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장수형 밀 계통의 특성 분석 II. 밀가루 및 관련 유전자 특성

Characterization of Korean Wheat Line with Long Spike. II. Flour Characteristics and Genetic Variations

Chon-Sik Kang1, Jae-Han Son1, Young-Keun Cheong1, Kyeong-Hoon Kim1, Yun-Hee Ko1, Jong-Chul Park1, Young-Jin Oh1, Kyoung-Ho Kim1, Bo-Kyoung Kim1, Chul Soo Park2,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2015;47(3):229-237.
Published online: August 31, 2015

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*Corresponding author (pcs89@jbnu.ac.kr, Tel: +82-63-270-2533, Fax: +82-63-270-2640)
• Received: July 27, 2015   • Revised: September 7, 2015   • Accepted: September 7, 2015

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  • Molecular markers related to flour qualities of long spike wheat lines were evaluated. Ash, wet gluten and protein content of long spike wheat lines were higher than Keumkang(Korean wheat cv.) but SDS-sedimentation volume(SDSF) was lower. Particle size and lightness of flour of long spike wheat lines showed similar to Keumkang. The high positively correlation was presented between protein content and SDSF, wet gluten and particle size, respectively. However, negatively correlation was between protein content and lightness. Through the analysis of molecular markers, we identified the genotypes of four genes, Glu-A3c, Wx-A1a, Wx-B1a and Wx-D1a. These genes had same genotypes with Keumkang. Six genes, Glu-A1c, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1a, Glu-B3g, Pina-D1and Pinb-D1b, were presented in most of the lines. Two genes, Glu-A1 and Glu-B1b, were related to higher protein contents and wet gluten. The lines containing three genotypes, Glu-D1d, Glu-B3h and Pinb-D1b, had higher ash, protein contents, SDSF and wet gluten, and lightness was darker. Through the results, we expect that long spike type wheat lines are necessary to breed wheat having high yield productivity.
국내 1인당 밀 연간 소모량은 약 32.3 kg 정도로 벼(67.2 kg) 다음으로 많은 작물이지만, 사료용을 제외한 식량자급도 는 1.1%로 약 200만톤 가량을 수입에 의존하고 있는 실정이 다(MAFRA 2014). 최근 정부 정책 및 소비자의 의식변화로 국산 밀 재배면적과 생산량은 점차 증가하고 있지만 수입밀 에 비하여 가격이 두 배 이상 높아 가격경쟁력이 낮고, 일반 소비자가 국산밀 원맥으로 만든 제품을 구매하기에는 경제적 부담이 있어 소비에는 한계가 있다. 이에 농촌진흥청에서는 국산밀의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위하여 기존 품종과는 차별화 된 새로운 다수성 밀 계통을 육성하여 보고하였다(Kang et al. 2013, Son et al. 2014). 즉, 수량성 높은 밀 품종 개발을 위하여 국내 품종인 금강밀과 숙기가 늦지만 이삭이 길고 일 수립수가 많은 중국 밀 유전자원 Xian83과의 인공교배를 실 시한 후 계통을 전개하여 세대를 진전시켰다. 우량 계통으로 선발된 장수형 계통은 부본인 금강밀보다 이삭 길이가 길고, 1수립수가 많아 수량이 향상 되었다(Son et al. 2015).
