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카로티노이드 함량이 많은 노란찰옥수수 ‘골드찰’

서영호*, 박기진, 류시환, 박종열, 최재근, 김희연

A Yellow Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Goldchal’ with High Carotenoid Content

Youngho Seo*, Kijin Park, Sihwan Ryu, Jongyeoul Park, Jaekeun Choi, Heeyeon Kim
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2018;50(3):268-273.
Published online: August 31, 2018

강원도농업기술원

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(E-mail: seoysh@korea.kr, Tel: +82-33-248-6093, Fax: +82-33-248-6100)
• Received: May 1, 2018   • Accepted: June 18, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Consumers currently prefer healthy food with antioxidant or anti-diabetic activities. This study was conducted to develop a waxy corn with high carotenoid content. A yellow waxy corn single cross hybrid ‘Goldchal’ was developed by Gangwon Agricultural Research and Extension Services in 2015. The seed parent inbred HW16 was crossed with the pollen parent inbred HW17 in 2010. The number and weight of fresh ears per 10 a for ‘Goldchal’ were 6,385 and 1,339 kg, respectively, comparable to those of ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials from 2013 to 2015. The hybrid contained 15.8 mg/kg carotenoids, which were 15.0 mg/kg higher than that of ‘Ilmichal’. The lodging tolerance of ‘Goldchal’ was superior to that of ‘Ilmichal’ and resistance to disease and insects was similar to those of ‘Ilmichal’. The silking date of the seed parent HW16 was in the pollen dispersal period of the pollen parent HW17, and F1 seed yield was 186 kg/10a. ‘Goldchal’ could be cultivated throughout Korea. The plant variety protection right of ‘Goldchal’ was registered in June 2017 (Grant Number 6722).
오래 전부터 우리나라에서 주식이나 간식으로 쓰여 왔던 옥수수는 1980년대까지는 방임수분 재래종이 주로 재배되었다. 국내 최초로 단교잡종 찰옥수수로 찰옥1호(Park et al. 1992)가 개발된 이후, 수량성과 품질이 개량된 연농1호(Lee et al. 1992), 일미찰(Jung et al. 2006), 미백2호(Park et al. 2007a), 미흑찰(Park et al. 2007b) 등 여러 단교잡종 찰옥수수들이 개발되어 근래에는 대부분 단교잡종을 재배하고 있다. 2017년 찰옥수수의 국내 재배 면적 15,074 ha(Korean Statistical Information Service 2018) 가운데, 미백2호, 미흑찰, 연농1호, 일미찰이 90% 이상을 차지하고 있다(Park et al. 2016).
건강에 대한 사회의 관심이 높아지고 항산화, 항암, 항당뇨 등 기능성이 뛰어난 식품을 소비자가 선호함에 따라, 수량성과 품질에 덧붙여 기능성이 우수한 찰옥수수에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어져 왔다. Seo et al.(1999b)은 찰옥수수 자식계통과 재래종 44종의 항산화 활성, 페놀성 화합물, 토코페롤, 카로티노이드 함량을 분석하였으며, Seo et al.(1999a)는 찰옥수수 단교잡종 310종의 지방산 조성과 항산화 활성을 보고하였고, 기능성 찰옥수수를 육성하기 위하여 항산화 활성(Seo et al. 1999c)과 지방산(Seo et al. 1999d)의 유전 분석을 하였다. 그리고 Seo et al.(2000)는 찰옥수수의 항산화 활성, 토코페롤, 페놀성 화합물, 카로티노이드의 함량에 대한 무기질 비료의 시용 반응을 살펴본 결과 시비량에는 큰 영향을 받지 않았으므로, 항산화 활성과 페놀성 화합물 함량 등에는 유전적인 요인이 시비의 영향보다 큰 것으로 추정하였다. Lee et al.(2006)은 유색 찰옥수수 교잡종의 항산화 효소들의 활성과 항산화력을 분석한 결과 CNU193 등 5종이 가장 높았다고 보고하였다.
