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도복에 강한 흰찰옥수수 단교잡종 ‘하얀찰95’

A White Waxy Corn Hybrid with Lodging Tolerance, ‘Hayanchal95’

Jin-Seok Lee*, Tae-Wook Jung, Beom-Young Son, Seong-Hyu Shin, Jung-Tae Kim, Hwan-Hee Bae, Seong-Bum Baek, Ja-Hwan Ku, Jong-Jin Hwang, Sun-Lim Kim, Sung-Kook Kim, Young-Up Kwon, Jeom-Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2015;47(3):306-311.
Published online: August 31, 2015

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*Corresponding author (z9813139@korea.kr, Tel: +82-31-695-4043, Fax: +82-31-695-4029)
• Received: June 20, 2015   • Revised: August 10, 2015   • Accepted: August 10, 2015

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  • A ‘Hayanchal95’, a new waxy corn hybrid, is a single cross hybrid developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration(RDA) in 2011. This hybrid was made by crossing between seed parent KW44 and pollen parent KW35. Days to silking of Hayanchal95 was three days earlier than Ilmichal, a check hybrid. Ear length and diameter of Hayanchal95 were 18.3 cm and 4.1 cm, respectively. The ratio of kernel set length to ear length was 90% and lower than Ilmichal. Its quality characteristics like amylopectin content, hardness of kernels, and value of sensory evaluation were not significantly different from Ilmichal except grain length. Resistance to corn borer and lodging tolerance of Hayanchal95 were better than Ilmichal. The number of fresh ears was similar to those of Ilmichal and weight of fresh ears was lower than Ilmichal in regional yield trials (RYT) from 2009 to 2011. Although flowering time of its parent lines was good match during crossing between the seed and pollen parents, seed production was low. It is adaptable to the whole country. Plant variety protection right of ‘Hayanchal95’ was registered in July 2014, and its grant number is 5110.
옥수수는 세계3대 작물에 속할 만큼 식량생산에 중추적 역 할을 하는 작물로 세계적으로 매년 8~9억톤 가량이 생산되 어 이용되고 있다(FAOSTAT 2013). 옥수수는 이삭의 특성 에 따라 일반옥수수, 찰옥수수, 단옥수수류, 튀김옥수수 등으 로 분류할 수 있으며 용도에 따라 식용, 사료용, 가공용 등으 로 나눌 수 있다. 우리나라에서는 간식용 찰옥수수를 많이 재 배하고 있으며 축산농가에서는 가축 사료용 일반옥수수를 재 배하여 이용하고 있다. 간식용 찰옥수수는 1980년대 중반까 지 방임수분품종이 재배되었지만 1989년 단교잡종 찰옥1호 가 개발되면서 재배면적이 지속적으로 증가하여 1980년대 약 7천~8천 ha에서 현재 15천 ha 이상 재배되고 있다(RDA 2013).
찰옥1호가 개발된 이래 수량성, 재배안정성, 품질, 기능성 등을 개량하기 위하여 지속적으로 품종 개발이 이루어진 결 과 2000년 이후 품질이 우수하고 수량성이 찰옥1호보다 높은 미백찰, 신찰옥, 찰옥3호, 찰옥4호, 일미찰, 미백2호 등이 개 발되었고 안토시아닌 등을 함유하고 있어 기능성이 향상된 흑점찰, 미흑찰, 얼룩찰1호, 흑진주찰, 대학찰 골드1호 등이 개발되어 보급되고 있다(Cha et al. 2004a, Cha et al. 2004b, Jung et al. 2006a, Jung et al. 2006b, Jung et al. 2009, Lee et al. 2009, Lee et al. 2011, Park et al. 2002a, Park et al. 2002b, Park et al. 2007, RDA 2013).
