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안토시아닌 함량이 많은 청색호분층 겉보리 ‘청명’

김양길*, 이미자, 김경호, 강천식, 박종호, 정영근, 박태일, 윤영미, 손재한

Covered Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) Variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’ With High Anthocyanin Content and Green Aleurone Layer

Yang-Kil Kim*, Mi-Ja Lee, Kyong-ho Kim, Chon-Sik Kang, Jong-Ho Park, Young-Keun Cheong, Tae-il Park, Young-Mi Yoon, Jae-Han Son
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2018;50(2):139-144.
Published online: June 1, 2018

국립식량과학원

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(E-mail: kim5yk@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-5225, Fax: +82-63-238-5205)
• Received: January 30, 2018   • Accepted: March 22, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Improvement of lodging resistance and adaptable to double cropping system, high yield and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. It was derived from the cross between ‘Dongsanpi73//Suwon248/ Alchanbori ‘and‘Suwon375’ in 2004. An elite line (SB04T1014-B-2SSD-B-6 (Iksan468)), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2012 to 2014. The following is the characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’, that is characterized as the vernalization of II, compact panicle and long awn. The heading date of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 2 days later than ‘Olbori’ but it showed similar maturity date. The culm length was 79 cm which was 4 cm shorter than ‘Olbori’. It showed the spike length of 4.0cm and 557 spikes/m2. The number of grains per spike was 53 grains and test weight was 651 g. It showed higher number of grains per spike and lighter test weight than ‘Olbori’. It showed weak winter hardiness, stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus(BaYMV) and lodging compared to ‘Olbori’. It showed similar protein and β-glucan content, and higher anthocyanin and polyphenol content than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 4.30 MT/ha in the regional yield trials, which was 7% higher than those of ‘Olbori’.
보리는 서늘하고 건조한 기후대에서 생육하는 작물로 주로 혼반, 가공용, 맥주 원료 및 사료용 등으로 이용되고 있으며, 미국 식품의약품안전청에서는 베타글루칸 등 기능성 성분이 다량으로 함유되어 있어 심혈관계 질환 예방에 효과가 있음을 발표(2005.12) 하였다. 최근 건강한 삶을 즐기려는 소비자 층을 겨냥한 기능성 곡물을 이용한 식품 등이 인기를 얻고 있다. Song et al. (2005)은 유색계통의 anthocyanin 함량과 항산화효과는 정의 상관관계가 있다고 하였으며, 유색보리종이 높은 lecithin oxidation 저해활성능, hydrogen radical 소거능이 높았다 보고 하였다. 현재에 보급되고 있는 품종 중 유색보리로는 자색인 자수정찰과 보석찰 흑색인 흑누리, 흑광, 흑수정찰 그리고 청색인 강호청 등 이 농가에서 재배되고 있다(Choi et al. 2007, Lee et al. 2012, 2014, Kim et al. 2014). 특히 껍질로 쌓여 있는 겉보리는 고온으로 볶아 만든 보리차 음료와 종자를 일정한 크기로 발아시켜 만드는 엿기름 등으로 이용되고 있다(Kim et al. 2012). 기존 개발된 겉보리 혜미, 다향 등 품종은 엿기름 및 보리차용으로 영광, 부안, 김제지역에서 재배되고 있으며, 생산된 원료곡은 가공업체에 공급되어 2모작 작부체계지역 소득작물로 자리매김하고 있다. 현재 소비자 및 가공업체는 다양한 고품질 기능성 품종을 요구하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 도복에 강하며 수량성과 재배 안정성이 높을 뿐만 아니라 안토시아닌 함량이 많고, 청색 호분층을 지닌 겉보리 ‘청명’을 육성하여 품종의 육성경위와 주요특성을 보고하고자 한다.