밀 품질은 종실 내 함유되어 있는 단백질의 양과 질적 특성 에 의해 크게 좌우되는데(Lim et al. 2007), 동일 품종일 경우 제빵적성은 단백질의 양과 비례하지만 동일수준의 단백질 함 량에서는 글루텐의 질적 특성에 의해 결정된다(Carson & Edwards 2009, Khatkar et al. 1995). 글루텐은 전체 단백질 중 약 80%를 차지하는 밀 저장단백질로서 gliadin과 glutenin 으로 구성되어 있다. 이 두 단백질은 밀가루 반죽의 신장성과 탄력성에 영향을 미치는데 일반적으로 glutenin은 탄성과 관 련이 높고, gliadin은 점성과 신축성과 관련이 깊다. 높은 신 장성과 적절한 탄력성을 지닌 밀가루는 보통 빵을 만드는데 적합하고, 고도의 신장성을 지닌 밀가루는 과자용으로 적합하 다(Zhao et al. 1999). Glutenin은 고분자 글루텐닌(HMW-GS) 과 저분자 글루텐닌(LMW-GS) 두 그룹으로 나뉜다. HMWGS는 빵을 만드는 과정에서 밀가루의 반죽의 탄력성을 높이 고, 효모에 의해 만들어진 이산화탄소를 유지하여 빵이 부풀 게 하는 역할을 한다(Cornish et al. 2006). HMW-GS는 각 1번 염색체 장완(long arm)에 위치하고 있는 Glu-A1, Glu-B1 그리고 Glu-D1에 의해 암호화되며(Payne et al. 1980) 총 6 개의 HMW-GS 유전자가 존재한다. HMW-GS의 유전자 발 현은 SDS-PAGE법이 사용되고 있는데, 분석 시간이 오래 걸 리고, 숙련된 기술이 필요하여 유전자 발현을 보다 빠르고 편 리하게 분석할 수 있는 분자마커가 개발되어 사용되고 있다 (Lei et al. 2006, Liu et al. 2008, Ma et al. 2003).
종자의 경도는 제분 공정과 밀가루 품질에 영향을 끼치고, 최종적으로 제품의 가공적성에 영향을 주기 때문에 용도를 구분할 때 중요한 특성 중 하나로 작용한다. 경질밀은 연질밀 보다 밀가루 입자가 크고 손상전분의 함량이 많아 보통 경질 밀로 빵을 만들고, 연질밀은 파이, 케이크와 쿠키 등을 제조하 는데 사용된다(Morris 2002, Pasha et al. 2010). 종실의 경도 는 5D 염색체의 단완(short arm)에 위치한 경도 유전자좌 (Ha)에 의해 조절된다(Park et al. 2009, Symes 1965). 전분 입자 표면에서 발견된 Friabilin은 수용성 단백질로서 종실경 도와 매우 밀접하게 관련되어 있으며 연질밀에서는 양이 많 고, 듀럼밀에서는 매우 드물었다(Jolly et al. 1993). Friabilin 은 폴리펩티드 puroindoline a (Pina)와 b (Pinb)로 구성되어 있다(Gautier et al. 1994). 연질밀은 야생 유전자형인 Pina- D1a와 Pinb-D1a 두 대립유전자를 포함하고 있고, 경질밀은 Pina-D1b를 가지고 있거나 단일염기 변이가 일어난 Pinb-D1b-g 의 유전자형을 나타낸다(Chen et al. 2007, Morris et al. 2001). Pina-D1b 유전자형을 가진 밀은 Pinb-D1b 유전자형 밀보다 종자가 더 단단하고, 제분율이 높고, 회분함량이 많으 며 밀가루 색이 더 어둡게 나타난다(Cane et al. 2004). 최근 국내에서도 제분율 향상을 위해 품종과 고 세대 계통에서 puroindoline a와 b에 대한 평가가 이루어 지 고 있다(Park et al. 2009, Nagamine et al. 2003).
국수용 밀가루의 품질은 구성 성분들이 나타내는 물리화학 적 성질에 따라 달라 지는데, 특히 주성분인 단백질과 전분은 반죽의 점탄성이나 수분 흡수력, 점도 등의 변호와 밀접한 관 련성을 지닌다. 즉, 국수의 외관이나 표면 성질, 조직감 등의 특성에 직접적으로 영향을 미친다(Nagao 1992). 전분 성분 중 에서 아밀로스 합성에 관여하는 Granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I, waxy, Wx protein) 유전자 Wx-A1, Wx-B1과 Wx-D1은 각각 7AS, 4AL과 7DS에 위치해 있다(Murai et al. 1999). Zhao et al. (1998)은 Wx-B1b 유전자를 가진 품종 은 전분 구조의 미묘한 변화와 높은 밀가루 팽창 부피를 지녀 높은 전분의 점도를 지니게 되고, 특히 우동과 빵을 만들 때 가공적성을 향상시킨다고 하였다. 최근 Shariflou et al. (2001)은 중국 유전자원에서 Wx-D1 유전자의 변형된 DNA 마커를 개발하여 보고하였다. Nakamura et al. (2002)는 각 Wx-1 대립유전자의 분석을 위한 프라이머 세트를 보고하였 다. 국내에서도 Wx-1에 대한 평가가 이루어지고 있으며, 국내 품종 중에서도 Wx-B1b인 호중밀이 개발되었다(Kang et al. 2012, RDA 2012).