기후변화에 따른 지구 온난화는 이상기상을 일으키기도 하 지만 무상일수의 증가를 가져와 작물을 재배할 수 있는 기간 이 증가하고 있다. 이에 따라 파종에서부터 수확까지의 재배 기간이 짧은 찰옥수수, 단옥수수 등 식용옥수수를 이용하여 경지이용률을 높이고 농가 소득을 올리기 위한 작부체계 연 구, 옥수수 2기작 재배 시 품질변화 등에 대한 연구가 이뤄지 고 있다(Jung et al. 2012, Kim et al. 2014).
최근 보급되고 있는 일미찰 등 중만숙종 품종을 가을재배 시 안정적으로 수확을 하기 위해서는 7월 10일경에 파종을 해야 하지만 봄재배 시 4월 20일경에 파종하면 7월 말경에 수확하게 되어 2기작 재배가 어렵다(Jung et al. 2012). 찰옥 수수 2기작 재배를 위해서는 전기작에 비닐하우스 재배, 비닐 터널재배, 비닐피복재배 등으로 수확시기를 앞당겨야 하며 비 닐하우스, 비닐터널재배, 비닐피복재배 순으로 별도의 시설 및 노력 비용이 발생한다(RDA 2013).
이에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 간식용 풋찰옥수 수를 활용한 안정적인 작부체계 형성을 위하여 현재 많이 보 급되는 중만숙종 찰옥수수 보다 재배기간이 짧고 도복 등 재 배안정성이 우수한 ‘하얀찰95’를 육성하였으며 그 육성경위 와 주요특성을 보고하고자 한다.
본 시험은 2009~2011년까지 3년간 수원, 홍천, 청원, 대 구, 진주 등 5개 지역에서 수행하였다. 시비량은 N-P2O5-K20 = 15-3-6 kg/10a으로 질소의 반량은 기비로, 나머지 반량은 7~8엽기에 추비로 주었다. 시험구는 난괴법 4반복으로 배치 하였으며, 재식거리는 60 × 25 cm(6,600본/10a)로 시험구당 4 m, 4열로 배치하였다. 파종은 4월 중순~하순에 수원 등 5 개 지역에서 각각 하였으며, 2립씩 파종하여 3~4엽기에 1주에 1개체만 남기고 솎아 주었다. 깨씨무늬병(Bipolaris maydis), 그을음무늬병(Exserohilum turcicum), 조명나방(Ostrina furnacalis) 등은 자연발생조건에서 조사하였으며 생육 및 수량 성 조사는 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 따 라 실시하였다(RDA 2012). 채종시험은 2011년 영월지역에 서 수행하였고 5월 19일에 2립씩 파종하여 3~4엽기에 1주 에 1개체만 남기고 솎아 주었으며 식용옥수수 표준재배방법 으로 재배하였다. 시험구는 모·부본 재식비율 2:1과 3:1로 각 처리마다 3반복으로 배치하였고, 재식밀도는 60 × 25 cm (6,600본/10a)로 하였으며 제웅은 모본이 출웅할 때 수작업으 로 수행하였다. 생육특성, 개화기, 채종량은 농촌진흥청 농업 과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 따라 실시하였다(RDA 2012). 통계분석은 SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute inc.)로 수행하였다.
육성경위
하얀찰95(수원찰60호)는 자식계통 KW44를 종자친(모본) 으로 하고 자식계통 KW35를 화분친(부본)으로 하여 2007년 에 교잡된 흰찰옥수수 단교잡종이다. 하얀찰95는 2008년 생 산력검정시험을 거쳐, 2009~2011년 3년 동안 전국 5개 지 역에서 지역적응시험을 실시한 결과 그 우수성이 인정되어 2011년 농작물 직무육성 신품종으로 결정되었으며 품종명을 ‘하얀찰95’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Breeding procedure of Hayanchal95.
KJBS-47-306_F1.gif
주요 생육 및 품질관련 특성
하얀찰95는 옥수수립의 색이 흰색이고, 이삭은 원통형에 가까우며 출사일수는 72일로 표준품종인 일미찰(75일)에 비 해 3일 정도 빠르다. 정 등(2012)은 중부지방에서 일미찰을 4 월 20일경 파종하였을 때 7월 하순에 수확이 가능하고 7월 하순에 2기작 파종을 하면 10월 하순에 수확할 수 있다고 하 였다. 중부지방의 첫서리는 10월 하순에 발생하므로 7월 하 순에 일미찰을 파종하면 수확기에 서리 피해를 받을 가능성 이 있다. 일미찰에 비해 하얀찰95는 3일가량 수확시기를 앞 당길 수 있으므로 일미찰에 비해 서리피해를 회피 또는 경감 시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 간장은 186 cm로 일미찰(202 cm)보다 작고 착수고는 낮았다. 이삭길이, 이삭직경, 착립장 률은 각각 18.3 cm, 4.1 cm, 90%로 일미찰보다 약간 낮은 수준이었다(Table 1, Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Plants and ears of Hayanchal95 (left: plants, right: ears).
KJBS-47-306_F2.gif
Table 1.
Agronomic characteristics of Hayanchal95.
Table 1.
Hybrid Days to silking Plant Height (cm) Ear Height (cm) Ear
Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Rksl/elz (%)
Hayanchal95 71.7 ± 4.1 186.4 ± 19.1 96.7 ± 10.7 18.3 ± 1.2 4.1 ± 0.2 90.4 ± 4.5
Ilmichal 75.1 ± 3.8 201.9 ± 14.5 114.4 ± 11.0 19.3 ± 1.0 4.4 ± 0.2 95.5 ± 2.8
LSD0.05y 3.1 13.2 8.4 0.8 0.2 2.9