농업형질 및 수량성 조사
‘청명’의 특성에 대한 연구는 2012년부터 2014년까지 3개년간 지역적응시험지역인 경기도 수원, 강원 춘천, 충북 청원, 전북 익산, 경북 대구 등 5개 지역에서 표준품종인 올보리 품종를 대비하여 검토하였으며(RDA 2012, 2013, 2014), 각 지역별 보리 표준재배법으로 수행하였다. 각각의 품종 생육특성, 내재해성, 내병성, 수량구성요소 및 수량 등은 지역적응시험지역에서 3개년간 시험한 결과를 조사분석 하였다. 수량구성요소 중 천립중은 2.0 mm 체를 통과한 종실, 즉 설립을 제거한 종실에서 1,000립을 측정하였으며, 수량은 설립을 제외한 ha 당 조곡수량에 67%의 비율을 적용 수분 14%로 보정하여 환산하였다. 기타 조사는 농업과학기술 연구조사 분석기준(RDA 2012)에 준하였다. 병해검정 중 흰가루병의 유묘검정은 온실에서 본엽 1~2엽기에 Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei 병원균 이병 개체로부터 접촉 접종하여 접종 1~2주 후 발병 조사하였다. 보리호위축병(Barley yellow mosaic virus, BaYMV) 검정은 지역별 상습발병포장인 익산(strain III형), 나주(strain I형), 진주(strain IV형)지역에서 자연 발생을 유도하였고, 백동품종을 비교품종으로 하여 이병정도를 무 발생(0), 10% 미만(1), 11~30%(3), 31~50%(5), 51~ 70%(7), 71% 이상(9) 등으로 2월 하순에서 3월 하순 사이에 조사하였다(Park et al. 2009). 내한성 검정은 경기 연천 시험지에서 10월 상순에 파종하여 월동 후 고사주율(%)을 조사하였다. 파성 검정은 4°C 3주 저온 처리와 무처리 두 처리 조건으로 파성별 대조품종과 함께 온실에 파종(이식)하였다. 생육온도는 주간 20°C 야간 15°C로 24시간 광처리하여 보리 생육을 시키면서 주경의 엽수와 지엽 전개 일수를 조사하여 파성 정도를 I∼V 범위로 판정하였다.
품질 분석
단백질과 베타글루칸 함량은 각각 조곡과 정곡에서 분석하였으며, 시료는 Satake 시험도정기로 정맥수율 67%로 정맥하였다. 조곡과 정곡을 0.5 mm체가 장착된 Retsch centrifugal mill(Model Dm/Zm 100)로 분쇄한 분말시료를 사용하였다. 단백질분석은 Elementar Analyzer System(US/Vario)를 이용하여 분석한 총 질소함량에 켈달장치를 이용하여 분석한 값과 비교하여 얻어진 conversion factor 5.17 를 곱하여서 구하였다. β-glucan 분석은 McCleary 방법(McCleary & Glennie-Holmes 1985)을 이용한 Megazyme kit를 이용하여 510 nm에서 흡광도로 분석하였다. 안토시아닌 분석시료는 완전히 성숙된 이삭을 탈곡한 종실을 이용하였다. 안토시아닌은 5 ml 갈색병에 시료 0.2 g을 넣은 후 0.1N HCl-80% MeOH 용액 2 ml을 가하여 4°C에서 24시간 추출하였다. 추출액을 2.0 ml microtube에 옮긴 후 10,000 rpm에서 10분간 원심분리하였다. 원심분리한 상등액은 0.45 μm syringe filter를 이용하여 여과한 후 HPLC분석 시험용액으로 사용하였다. 분석조건은 column(YMC-Pack, ODS-AM), detector(UV, 520 nm, Flow rate(0.9 ml/min), solvent(A: 5% formic acid, B: Acetonitrile + formic acid), absorbance(520 nm), injection volume (20 μl) 하였다(Kim et al. 1998). 폴리페놀 함량은 80% 메탄올로 추출하고 Folin reagent를 가한 후 반응액의 흡광도를 720 nm에서 측정하고 표준물질로 0.1% gallic acid를 사용 검량선을 작성한 후 정량분석하였다.
통계처리
통계처리의 평균값의 비교는 5% (p<0.05) 유의수준에서 Duncan`s Multiple Range test(DMRT)로 분석하였다.
육성경위