최근 국산밀의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위하여 기존의 초형과 다른 장수형 계통이 육성되었고, 농업형질과 이와 관련된 표 지인자에 대한 연구가 최근 보고되었다(Kang et al. 2013, Shin et al. 2015, Son et al. 2015). 하지만, 밀은 최종적으로 밀가루의 품질에 따라 용도가 결정되는데 장수형 계통에 대 한 품질과 이와 관련된 분자표지에 대한 연구는 아직 진행되 지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내에서 육성된 장수형 계통에 대한 품질특성과 이와 관련된 유전자 특성을 함께 분석하여 용도별 다수성 밀 품종육성을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다.
공시재료
본 연구에 사용된 재료는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 전작 포장(전북 김제시)에서 재배하여 2012년과 2013년에 수확된 장수형 제 8세대(F8) 164계통(Son et al. 2015)과 특성을 비 교분석하기 위해 부본으로 사용된 금강밀(Nam et al. 1998) 품종을 실험에 사용하였다.
밀가루 특성 평가
제분은 Bühler mill (MLU-202, Swiss)을 이용하여 AACCI Approved Methods 26-31.01 (AACCI 2010) 방법에 따라 제분수율 60% 수준으로 제분하였고, 제분된 밀가루는 10°C 저온실에 보관하여 실험에 사용하였다. 밀가루의 수분, 단백 질과 회분 함량은 각각 AACCI Approved Methods 44-15.02, 46-30.01과 08-01.01 (2010)에 준하여 측정하였다. 밀가루 색 밝기는 Minolta JS-555 (Minolta Camera Co., Ltd, Japan) 을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 밀가루 입자 크기는 multi-wavelength laser particle size analyzer LS13320 (Beckman Coulter, Inc., USA)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 침전가는 AACCI Approved Method 56-70.01 (2010)을 변형하여 측정하였다. 즉, 밀가루 3 g(14% 수분함량 기준)을 100 ml 실린더에 넣고, 50 ml의 0.0004% bromophenol blue 용액을 넣은 후 2분 간격으로 2 회, 15초 동안 잘 흔들어 준 후, 12.5% lactic acid을 포함한 2% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) 용액 50 ml을 첨가한 후 2분, 4분과 6분 후에 15초간 잘 흔들고 20분간 방치한 후 침전 물의 눈금을 측정하였다. 습부율은 AACCI Approved Method 38-12.02 (AACCI, 2010) 방법을 변형하여 Glutomatic 2020 (Perten Instruments AB, Sweden)을 이용하여 측정하였다.
Genomic DNA 추출
금강밀과 장수형 계통을 온실에 파종하여 3주간 생육시켰 다. 유식물체의 엽을 채취하여 액체질소로 급속냉동 시킨 후 유발을 이용하여 미세분말로 분쇄한 뒤 –70°C에 보관하였다. Genomic DNA는 잎 분말(100 mg)로부터 식물용 genomic DNA 분리시약(Solgent, Korea)을 이용하여 추출하였다.
PCR 분석
Glu-1 유전자 특성 분석을 위한 PCR은 Lafiandra et al. (1997)의 방법으로 수행되었고, Glu-A1 유전자 분석은 Liu et al. (2008)의 방법, Glu-B1 유전자는 Ma et al. (2003)과 Lei et al. (2006)의 방법, Glu-D1 유전자 분석은 분석은 Liu et al. (2008)과 De Bustos et al. (2001)의 방법을 이용하여 수행되었다. Glu-A3와 Glu-B3 유전자 분석은 Wang et al. (2010)과 Wang et al. (2009)의 방법에 준하였고, 종실경도 와 관련된 puroindolines 유전자 특성 분석은 Gautier et al. (1994)에 준하여 실시되었다. 아밀로스 합성에 관여하는 Wx-1의 대립유전자 다양성은 Nakamura et al. (2002)의 방 법에 의해 분석되었다.