zRksl/el: ratio of kernel set length / ear length

yLeast significant difference values (p<0.05)

품질특성에 있어서 하얀찰95는 아밀로펙틴함량은 92%로 일미찰과 같았고 100립중은 낮았으며 알곡의 크기는 작았다. 식미관능평가 결과는 일미찰과 비슷한 수준이었다(Table 2).
Table 2.
Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of Hayanchal95.
Table 2.
Hybrid Amylopectin Content (%) 100-kernel weight (g) Grain Hardness (g/3.14mm2) Sensory evaluation (1~9)z
Length (mm) Width (mm)
Hayanchal95 92.3 ± 2.4 29.4 ± 3.8 8.1 ± 0.4 8.6 ± 0.4 241 ± 33.5 5.5 ± 1.1
Ilmichal 91.9 ± 1.8 35.4 ± 3.8 9.0 ± 0.5 9.4 ± 0.5 209 ± 21.8 5.7 ± 0.4
LSD0.05 y ns ns ns ns ns ns

zSensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent)

yLeast significant difference values (p<0.05)

ns = not significant

병충해 및 내재해성
하얀찰95의 병충해 저항성 및 내재해성은 2009~2011년 3년간 수원과 홍천에서 검정한 결과, 깨씨무늬병과 그을음무 늬병은 일미찰과 동일한 수준이었지만 조명나방 내성과 도복 은 일미찰보다 강하였다(Table 3).
Table 3.
Resistance to disease, insect and lodging of Hayanchal95.
Table 3.
Hybrid Disease resistance (0~9)z Corn borer (0~9)z Lodging (1~9)z
Bipolaris maydis Exserohilum turcicum
Hayanchal95 1 3 3 1
Ilmichal 1 3 4 2

z0, 1: Resistance or excellent, 9: Susceptible or poor

수량성
2009~2011년, 3년간 5개 지역에서 실시한 지역적응시험 결과, 하얀찰95의 평균 이삭수는 6,217개/10a로 일미찰과 유 의한 차이가 없었고 이삭중은 914 kg/10a으로 일미찰보다 낮 았다(Table 4, 5).
Table 4.
The yield of Hayanchal95 in number of fresh ears in regional yield trials for three years.
Table 4.
Location Hayanchal95 (ears/10a) Ilmichal (ears/10a)
’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index ’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index
Suwon 6,320 6,225 6,525 6,357 105 5,556 6,154 6,496 6,496 100
Hongcheon 6,749 6,666 6,500 6,638 102 6,666 6,666 6,166 6,499 100
Cheongwon 6,177 6,406 6,354 6,312 106 5,392 6,406 6,042 5,947 100
Daegu 4,736 6,198 5,238 5,2391 102 4,884 5,677 5,357 5,306 100
Jinju - 6,667 6,500 6,584 108 - 5,889 6,333 6,111 100
Meanz 5,996 6,432 6,224 6,217a 104 5,625 6,158 6,079 5,954a 100

zMeans in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

Table 5.
The yield of Hayanchal95 in fresh ear weight in regional yield trials for three years.
Table 5.
Location Hayanchal95 (ears/10a) Ilmichal (ears/10a)
’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index ’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index
Suwon 985 985 762 921 86 1,086 1,172 943 1,067 100
Hongcheon 1,007 1,017 788 937 75 1,273 1,384 1,104 1,253 100
Cheongwon 945 978 975 966 91 1,003 1,177 1,017 1,065 100
Daegu 833 897 698 809 79 1,090 1,110 856 1,019 100
Jinju - 957 912 934 80 - 1,181 1,149 1,165 100
Meanz 943 973 827 914b 82 1,113 1,205 1,014 1,110a 100