‘청명’은 2004년에 단간, 내도복, 다수성 등 특성을 가진 “동산피73호//수원248호/알찬보리” 계통을 모본으로, 보리호위축병 저항성 등의 특성을 가진 “수원375호(IT213045)” 계통을 부본으로 하여 인공교배 하였다. 2005 ~ 2006년에 F1을 양성한 후 집단 및 1립 1개체법(SSD)으로 세대촉진을 실시 후 우량개체를 선발 2007년에 집단으로 F5를 전개, 선발하였다. 2008년에는 F6 계통을 전개하여 우수계통을 선발, 2009년에 OYT로 시험하여 다수성이면서 농업형질 특성이 우량시 되는 SB04T1014-B- 2SSD-B-6 계통을 선발하였다. 선발된 우량계통을 2년간 생산력검정시험(2010 ~ 2011) 후 보리호위축병 저항성이면서 내도복, 다수성이고, 청색호분층을 가진 겉보리 우량계통으로 인정되어”익산468호”로 계통명을 부여하였다. 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 수원, 청원과 춘천지역에서 전작 조건, 익산과 대구지역에서 답리작 조건으로 지역적응시험을 수행하였다(RDA 2012, 2013, 2014). 그 결과, 내도복 다수성 보리호위축병 저항성이면서 청색호분층을 가진 우수계통으로 입증되어 2014년 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정심의회에서 선정되어 ‘청명’으로 명명되었다. 그 후 국립종자원의 재배심사를 거쳐 2014 년 종자산업법 제55조에 따라 품종보호 등록원부에 등록(품종보호 제5851호) 되었다. 육성 경위를 도식화하면 Fig. 1과 같다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of barley variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’.
KJBS_50_139_fig_1.jpg
고유특성
‘청명’은 Table 1과 Fig. 2에서 보는 바와 같이 이삭이 6조 밀수형인 보리로서 파성이 II인 춘파형으로 올보리(IV)와 다른 특성을 가지고 있다. 파성이 낮은 품종(I~II)은 파성을 소거하지 않아도 된다. 즉 봄에 종자를 저온 처리과정을 거치지 않은 상태로 파종하여도 출수가 가능하다(Hwang et al. 1986, Qualset & Peterson 1978). 줄기의 굵기는 중정도이고 엽색은 녹색, 폭은 중간형이다. 까락은 길며 수확기 수확작업시 탈망성 정도는 올보리와 비슷하다. 호분층의 색은 청색으로 쌀보리 중 청색쌀보리 품종인 강호청(Lee et al. 2012)과 같은 청색이다(Fig. 2).
Table 1
Vernalization and morphological characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’.
Table 1
Cultivar Vernalization Grain husk Leaf Culm Spike Awn length Color of aleurone layer
Color Width size Color Diameter Type Density
Cheongmyeong Olbori II Covered Green Medium Light yellow Medium 6-rowed Compact Long type Blue
Olbori IV Covered Green Medium Light yellow Medium 6-rowed Compact Long type Light brown
Fig. 2
Comparison of some traits in ‘Olbori’ (Left) and ‘Cheongmyeong’ (Right).
KJBS_50_139_fig_2.jpg
농업적 형질 및 재해 저항성
출수기는 4월 28일로 조숙종인 올보리보다 1일 늦었으나 성숙기는 6월 1일로 올보리와 같았다. 간장은 79 cm로 올보리(83 cm)보다 4 cm 적어 바람에 의한 저항이 적어 비교적 안정적이다. 수장은 4.0 cm로 올보리(4.1 cm)와 비슷하며, m2 당 수수는 557개로 올보리(633개)보다 76개 적은 소얼성으로 1수립수는 53립으로 7립 많은 다립성 품종이다. 천립중은 33.3 g으로 올보리(34.7g) 비해 1.4 g 적고, 1l중은 651 g으로 다소 가벼웠다(Table 2). 내한성은 경기도 연천 시험포장에서 검정한 결과(RDA 2012, 2013, 2014), 고사주율은 저휴 재배에서 30.2%, 고휴 재배에서 42.9%로 올보리(1.3%, 30.0%)보다 추위에 약하였다. 도복 평균은 0으로 올보리(3) 보다 강하였다. 유묘 접종 검정에서 흰가루병(Woo & Kim 1983)은 올보리 품종과 같은 감수성이었다. 보리에 발생되는 보리호위축병 (BaYMV)은 토양 전염 바이러스병으로 보리가 많이 재배되는 지역에서 상습적으로 많이 발생하는 바이러스병으로 피해를 크게 주는 병이며(So et al. 1991), 바이러스 병원성이 재배 지역별 다른 4종류의 계통이 보고되어 있다(Park et al. 2004, Park et al. 2007), 남부 주재배지역인 나주(strain I형)와 진주(strain IV형)지역에서 보리호위축병에 대한 저항성을 보였으며, strain III형인 익산지역에서는 2 정도로 올보리보다 저항성을 나타냈다(Table 3). ‘청명’은 보리호위축병에 대한 저항성을 보이는 품종으로 토양바이러스 상습발병지의 재배 대체 품종으로 보급시 수량감소를 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ cultivated in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.
Table 2
Cultivar Heading date (Mon. Day) Maturity date (Mon. Day) Culm length (cm) Spike length (cm) No. of spike per m2 No. of grains per spike Test weight(g) 1,000 grain weight(g)
Cheongmyeong Apr.28 June 1 79bz 4.0a 557b 53a 651b 33.3b
Olbori Apr.27 June 1 83a 4.1a 633a 46b 672a 34.7a

ZValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 3
Winter hardiness, lodging resistance and BaYMV of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ tested in Yeoncheon, Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan, Daegu, Naju and Jinju regions from 2012 to 2014.
Table 3
Cultivar Winter withering ratez(%) Lodging (0~9) Powdery mildewy BaYMVx(0~9)
Normal High ridge Infection type Naju (I) Iksan (III) Jinju (IV)
Cheongmyeong 30.2 42.9 0 Susceptible 0 2 0
Olbori 1.3 30.0 3 Susceptible 0 5 0

zData tested at Yeoncheon.

yDisease incidence induced natural infection at plastic house at Iksan for three years.

xInvestigation at viral infested field for three years(0: Resistance, 9: Susceptible). BaYMV means viral disease by Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus.

품질특성
‘청명’의 품질 분석결과, 단백질 함량은 조곡(원맥)에서 11.7%로 올보리와 같았으며, β-glucan 함량 3.9%로 올보리와 비슷하였다. 그러나 안토시아닌 함량 350 μg/g 올보리(106.7 μg/g)보다 많고, 폴리페놀 함량도 0.137%로 올보리(0.128%)보다 많아 항산화성분이 많았다(Table 4). Song et al. (2005)은 페놀함량과 항산화활성은 정의 상관을 나타내고, 유색이 진한 계통일수록 항산화능이 높게 나타나 안토시아닌 함량과 항산화효과는 정의 상관관계가 있다고 하였다. 따라서 이 품종은 기능성 가공용 품종으로 활용될 것으로 기대 된다.
Table 4
Grain quality of ‘Cheongmyeong’.
Table 4
Cultivar Protein content (%) β-glucan content (%) Polyphenol (%) Total anthocyanin (µg /g)
Cheongmyeong 11.7az 3.9a 0.137a 350.0a
Olbori 11.7a 4.5a 0.128b 106.7b

zValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

수량성
‘청명’의 수량성은 2012년부터 2014년까지 3개년간 실시한 지역적응시험(RDA 2012, 2013, 2014) 결과, 전작 재배한 수원, 춘천, 청원지역에서 4.42 MT/ha, 답리작 재배한 익산, 대구지역에서 4.12 MT/ha으로 연차간 수량변이가 있어 통계적인 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, 전체 평균의 수량성은 ha 당 4.30 MT으로 올보리 대비 7% 증수하였다(Table 5).
Table 5
Yield potential of ‘Cheongmyeong’ in the regional yield trials (RYT) tested in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.
Table 5
Field Region Cheongmyeong(MT/ha) Olbori(MT/ha) Index (A÷B)×100
2012 2013 2014 Mean(A) 2012 2013 2014 Mean(B)
Upland Suwon 3.16 4.64 5.12 4.31 3.15 4.17 4.52 3.95
Chuncheon 6.16 4.64 5.42 5.41 6.26 4.80 5.36 5.47
Cheongwon 3.45 3.28 3.92 3.55 3.41 3.32 3.73 3.49
Mean 4.26 4.19 4.82 4.42a 4.27 4.10 4.54 4.30a 103
Paddy Iksan 5.17 5.47 3.47 4.70 4.49 5.20 3.78 4.49
Daegu 3.67 3.76 3.18 3.54 2.01 3.33 2.91 2.75
Mean 4.42 4.62 3.33 4.12a 3.25 4.27 3.35 3.62a 114
Total mean 4.32 4.36 4.22 4.30az 3.86 4.16 4.06 4.03b 107

zValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05) in each field conditions

‘청명’은 도복에 강한 답리작 적응성이 높은 고품질 다수성 겉보리로 육성된 품종으로 파성은 II이며 이삭의 밀도는 밀수형이고, 까락이 긴 장망형으로 출수기는 4월29일로 올보리 대비 2일 늦었으나 성숙기는 같았다. 간장은 79 cm로 올보리(83 cm) 대비 4 cm 작고, 수장은 4.0 cm로 올보리(4.1 cm)와 비슷하였으며, m2 당 수수는 557개로 올보리보다 적었다. 1수립수(53립)는 많고, 천립중(33.3 g)과 리터중(651 g)은 올보리보다 가벼웠다. 보리호위축병은 저항성이었으며, 한해는 올보리보다 약하였으나 도복은 강하였다. 단백질 함량과 β-glucan 함량은 올보리와 비슷하였나, 안토시아닌과 폴리페놀 함량은 올보리 비해 높았다. 수량성은 4.30 MT/ha으로 올보리 대비 7% 증수하였다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 농업과학기술 연구개발사업(과제명: 가공 용도별 고품질 다수성 겉보리 신품종 개발, 과제번호: PJ011169012018)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Covered Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) Variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’ With High Anthocyanin Content and Green Aleurone Layer
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(2):139-144.   Published online June 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2018.50.2.139
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Covered Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) Variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’ With High Anthocyanin Content and Green Aleurone Layer
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(2):139-144.   Published online June 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2018.50.2.139
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Covered Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) Variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’ With High Anthocyanin Content and Green Aleurone Layer
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of barley variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’.
Fig. 2 Comparison of some traits in ‘Olbori’ (Left) and ‘Cheongmyeong’ (Right).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Covered Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) Variety, ‘Cheongmyeong’ With High Anthocyanin Content and Green Aleurone Layer