통계 분석
모든 시험은 최소 3회 이상의 반복을 두어 실시하였으며, 시험성적은 SAS 프로그램(SAS Institute, Cary, NC)을 이용하 여 분산분석을 실시하고 LSD로 유의성을 검정하였으며, 품종 과 연차간 변이의 상호작용은 ANOVA (Analysis of variance) 분석은 GLM 을 이용하였으며, 품종과 연차 변이의 상호작용 성분은 오차항을 이용하였다. 상관관계는 피어슨의 상관 계수 를 이용하였으며, 통계적 유의 수준은 P < 0.05으로 하였다.
밀가루 품질 특성
장수형 164계통과 금강밀의 품질 특성은 Table 1과 같다. 장수형 계통집단의 회분 함량은 평균 0.53% 이었으며, 최저 0.31%에서 최고 0.70%의 범위를 나타냈고, 부본인 금강밀은 0.44%를 나타냈다. Kang et al. (2010)은 금강밀의 회분함량 이 0.47% 이었고, 품종에 따라 차이를 나타냈다고 보고한 결 과와 유사하였다. 회분함량은 밀가루의 품질에 중요한 인자로 작용하며 최근 밀가루나 가공제품의 색택을 어둡게 하여 소 비자의 선호도를 떨어뜨린다는 보고가 있다(Kang et al. 2008). 장수형 계통의 밀가루 입자크기는 평균 71.97 μm로 최저 43.47 μm에서 최고 88.80 μm의 크기였고, 금강밀은 71.72 μm를 나타내 Kang et al. (2010)의 보고와 유사하였다. 밀가루 입자크기는 품종 특성에 따라 차이를 나타내는데 경 질밀은 밀가루 입자가 크고, 연질밀은 작은 특성을 나타낸다. 밀가루 입도는 밀가루의 수분 흡수속도와 밀접한 관계가 있 는데, 입도가 작을수록 밀가루의 수화도가 빨라지게 되어 제 빵용 밀가루는 국수 또는 과자용의 밀가루보다 입자가 큰 밀 가루를 사용하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Lorenz 1986). 밀가루 의 밝기(L*)는 평균 91.13(최저 88.86~최고 93.61)으로 금 강밀(91.43)과 비슷하였고, 계통에 따라 차이를 나타냈다. 장 수형 164계통 중 회분과 단백질 함량이 많을수록 어두운 경 향을 나타냈으며 이와 같은 결과는 Shin et al. (2002)와 Kang et al. (2010)의 보고와 유사하였다. 단백질함량은 평균 12.96%로 최저 8.33%에서 최고 15.62%의 범위를 나타냈고, 금강밀은 11.82%이었다. 금강밀의 단백질 함량은 Kang et al. (2010)의 결과보다 낮았지만, Park et al. (2011)의 보고와 는 유사하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 종자의 단백질함량은 품종 적인 특성과 생육기간 중 환경에 따라 차이가 있다는 보고 (Baik et al. 1994, Kim et al. 2014)와 유사하였다. 단백질 질적 특성을 나타내는 침전가는 평균 32.74 ml(최저 12.50 ml~최고 59.00 ml)로 금강밀(51.50 ml)보다는 낮았다. 침전 가는 경질밀이고 강력분일수록 높고, 유전적인 요인과 환경에 따라 차이를 보인다는 Park et al. (2001)의 보고와 유사한 경 향을 보였다. 금강밀의 습부율(wet gluten)은 22.80%를 나타 냈으나, 장수형 계통은 평균 27.47%로 최저 13.20에서 최고 36.40의 범위를 나타내 계통 간 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 단백질함량과 유사한 경향을 나타냈다. 이와 같 은 결과는 글루텐은 단백질 함량과 정의 상관을 나타내며, 유 전적인 특성과 환경적인 차이가 있다는 보고(Park et al. 2011)와 유사하였다.
Table 1.
Flour characteristics in Korean wheat line with long spike and Keumkang.
Table 1.
Characteristics Korean wheat population with long spike lengthz (n = 164) Keumkang
Ash (%) 0.53 ± 0.09 (0.31 – 0.70) 0.44
Lightness 91.13 ± 0.93 (88.86 – 93.61) 91.43
Particle size (μm) 71.97 ± 13.42 (43.47 – 88.80) 71.72
Protein (%) 12.96 ± 1.36 (8.33 – 15.62) 11.82
SDS-sedimentation volume (ml) 32.74 ± 9.78 (12.50 – 59.00) 51.50
Wet gluten (%) 27.47 ± 4.21 (13.20 – 36.40) 22.80

