD Range 158-225 125-222 159-229 173-178 125-229
Mean±SD 185.349±8.162z 192.228±10.757y 200.044±17.093x 175.75±1.92w 191.278±10.778
CV 0.044 0.056 0.085 0.011 0.056
Skewness 0.768 -0.896 0.125 -0.278 -0.599
Kurtosis 1.614 2.447 -0.865 -1.427 1.804
TM Range 198-260 168-261 208-268 216-219 168-268
Mean±SD 220.739±6.079z 227.716±8.471y 235.75±16.612x 217±1.225w 226.755±8.637
CV 0.028 0.037 0.070 0.006 0.038
Skewness 0.938 -1.039 0.312 0.816 -0.613
Kurtosis 4.680 3.268 -1.272 -1.000 2.372
SL Range 31-163.9 12-628 46-148.5 66.5-78.5 12-628
Mean±SD 100.189±21.467z 103.23±23.975y 77.412±16.07x 72.875±4.263x 102.611±23.7
CV 0.214 0.232 0.208 0.058 0.231
Skewness 0.422 1.426 1.217 -0.261 1.314
Kurtosis -0.349 25.496 3.877 -0.992 22.730
PL Range 3.8-36.8 0.8-19 6.7-13.5 7.65-9.8 0.8-36.8
Mean±SD 9.388±1.792z 9.752±2.033y 9.175±1.509z 8.65±0.766z 9.695±2.001
CV 0.191 0.208 0.164 0.089 0.206
Skewness 2.732 0.445 0.497 0.288 0.698
Kurtosis 37.567 0.616 -0.280 -1.000 3.936

Percentage of phenotypic distribution of six quality traits in each group.

Traits Categories Group

1 2 3 4 Total(%)
GH closed 18.560 98.513 48.529 0.000 86.583
medium 52.840 1.408 41.176 100.000 9.146
open 28.600 0.079 10.294 0.000 4.272
AA anthocyanin 19.353 28.599 11.765 0.000 27.141
non-anthocyanin 80.647 71.401 88.235 100.000 72.859
PS fusiform 76.552 28.666 25.000 25.000 35.570
others 3.699 0.034 0.000 0.000 0.564
parallel sided 12.285 36.382 25.000 0.000 32.808
slightly clavate 0.661 2.760 13.235 75.000 2.552
strongly clavate 2.048 1.543 1.471 0.000 1.615
tapering 4.756 30.615 35.294 0.000 26.892
SC red 35.601 66.310 57.353 50.000 61.802
the others 1.189 19.047 41.176 0.000 16.600
white 63.210 14.643 1.471 50.000 21.598
AL 1.5~9 mm 2.312 24.341 45.588 0.000 21.282
10 mm~39 mm 10.106 4.472 11.765 0.000 5.333
above 40 mm 80.713 52.670 41.176 100.000 56.670
below 1.5 mm 6.869 18.518 1.471 0.000 16.714
EF -30~30° 6.869 6.195 14.706 0.000 6.346
30~60° 70.542 60.115 69.118 100.000 61.697
-60~-30° 0.396 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.057
60~90° 22.193 33.690 16.176 0.000 31.900

The information of the selected 24 SSR markers.

Locus Naz Hy PICx MAFw
gwm190 10 0.774 0.752 0.411
gwm437 14 0.901 0.894 0.194
gwm577 15 0.879 0.868 0.249
wmc278 8 0.556 0.522 0.636
Xbarc21 9 0.731 0.706 0.466
Xbarc80 7 0.532 0.501 0.659
Xcfa2155 8 0.704 0.655 0.411
Xcfd152 13 0.797 0.771 0.311
Xcfd29 21 0.932 0.928 0.125
Xcfd33 7 0.722 0.674 0.349
Xcfd48 13 0.809 0.784 0.28
Xcfd8 11 0.755 0.723 0.396
Xgwm161 10 0.687 0.653 0.497
Xgwm294 20 0.912 0.906 0.14
Xgwm304 15 0.888 0.878 0.202
Xgwm325 10 0.831 0.81 0.256
Xgwm539 25 0.918 0.912 0.156
Xgwm610 10 0.8 0.771 0.295
Xwmc1 9 0.793 0.764 0.303
Xwmc264 10 0.817 0.791 0.233
Xwmc428 13 0.615 0.587 0.59
Xwmc457 6 0.556 0.509 0.621
Xwmc468 15 0.868 0.855 0.249
Xwmc532 13 0.875 0.863 0.225
Mean 12.167 0.777 0.753 0.344

The difference between each cluster quantitative traits.

Cluster Heading date
(days)
The maturity
(days)
Stem length
(cm)
Panicle length
(cm)
1 177.2±10.2z 216.8±7.1zy 80.9±15.7z 8.3±1.2z
2 183.1±12.7z 221.9±11z 91.8±24.6bz 9.3±1.9zy
3 184.1±8.0z 219.5±7.7zy 105.3±30.5yx 8.5±2.5z
4 169.6±7.3y 212.0±6.3y 83.3±4.5z 8.4±0.6z
5 194.8±9.4x 228.9±9.5x 120.5±24.8y 11.4±7.2y

The genetic differentiation between each 5 clusters by Pairwise Fst.

cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 Gene diversity
cluster 1 - 0.546875
cluster 2 0.34523 - 0.670343
cluster 3 0.361857 0.122308 - 0.624829
cluster 4 0.348075 0.120699 0.084887 - 0.639807
cluster 5 0.327794 0.063218 0.082207 0.095055 - 0.743512
Table 1 The list of selected 129 germplasms.

zThe origin is indicated by ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code. ypopulation and xcluster.

Table 2 The list of selected 24 SSR markers from 106.

zThe reference genome sequence is bread wheat reference genome, IWGSC RefSeq v2.0.

Table 3 Four quantitative traits in accessions with each group.

z, y, x, wrepresent significantly different average values across a row (p<0.05).

CV, variation coefficient.

Table 4 Percentage of phenotypic distribution of six quality traits in each group.
Table 5 The information of the selected 24 SSR markers.

zobserved number of alleles; yNei's gene diversity index (1973); xpolymorphism information content; and wmajor allele frequency.

Table 6 The difference between each cluster quantitative traits.

Arrange the average values from largest to smallest, z, y, xrepresent the average values that are significantly different from each other, where zis the maximum average value. zyrepresents the average value between zand yand not significantly different from zand y. yxrepresents the average value between yand xnot significantly different from both yand x.

Table 7 The genetic differentiation between each 5 clusters by Pairwise Fst.

Fst value is 0-0.05, the degree of genetic differentiation among populations is low; Between 0.05-0.15, there is a moderate degree of genetic differentiation among populations; Between 0.15-0.25, the degree of genetic differentiation among populations is high; Above 0.25, there is great genetic differentiation among populations.