Vernalization and morphological characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’.

Cultivar Vernalization Grain husk Leaf Culm Spike Awn length Color of aleurone layer
Color Width size Color Diameter Type Density
Cheongmyeong Olbori II Covered Green Medium Light yellow Medium 6-rowed Compact Long type Blue
Olbori IV Covered Green Medium Light yellow Medium 6-rowed Compact Long type Light brown

Agronomic characteristics of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ cultivated in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.

Cultivar Heading date (Mon. Day) Maturity date (Mon. Day) Culm length (cm) Spike length (cm) No. of spike per m2 No. of grains per spike Test weight(g) 1,000 grain weight(g)
Cheongmyeong Apr.28 June 1 79bz 4.0a 557b 53a 651b 33.3b
Olbori Apr.27 June 1 83a 4.1a 633a 46b 672a 34.7a

ZValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Winter hardiness, lodging resistance and BaYMV of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ tested in Yeoncheon, Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan, Daegu, Naju and Jinju regions from 2012 to 2014.

Cultivar Winter withering ratez(%) Lodging (0~9) Powdery mildewy BaYMVx(0~9)
Normal High ridge Infection type Naju (I) Iksan (III) Jinju (IV)
Cheongmyeong 30.2 42.9 0 Susceptible 0 2 0
Olbori 1.3 30.0 3 Susceptible 0 5 0

zData tested at Yeoncheon.

yDisease incidence induced natural infection at plastic house at Iksan for three years.

xInvestigation at viral infested field for three years(0: Resistance, 9: Susceptible). BaYMV means viral disease by Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus.

Grain quality of ‘Cheongmyeong’.

Cultivar Protein content (%) β-glucan content (%) Polyphenol (%) Total anthocyanin (µg /g)
Cheongmyeong 11.7az 3.9a 0.137a 350.0a
Olbori 11.7a 4.5a 0.128b 106.7b

zValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Yield potential of ‘Cheongmyeong’ in the regional yield trials (RYT) tested in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.

Field Region Cheongmyeong(MT/ha) Olbori(MT/ha) Index (A÷B)×100
2012 2013 2014 Mean(A) 2012 2013 2014 Mean(B)
Upland Suwon 3.16 4.64 5.12 4.31 3.15 4.17 4.52 3.95
Chuncheon 6.16 4.64 5.42 5.41 6.26 4.80 5.36 5.47
Cheongwon 3.45 3.28 3.92 3.55 3.41 3.32 3.73 3.49
Mean 4.26 4.19 4.82 4.42a 4.27 4.10 4.54 4.30a 103
Paddy Iksan 5.17 5.47 3.47 4.70 4.49 5.20 3.78 4.49
Daegu 3.67 3.76 3.18 3.54 2.01 3.33 2.91 2.75
Mean 4.42 4.62 3.33 4.12a 3.25 4.27 3.35 3.62a 114
Total mean 4.32 4.36 4.22 4.30az 3.86 4.16 4.06 4.03b 107

zValues followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05) in each field conditions

Table 1 Vernalization and morphological characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ cultivated in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.

Values followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 3 Winter hardiness, lodging resistance and BaYMV of cultivar ‘Cheongmyeong’ tested in Yeoncheon, Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan, Daegu, Naju and Jinju regions from 2012 to 2014.

Data tested at Yeoncheon.

Disease incidence induced natural infection at plastic house at Iksan for three years.

Investigation at viral infested field for three years(0: Resistance, 9: Susceptible). BaYMV means viral disease by Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus.

Table 4 Grain quality of ‘Cheongmyeong’.

Values followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05)

Table 5 Yield potential of ‘Cheongmyeong’ in the regional yield trials (RYT) tested in Suwon, Chuncheon, Cheongwon, Iksan and Daegu regions from 2012 to 2014.

Values followed by the same letters in a column are not significantly different (p<0.05) in each field conditions

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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