zValue indicates average and standard deviation of Korean wheat line with long spike and parenthesis includes ranges of Korean wheat with long spike.

장수형 계통의 품질적 특성은 Table 2와 같다. 밀가루 밝기 는 회분함량이 많고(r = – 0.675***), 입자크기가 크고(r = – 0.666***), 단백질 함량이 많고(r = – 0.336***), 습부율이 높을수록(r = – 0.405***) 어두워지는 경향을 나타내 Kang et al. (2008)과 Kang et al. (2010)의 결과와 유사하다. 밀가루 입자크기는 단백질 함량(r = 0.400***), 침전가(r = 0.301***)와 습부율(0.549***)과 고도의 정의상관을 나타냈다. 즉, 단백질 함량이 많고, 침전가는 높고, 습부율이 높을수록 밀가루 입자 크기는 큰 경향을 나타냈다. 단백질 함량은 침전가와 습부율 과 고도의 정의상관을 보였다. 즉 단백질함량이 증가할수록 침전가(r = 0.568***)와 습부율도 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (r = 0.682***). 이와 같은 결과는 단백질 함량은 질적 특성인 침전가와 연관이 깊고, 가수량이 증가한다는 보고(Kang et al. 2010, Park et al. 2001)와 유사하였다. 이와 같은 결과를 보면, 장수형 164계통은 수량성 향상을 위해 개발되었지만 밀가루 품질 특성이 다양하게 나타나 용도별 다수확 품종을 육성할 때 품질특성도 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다.
Table 2.
Correlation coefficients among agronomic traits of Korean wheat line with long spike.
Table 2.
Parameters Ash Lightness Particle size Protein SDSS
Lightness – 0.675***
Particle size 0.872*** – 0.666***
Protein 0.542*** – 0.336*** 0.400***
SDSSz 0.390*** – 0.093 0.301*** 0.568***
Wet gluten 0.674*** – 0.405*** 0.549*** 0.751*** 0.682***

zSDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

y*** indicates significance at 0.001 level

밀가루 품질 특성과 관련된 유전자 분석
장수형 164계통의 글루텐(Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1, Glu-A3, Glu-B3), 종실경도(Pina-D1, Pinb-D1)와 아밀로스 합성 관 련 유전자(GBSS, Wx)의 다양성 분석결과는 Fig. 1과 같다. PCR을 통해 Glu-A1 유전자는 920 bp와 362 bp의 크기로 증 폭되어 Liu et al. (2008)의 결과와 일치하였다. 장수형 계통 은 Glu-A1b (362 bp)와 Glu-A1c (920 bp + 362 bp) 두 유전 자형으로 분리되었고, 금강밀(Glu-A1b)과 같은 유전자형은 37계통, Glu-A1c형은 127계통으로 Glu-A1c형이 많았다. Glu-B1은 707 bp (Glu-B1b)와 662 bp (Glu-B1c)의 크기로 증폭되었고, 금강밀과 같은 Glu-B1b 유전자형을 지닌 계통은 41계통, Glu-B1c는 123계통에서 확인되어 Glu-B1c 유전자 형이 많은 것은 확인하였다. Glu-D1은 361 bp, 343 bp와 320 bp의 크기로 증폭되어 Liu et al. (2008)의 결과와 유사 하였다. 금강밀과 같은 Glu-D1d 유전자형을 지닌 계통은 28 계통, Glu-D1a 유전자형은 109계통, Glu-D1f 유전자형은 27 계통으로 Glu-D1a 유전자형을 지닌 계통이 많은 것을 확인 하였다. Glu-A3는 금강밀을 포함하여 모두 Glu-A3c (573 bp)로 발현되어 동일 조성인 것을 알 수 있었다. Glu-B3는 1,022 bp (Glu-B3h), 853 bp (Glu-B3g)와 812 bp (Glu-B3f) 의 크기로 증폭되어 Wang et al. (2009)의 결과와 유사하였 다. 금강밀과 같은 Glu-B3h는 65계통이었고, Glu-B3f 는 6계 통으로 가장 적었으며 Glu-B3g는 93계통으로 가장 많았다. 종실경도 관련 유전자인 Pina-D1과 Pinb-D1의 PCR 검정 결과, Pina-D1은 447 bp (Pina-D1a)의 발현과 미발현(Pina- D1b)으로 나뉘었고, Pina-D1a 유전자형은 금강밀을 포함한 161계통으로 많았으나 Pina-D1b 유전자형은 3계통이었다. Pinb-D1은 200 bp (Pinb-D1a)와 320 bp (Pinb-D1b)의 크 기로 증폭되어 Gautier et al. (1994)와 Kang et al. (2012)의 보고와 유사하였다. 아밀로스 합성관련 유전자 GBSS의 PCR 결과 금강밀을 포함한 장수형 계통은 모두 Wx-D1a, Wx-B1a 와 Wx-A1a를 발현하여 동일한 특성을 나타냈다.Table 3
Fig. 1.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified Glu-1 (A), Glu-3 (B), Pin-1 (C) and Wx-1 (D). M, molecular size marker; 1-12, Korean wheat line with long spike.
KJBS-47-229_F1.gif
Table 3.
Difference in flour characteristics of Korean wheat line with long spike carrying different glutenine and puroindoline genotypes using pair-wise t-test.
Table 3.
Flour Characteristic Glutenin Puroindoline
Glu-A1 Glu-B1 Glu-D1 Glu-B3 Pinb-D1
b c b c a d f f g h a b
No. Line 37 127 41 123 109 28 27 6 93 65 60 104
Ash (%) 0.53a 0.53a 0.54a 0.52a 0.55a 0.56a 0.39b 0.43b 0.53a 0.54a 0.43b 0.58a
Lightness 90.77b 91.23a 90.82a 91.23a 91.05b 90.68b 91.92a 92.18a 91.10b 91.08b 91.85a 90.71b
Particle size (μm) 69.61a 72.66a 70.42a 72.49a 76.05a 75.38a 51.98b 58.26b 78.82a 70.59a 55.18b 81.66a
Protein (%) 13.53a 12.80b 13.91a 12.65b 13.15b 13.85a 11.27c 11.77b 12.59b 13.60a 12.43b 13.27a
SDSS (ml) 32.65a 32.77a 34.71a 32.09a 35.92a 33.02a 19.63b 18.08c 29.51b 38.72a 29.56b 34.58a
Wet gluten (%) 28.24a 27.25a 29.05a 26.94b 28.57a 29.00a 21.43b 22.26b 26.81a 28.90a 24.70b 29.07a

aSDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

bValues followed by same letters within same characteristics at the same locus are not significantly different at P < 0.05