검정찰옥수수와 노란찰옥수수 등 유색 찰옥수수는 항당뇨 효과가 있는 안토시아닌(Huang et al. 2015)과 항산화 기능이 있고 면역력을 높여주는 카로티노이드(Eldahshan 2013)의 함량이 흰찰옥수수에 비해서 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. Yu et al.(2010)은 검정찰옥수수의 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 흰찰옥수수의 2배 이상이라고 하였으며, Lee et al. (2012)는 검정찰옥수수 31종 자식계통의 안토시아닌 함량은 523 mg/kg이었고, 33종 교잡종의 안토시아닌 함량은 수확 시기가 늦어질수록 높아졌다고 보고하였으며, Park et al.(2016)은 기능성 찰옥수수의 하나로 안토시아닌의 함량이 높은 청춘찰을 개발하였다. 검정찰옥수수뿐만 아니라, 많은 육종가들이 카로티노이드의 함량이 높은 노란찰옥수수를 개발하려고 연구해왔다. Lee et al.(2017)은 노란찰옥수수의 자식계통과 단교잡종의 카로티노이드 함량을 분석한 결과 인공교배 후 25~27일에 가장 높았으며, 교잡종이 자식계통에 비해 함량이 높았다고 하였다.
따라서 강원도 농업기술원에서는 카로티노이드 함량이 높은 노란찰옥수수를 육성하고자 하였으며,그 결과 조합능력평가와 강원도 지대별 시험 및 전국 지역적응시험을 통하여 카로티노이드 함량이 높을뿐만 아니라 수량성도 우수한 ‘골드찰’을 개발하였다. 이 논문에서는 개발된 노란찰옥수수 ‘골드찰’의 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다.
재배법
2013년부터 2015년까지 홍천 등 전국 5지역에서 수행한 지역적응시험을 통하여 ‘골드찰’의 특성을 조사하고 수량을 검정하였으며, 4반복으로 표준품종인 ‘일미찰’과 비교하였다. 무기질 비료의 시용량(N-P2O5-K2O)은 10a당 14.6-3-6 ㎏이고, 퇴비는 1.5톤이었다. 질소질 비료의 반은 밑거름으로, 반은 7-8엽기에 웃거름으로 주었다. 인산질 비료와 칼리질 비료, 퇴비는 모두 밑거름으로 시용하였다. 재식 밀도는 ha당 66,000주로, 재식 거리는 열간 거리 60 cm, 주간 거리 25 cm이었으며, 한 시험구당 4열 5 m로 하였다. 지역에 따라 4월 중하순에 파종하였는데, 2립씩 파종한 다음 출현하고 나서 1개체만 남기고 솎아주었다.
주요 특성 조사
농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따라 생육 및 수량 특성을 조사하였다. 간장과 착수고는 시험구별 10주씩 조사하였으며, 출사일수는 시험구별 전체 개체 중 50% 이상의 개체에서 수염이 출현하였을 때를 출사기로 하여 파종일로부터 계산하였다. 수량 특성은 각 시험구의 가운데 2열에서 10주씩 20주를 수확한 다음, 포엽을 제거한 이삭의 길이가 10 cm 이상인 이삭을 대상으로 조사하였다.
카로티노이드 함량의 분석은 Chandler & Schwartz (1988)와 Jeong et al. (2006)의 방법을 따랐다. 찰옥수수 시료 10 g에 100 ml의 50% 메탄올 용액을 넣고 상온에서 2시간 동안 교반하여 수용성 색소를 추출하였다. 추출액을 분리하고 남은 잔사에 아세톤+헥산(1:1 v/v) 용액 100 ml를 넣고 상온에서 2시간 동안 교반한 다음 추출액을 감압 여과하였다. 남은 잔사에 같은 용매 200 ml로 세척하였다. 추출액을 실온 암소에서 하루 동안 방치한 후, 10% KOH/메탄올 용액 200 ml를 넣고 질소 가스로 충진하여 30분 동안 상온 암실에서 검화하였다. 증류수 200 ml로 세척한 다음 증류수를 분리하고 추출액을 무수황산나트륨으로 탈수하고 감압 농축하였다. 농축물을 0.01% BHT/클로로포름 용액으로 재용해하고 645 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. β-카로틴으로 검량선을 작성하여 카로티노이드 함량을 측정하였다.
식미 관능 평가는 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 중부작물과 연구원 10명을 선정하여 비교 평가법으로 지역적응시험 3년 동안 조사하였고, 1은 아주 나쁨, 3은 나쁨, 5는 보통, 7은 좋음, 9는 아주 좋음으로 평가하여 평균값을 계산하였다.
내도복성을 조사하기 위하여 개화 후에 도복된 개체수 비율을 조사하였다. 병해 저항성을 살펴보기 위하여 깨씨무늬병(Bipolaris maydis), 그을음무늬병(Exserohilum turcicum)을 자연발생 조건에서 출사 후 풋옥수수 수확 전에 조사하였으며, 충해로는 조명나방(Ostrinia furnacalis)을 풋옥수수 수확기에 피해가 발생한 이삭수를 조사하였다.