zMeans in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

채종시험
옥수수는 보급종(F1)을 채종할 때 채종 지역의 기상, 토양 등에 따라 지역간에 모본과 부본의 개화기 차이가 나타나므 로 옥수수 채종을 많이하는 영월지역에서 2011년 모·부본 재 식비율 2:1, 3:1로 모·부본 동시 파종하여 채종 안정성을 시 험한 결과, KW44의 출사기와 KW35부본의 화분 비산기간이 잘 일치하였으며 모·부본 재식비율 2:1 파종(45 kg/10a)이 3:1 파종(29 kg/10a)보다 채종량이 많았다(Table 6). 그러나 전반적인 채종량은 적었으며 이는 화분비산기에 잦은 강우가 부본의 화분비산을 저해하여 종자생산이 제대로 안된 것으로 생각된다(KMA 2011).
Table 6.
Seed production trial of Hayanchal95 in Yeongwol (2011).
Table 6.
Planting pattern Inbred Planting date Silking date Pollen dispersal period Plant height (cm) Ear height (cm) F1 seed production (kg/10a)
2 : 1 KW44 (♀) May 19 July 23 - 108 ± 2.9 54 ± 4.4 45 ± 13.3
KW35 (♂) May 19 - July 21 to July 27 120 ± 3.1 - -
3 : 1 KW44 (♀) May 19 July 23 - 109 ± 3.2 52 ± 4.8 29 ± 16.0
KW35 (♂) May 19 - July 21 to July 27 108 ± 8.7 - -
적응지역 및 재배상 유의점
하얀찰95는 전국에서 재배가 가능하며 1대 교잡종이므로 매년 갱신된 종자를 이용해야 한다. 조명나방에는 감수성이어 서 적기 방제가 필요하고 찰옥수수를 제외한 다른 종류의 옥 수수와 200 m이상 격리재배가 반드시 필요하다. 밀식재배 시 이삭이 작아지고 끝달림이 불량하여 상품수량이 저하될 수 있으므로 60 × 25 cm 이상의 재식밀도를 권장하며 강풍을 동반한 우기 시 밭 배수관리에 유의하여야 한다.
하얀찰95는 2011년에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 개 발한 단교잡종 찰옥수수로 이삭의 색깔은 흰색이며 자식계통 KW44를 종자친으로 하고 KW35를 화분친으로 한다. 하얀찰 95의 출사일수는 일미찰(표준품종)보다 3일정도 빠르고 하얀 찰95의 이삭길이는 18.3 cm, 이삭직경은 4.1 cm였으며 착립 장률은 90%로 일미찰보다 낮은 수준이었다. 아밀로펙틴함량 은 92%로 일미찰과 동일한 수준이었고 조명나방과 도복은 표준품종보다 우수하였다. 2009년부터 2011년까지 지역적응 시험에서 하얀찰95의 단위면적당 이삭수는 일미찰과 유사하 였지만 이삭중은 낮았으며 채종시험결과 종자친과 화분친간 개화기는 잘 일치하였지만 채종량은 낮았다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 연구사업(세부과제명: 식용 풋옥수 수 계통육성시험, 세부과제번호: PJ00874702)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것이며 본 품종을 육성하는데 협력하여 주신 농촌 진흥청 연구정책국, 강원도 옥수수연구소, 충북농업기술원, 경북농업기술원, 경남농업기술원 및 내병충성 검정을 담당한 국립식량과학원 재배환경과 등 관계관님들께 감사드립니다.
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A White Waxy Corn Hybrid with Lodging Tolerance, ‘Hayanchal95’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):306-311.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.306
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A White Waxy Corn Hybrid with Lodging Tolerance, ‘Hayanchal95’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(3):306-311.   Published online September 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2015.47.3.306
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A White Waxy Corn Hybrid with Lodging Tolerance, ‘Hayanchal95’
Image Image
Fig. 1. Breeding procedure of Hayanchal95.
Fig. 2. Plants and ears of Hayanchal95 (left: plants, right: ears).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

A White Waxy Corn Hybrid with Lodging Tolerance, ‘Hayanchal95’

Agronomic characteristics of Hayanchal95.

Hybrid Days to silking Plant Height (cm) Ear Height (cm) Ear
Length (cm) Diameter (cm) Rksl/elz (%)
Hayanchal95 71.7 ± 4.1 186.4 ± 19.1 96.7 ± 10.7 18.3 ± 1.2 4.1 ± 0.2 90.4 ± 4.5
Ilmichal 75.1 ± 3.8 201.9 ± 14.5 114.4 ± 11.0 19.3 ± 1.0 4.4 ± 0.2 95.5 ± 2.8
LSD0.05y 3.1 13.2 8.4 0.8 0.2 2.9

zRksl/el: ratio of kernel set length / ear length

yLeast significant difference values (p<0.05)

Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of Hayanchal95.