164계통의 품질과 유전자 발현 특성을 비교한 결과 글루텐 발현과 관련된Glu-1에서 Glu-A1b 유전자형을 지닌 계통들은 Glu-A1c형 계통보다 단백질 함량(13.53%)이 높고, 밀가루 밝기(90.77)가 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. Glu-B1b 유전자형을 지닌 계통들의 단백질 함량과 습부율은 각각 13.91%와 29.05%로 Glu-B1c형 계통보다 높게 나타났다. Glu-D1d 유 전자형을 지닌 계통들의 회분, 밀가루 밝기(L*), 입자크기, 단 백질 함량, 침전가와 습부율은 각각 0.56%, 90.68, 75.38μm, 13.85%, 33.02 ml, 29.00%로 Glu-D1a 유전자형과는 비슷 하였으나, Glu-D1f형 계통보다 회분, 단백질, 침전가와 습부 율은 높으며 입자크기가 크고, 밀가루 밝기는 어두웠다. 이와 같은 결과는 Glu-D1d형은 빵용 밀을 선발할 때, Glu-D1f형 은 과자용이나 국수용을 선발할 때 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것 으로 판단된다. Glu-B3h 유전자형을 지닌 계통들은 Glu-B3g 과 Glu-B3f형보다 회분과 단백질 함량이 많고, 밀가루 입자크 기가 크며 습부율이 높고, 밀가루 색이 어두운 것으로 나타났 다. Glu-B3f은 다른 유전자형보다 회분과 단백질 함량이 적 고, 밀가루 입자크기가 작고, 습부율이 낮고, 밀가루 색이 밝 은 것으로 나타났다. Gupta et al. (1991)은 Glu-B3의 유전자 형은 총 9가지로 발현되며 최대 반죽강도와 저항성의 정도 평 가를 i>b=a>e=f=g=h> 순위라고 보고하였다. Ahn et al. (2014)은 d형은 h형보다 제분율이 높으며 밀가루입자가 크 고, 손상전분과 단백질 함량이 많고, 침전가도 높을 뿐만 아니 라 반죽 시간이 길고 반죽 안정도가 높아 최종적으로 빵 볼륨 이 높은 것으로 보고하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 Glu-B3h형은 빵용 밀을 선발할 때, Glu-B3f형은 과자용이나 국수용을 선발 할 때 지표로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 종실경도와 관련된 Pinb-D1에서 Pinb-D1b는 Pinb-D1a보다 밀가루 입 자가 클 뿐만 아니라 회분과 단백질함량이 많고, 침전가와 습 부율이 높으며 밀가루 색이 어두웠다. 이와 같은 결과는 Glu-D1d와 Glu-B3h와 같은 경향을 보였다. 이와 같은 결과 는 Pinb-D1b 유전자형을 갖는 품종과 계통은 제분율이 높은 경질밀이며, 빵을 만드는데 Pinb-D1a 유전자형 보다 유리하다 는 Nakamura et al. (2002)와 Ahn et al. (2014)의 보고와 유 사하였다.
국내 밀 수량성 향상을 위해 이삭 길이가 길고 1수립수가 많은 장수형 계통의 품질과 이들 특성과 관련된 표지인자에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 장수형 164계통의 회분, 단백질, 침 전가, 습부율, 밀가루 입자 크기와 밀가루 색택 밝기의 평균은 금강밀보다 회분과 단백질함량이 높으며 습부율은 높고, 밀가 루 밝기와 입자 크기는 비슷하였으나 침전가는 낮게 나타났 다. 단백질의 질적 특성에서 단백질함량은 침전가, 습부율, 밀 가루 입자 크기와 고도의 정의 상관을 보였고, 밀가루의 밝기 와는 부의 상관을 나타냈다. 품질특성 관련 표지인자를 평가 한 결과, 장수형 164계통은 모두 Glu-A3c, Wx-A1a, Wx-B1a, Wx-D1a의 유전자형을 나타내 금강밀과 동일하였다. 장수형 계통은 주로 Glu-A1c, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1a, Glu-B3g, Pina- D1b와 Pinb-D1b의 유전자형이 많았다. Glu-A1b과 Glu-B1b 유전자형은 단백질함량이 많고, 습부율이 높은 특성을 나타냈 다. Glu-D1d, Glu-B3h과 Pinb-D1b 유전자형은 다른 유전자 형에 비해 회분과 단백질함량이 많으며, 침전가와 습부율이 높고, 밀가루 입자가 크고, 밀가루의 색이 어두운 특성을 보였 다. 이러한 결과를 통해서 장수형 계통은 수량성 증대를 위해 필요하고, 향후 용도별 품질 우수 자원의 특성을 집적하여 용 도별 다수성 밀 품종개발을 위한 자원으로 활용하고자 한다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 농업과학기술 연구 개발사업(과제명: 밀 수량성 향상을 위한 자이언트 헤드형 밀 계통의 이삭길이, 과제번호: PJ009220012015)의 지원에 의 해 이루어진 것임.
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Characterization of Korean Wheat Line with Long Spike. II. Flour Characteristics and Genetic Variations
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):229-237.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.229
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Characterization of Korean Wheat Line with Long Spike. II. Flour Characteristics and Genetic Variations
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):229-237.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.229
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Characterization of Korean Wheat Line with Long Spike. II. Flour Characteristics and Genetic Variations
Image
Fig. 1. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified Glu-1 (A), Glu-3 (B), Pin-1 (C) and Wx-1 (D). M, molecular size marker; 1-12, Korean wheat line with long spike.