Hybrid Amylopectin Content (%) 100-kernel weight (g) Grain Hardness (g/3.14mm2) Sensory evaluation (1~9)z
Length (mm) Width (mm)
Hayanchal95 92.3 ± 2.4 29.4 ± 3.8 8.1 ± 0.4 8.6 ± 0.4 241 ± 33.5 5.5 ± 1.1
Ilmichal 91.9 ± 1.8 35.4 ± 3.8 9.0 ± 0.5 9.4 ± 0.5 209 ± 21.8 5.7 ± 0.4
LSD0.05 y ns ns ns ns ns ns

zSensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent)

yLeast significant difference values (p<0.05)

ns = not significant

Resistance to disease, insect and lodging of Hayanchal95.

Hybrid Disease resistance (0~9)z Corn borer (0~9)z Lodging (1~9)z
Bipolaris maydis Exserohilum turcicum
Hayanchal95 1 3 3 1
Ilmichal 1 3 4 2

z0, 1: Resistance or excellent, 9: Susceptible or poor

The yield of Hayanchal95 in number of fresh ears in regional yield trials for three years.

Location Hayanchal95 (ears/10a) Ilmichal (ears/10a)
’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index ’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index
Suwon 6,320 6,225 6,525 6,357 105 5,556 6,154 6,496 6,496 100
Hongcheon 6,749 6,666 6,500 6,638 102 6,666 6,666 6,166 6,499 100
Cheongwon 6,177 6,406 6,354 6,312 106 5,392 6,406 6,042 5,947 100
Daegu 4,736 6,198 5,238 5,2391 102 4,884 5,677 5,357 5,306 100
Jinju - 6,667 6,500 6,584 108 - 5,889 6,333 6,111 100
Meanz 5,996 6,432 6,224 6,217a 104 5,625 6,158 6,079 5,954a 100

zMeans in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

The yield of Hayanchal95 in fresh ear weight in regional yield trials for three years.

Location Hayanchal95 (ears/10a) Ilmichal (ears/10a)
’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index ’09 ’10 ’11 Mean Index
Suwon 985 985 762 921 86 1,086 1,172 943 1,067 100
Hongcheon 1,007 1,017 788 937 75 1,273 1,384 1,104 1,253 100
Cheongwon 945 978 975 966 91 1,003 1,177 1,017 1,065 100
Daegu 833 897 698 809 79 1,090 1,110 856 1,019 100
Jinju - 957 912 934 80 - 1,181 1,149 1,165 100
Meanz 943 973 827 914b 82 1,113 1,205 1,014 1,110a 100

zMeans in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

Seed production trial of Hayanchal95 in Yeongwol (2011).

Planting pattern Inbred Planting date Silking date Pollen dispersal period Plant height (cm) Ear height (cm) F1 seed production (kg/10a)
2 : 1 KW44 (♀) May 19 July 23 - 108 ± 2.9 54 ± 4.4 45 ± 13.3
KW35 (♂) May 19 - July 21 to July 27 120 ± 3.1 - -
3 : 1 KW44 (♀) May 19 July 23 - 109 ± 3.2 52 ± 4.8 29 ± 16.0
KW35 (♂) May 19 - July 21 to July 27 108 ± 8.7 - -
Table 1. Agronomic characteristics of Hayanchal95.

Rksl/el: ratio of kernel set length / ear length

Least significant difference values (p<0.05)

Table 2. Kernel quality and sensory evaluation of Hayanchal95.

Sensory evaluation (1: poor, 9: excellent)

Least significant difference values (p<0.05)

= not significant

Table 3. Resistance to disease, insect and lodging of Hayanchal95.

0, 1: Resistance or excellent, 9: Susceptible or poor

Table 4. The yield of Hayanchal95 in number of fresh ears in regional yield trials for three years.

Means in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

Table 5. The yield of Hayanchal95 in fresh ear weight in regional yield trials for three years.

Means in a row followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to least significant difference (0.05)

Table 6. Seed production trial of Hayanchal95 in Yeongwol (2011).

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Table 5.

Table 6.

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