Fig. 1.

Characterization of Korean Wheat Line with Long Spike. II. Flour Characteristics and Genetic Variations

Flour characteristics in Korean wheat line with long spike and Keumkang.

Characteristics Korean wheat population with long spike lengthz (n = 164) Keumkang
Ash (%) 0.53 ± 0.09 (0.31 – 0.70) 0.44
Lightness 91.13 ± 0.93 (88.86 – 93.61) 91.43
Particle size (μm) 71.97 ± 13.42 (43.47 – 88.80) 71.72
Protein (%) 12.96 ± 1.36 (8.33 – 15.62) 11.82
SDS-sedimentation volume (ml) 32.74 ± 9.78 (12.50 – 59.00) 51.50
Wet gluten (%) 27.47 ± 4.21 (13.20 – 36.40) 22.80

zValue indicates average and standard deviation of Korean wheat line with long spike and parenthesis includes ranges of Korean wheat with long spike.

Correlation coefficients among agronomic traits of Korean wheat line with long spike.

Parameters Ash Lightness Particle size Protein SDSS
Lightness – 0.675***
Particle size 0.872*** – 0.666***
Protein 0.542*** – 0.336*** 0.400***
SDSSz 0.390*** – 0.093 0.301*** 0.568***
Wet gluten 0.674*** – 0.405*** 0.549*** 0.751*** 0.682***

zSDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

y*** indicates significance at 0.001 level

Difference in flour characteristics of Korean wheat line with long spike carrying different glutenine and puroindoline genotypes using pair-wise t-test.

Flour Characteristic Glutenin Puroindoline
Glu-A1 Glu-B1 Glu-D1 Glu-B3 Pinb-D1
b c b c a d f f g h a b
No. Line 37 127 41 123 109 28 27 6 93 65 60 104
Ash (%) 0.53a 0.53a 0.54a 0.52a 0.55a 0.56a 0.39b 0.43b 0.53a 0.54a 0.43b 0.58a
Lightness 90.77b 91.23a 90.82a 91.23a 91.05b 90.68b 91.92a 92.18a 91.10b 91.08b 91.85a 90.71b
Particle size (μm) 69.61a 72.66a 70.42a 72.49a 76.05a 75.38a 51.98b 58.26b 78.82a 70.59a 55.18b 81.66a
Protein (%) 13.53a 12.80b 13.91a 12.65b 13.15b 13.85a 11.27c 11.77b 12.59b 13.60a 12.43b 13.27a
SDSS (ml) 32.65a 32.77a 34.71a 32.09a 35.92a 33.02a 19.63b 18.08c 29.51b 38.72a 29.56b 34.58a
Wet gluten (%) 28.24a 27.25a 29.05a 26.94b 28.57a 29.00a 21.43b 22.26b 26.81a 28.90a 24.70b 29.07a

aSDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

bValues followed by same letters within same characteristics at the same locus are not significantly different at P < 0.05

Table 1. Flour characteristics in Korean wheat line with long spike and Keumkang.

Value indicates average and standard deviation of Korean wheat line with long spike and parenthesis includes ranges of Korean wheat with long spike.

Table 2. Correlation coefficients among agronomic traits of Korean wheat line with long spike.

SDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

*** indicates significance at 0.001 level

Table 3. Difference in flour characteristics of Korean wheat line with long spike carrying different glutenine and puroindoline genotypes using pair-wise t-test.

SDSS = SDS-sedimentation volume

Values followed by same letters within same characteristics at the same locus are not significantly different at P < 0.05

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

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