채종 시험
지형적으로 격리된 홍천의 한 노지 포장에서 2015년에 ‘골드찰’의 채종 시험을 수행하였다. 4월 15일에 종자친과 화분친을 동시 파종하였다. 종자친과 화분친을 2:1로 웅주 간파하였으며, 재식 밀도는 80×30 cm이었다. 종자친의 웅수는 몇 차례에 걸쳐 수작업으로 제거하였다. 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따라 화분비산기, 출사기, 이삭 특성, 100립중, 채종량을 조사하였다.
육성 경위
‘골드찰’(강원찰40호)은 자식계통 HW16을 종자친으로 하고 자식계통 HW17을 화분친으로 하여 교배된 단교잡종이다(Fig. 1). 종자친인 HW16은 2007년에 해외에서 수집하여 분리 0세대 50번으로 공시한 다음 형매교배 및 자식의 과정을 거쳐 선발되었다. 화분친인 HW17은 2007년 해외에서 수집하여 분리 0세대 46번으로 공시한 다음 형매교배 및 자식의 과정을 거쳐 선발되었다. 2010년에 HW16과 HW17을 교배하였으며, 2011년에 ‘홍교205’의 이름으로 강원도 홍천에서 조합능력검정 시험을 수행하였다. 2012년에 강원도 3개 지역(홍천, 평창, 정선)에서 생산력을 검정하였고, ‘강원찰40호’로 2013년부터 2015년까지 전국 5개 지역(수원, 홍천, 청원, 대구, 진주)에서 실시한 전국 지역적응시험에서 평가하였다. 그 결과 카로티노이드 함량이 높은 다수성 노란찰옥수수 신품종으로 인정되어, 2015년 12월에 농촌진흥청 신품종선정위원회에서 ‘골드찰’로 명명하였다.
Fig. 1
Breeding procedure of ‘Goldchal’.
KJBS_50_268_fig_1.jpg
주요 특성
‘골드찰’의 부위별 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 ‘일미찰’과 마찬가지로 제1엽의 엽초는 중간 정도이며,웅수의 약은 없거나 매우 약하고, 자수 수염은 약하게 표현된다(Table 1). 웅수의 약의 안토시아닌 색소는 ‘일미찰’과 달리 없거나 매우 약하다. ‘일미찰’의 종실색은 흰색인데 반해 ‘골드찰’은 노란색이다(Fig. 2).
Table 1
Inherited characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.
Table 1
Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed color
Sheath of Leaf Glumes of tassel Anthers of tassel Silks
Goldchal Single cross Medium Very weak Very weak Weak Yellow
Ilmichal Single cross Medium Very weak Weak Weak White
Fig. 2
Photos for plant(a), ear(b), tassel(c), and ears after husking(d) of ‘Goldchal’
KJBS_50_268_fig_2.jpg
‘골드찰’의 출사일수는 ‘일미찰’에 비해서 2일 늦은 74일이고, 간장과 착수고율은 각각 193 cm와 45%로 ‘일미찰’에 비해 낮았다(Table 2). 분지수는 0.6개로 일미찰의 1.2개보다 적었다. 이삭의 길이와 폭은 각각 20.0 cm와 4.6 cm로 ‘일미찰’과 대등하였다. ‘골드찰’의 카로티노이드 함량은 15.8 mg/kg으로 ‘일미찰’의 0.8 mg/kg보다 매우 높았다(Table 3). Lee et al.(2017)은 시험에 쓰인 노란찰옥수수 가운데 가장 카로티노이드 함량이 높은 자식계통은 KY2로 15.4 mg/kg이었고, 교잡종에서는 KY2/KY39가 11.2 mg/kg로 가장 높았다고 하였는데, 이와 비교하였을 때 ‘골드찰’의 카로티노이드 함량은 높은 편이었다. ‘골드찰’의 아밀로펙틴 함량은 92.6%로 ‘일미찰’의 92.1%와 비슷하였는데, Jung et al.(2001)이 보고한 찰옥수수의 아밀로펙틴 함량 범위(84.1-95.8%)에 있었으며, 주요 재배 품종인 미백2호와 미흑찰의 92.9%(Park et al. 2007a)와 91.3%(Park et al. 2007b)와 비슷한 수준이었다. ‘골드찰’의 식미 관능 평가의 결과는 4.2-5.2로 ‘일미찰’의 5.2-5.4와 대등하였다.
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.
Table 2
Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Relative ear position (%) Number of tillers Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Diameter (cm)
Goldchal 74±8.0az 193±36b 45±6.0b 0.6±0.6b 20.0±2.5a 4.6±0.24a
Ilmichal 72±6.8a 223±24a 53±3.9a 1.2±0.6a 19.5±1.3a 4.5±0.16a

zmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 3
Grain qualities and sensory evaluation of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.
Table 3
Hybrid Carotenoid content (mg/kg) Amylopectin content (%) Sensory evaluation (1: poor – 9: excellent)
Appearance Stickiness Texture Preference
Goldchal Ilmichal 15.8±0.9az 92.6±1.8a 5.2±0.4a 4.2±0.8a 4.5±0.7a 4.4±0.9a
0.8±0.1b 92.1±1.9a 5.2±0.5a 5.2±0.7a 5.3±0.5a 5.4±0.6a

zmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

‘골드찰’의 내도복성은 1.2로 ‘일미찰’에 비해 우수하였다(Table 4). ‘골드찰’의 간장이 작고 착수고율이 낮은 것(Table 2)이 한 원인으로 여겨진다. 깨씨무늬병(Bipolaris maydis)과 그을음무늬병(Exserohilum turcicum)에 대한 내병성과 조명나방(Ostrinia furnacalis)에 대한 내충성은 ‘일미찰’과 비슷하였다.
Table 4
Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.
Table 4
Hybrid Lodging (1-9)z Disease resistance (0-9) Insect damage (0-9)
Southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis)y Northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum)y Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis)x
Goldchal 1.2±0.3bw 3.0±0.9a 1.0±0.4a 2.0±0.6a
Ilmichal 1.9±0.5a 3.0±0.7a 1.0±0.5a 2.3±0.9a

z1: None, 3: <10%, 5: 30-50%, 7: 50-60%, 9: >70%

y0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-10%, 5: 10-20%, 7: 20-40%, 9: >40%

x0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-5%, 5: 5-10%, 7: 10-20%, 9: >20%

wmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

전국 5개 지역에서 2013년부터 2015년까지 3년간 실시한 지역적응시험의 결과에 따르면, ‘골드찰’의 이삭수와 이삭중은 각각 10a당 6,385개와 1,339 kg으로 ‘일미찰’의 6,178개와 1,260 kg에 비하여 낮지 않았다(Tables 5, 6). 10a당 이삭수에 있어 미백2호와 미흑찰의 6,243개(Park et al. 2007a)와 6,344개(Park et al. 2007b)와 대등하였고, 10a당 이삭중은 967 kg(Park et al. 2007a)과 1,093 kg(Park et al. 2007b)에 비해 우수하였다.
Table 5
Number of ears per 10a of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.
Table 5
Region Goldchal(A) Ilmichal(B) Index(%) A/B
’13 ’14 ’15 Mean ’13 ’14 ’15 Mean
Suwon 6,319 6,319 5,556 6,065 5,278 6,250 5,139 5,556 109
Hongcheon -z 6,600 6,600 6,600 - 6,600 6,518 6,559 101
Cheongwon 6,275 6,667 6,406 6,449 6,177 6,510 6,875 6,521 99
Daegu 5,937 6,562 6,459 6,319 5,729 6,510 5,938 6,059 104
Jinju 6,500 6,600 6,534 6,545 6,667 6,150 6,067 6,295 104
Mean 6,258 6,550 6,311 6,385ay 5,963 6,404 6,107 6,178a 103

zPoor emergence of ear and spreading of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

yHybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 6
Fresh ear weight (kg/10a) of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.
Table 6
Region Goldchal(A) Ilmichal(B) Index(%) A/B
’13 ’14 ’15 Mean ’13 ’14 ’15 Mean
Suwon 607 928 871 802 921 1,275 974 1,057 76
Hongcheon -z 1,113 1,263 1,263 - 1,275 1,393 1,334 95
Cheongwon 1,285 1,567 1,473 1,473 1,289 1,052 1,367 1,236 119
Daegu 1,348 1,623 1,531 1,531 1,218 1,518 1,278 1,338 114
Jinju 1,536 1,986 1,638 1,638 1,480 1,273 1,303 1,352 121
Mean 1,194 1,443 1,373 1,339ay 1,227 1,279 1,263 1,260a 106

zPoor emergence of ear and dispersion of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

yHybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level

채종 시험
화분친인 HW17의 화분비산 기간(7. 11. ~ 7. 16)에 종자친인 HW16의 출사기(7. 8.)가 있었으므로, ‘골드찰’의 종자를 생산할 때에 화분친과 종자친을 동시에 파종하여도 수정이 순조롭게 이루어질 것으로 판단된다(Table 7). 종자친과 화분친을 2:1의 비율로 웅주 간파하였을 때의 채종량은 10a당 186 kg였으며, 이는 일미찰과 미백2호, 미흑찰의 10a당 채종량인 각각 135 kg(Jung et al. 2006), 156 kg(Park et al. 2007a), 110 kg(Park et al. 2007b)과 비교해보면 높은 수준이었다.
Table 7
Seed production trial of ‘Goldchal’ in Hongcheon in 2015.
Table 7
Planting ratio Inbred Planting date Pollen dispersal period Silking date Ear (cm) 100 kernel weight (g) F1seedyield (kg/10a)
Length Diameter
2 : 1 HW16(♀) 4.15. - 7.8. 17.8 4.0 27.2 186
(♀:♂) HW17(♂) 4.15. 7.11. ~ 7.16. - - - - -
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
전국 어느 지역에서나 ‘골드찰’의 재배가 가능하다. 찰옥수수 열성 인자(wx)를 가지고 있으므로, 사료용 옥수수 등 다른 종류의 옥수수와는 200 m 이상 떨어뜨려서 재배하여야 한다. 또한 잡종강세를 이용한 단교잡종이므로, 종자를 매년 새로 구입하여 재배하여야 한다. 칼리 양분이 부족한 경우에는 이삭의 끝달림이 불량할 수 있으므로 칼리질 비료를 충분히 주는 것이 좋다. 또한 습해에 약하므로 비가 자주 많이 올 때에는 물이 잘 빠지도록 관리하여야 한다. 최상의 품질을 위해서는 적기에 수확하는 것이 좋다.
‘골드찰’은 강원도농업기술원에서 2015년에 개발한 단교잡종 노란찰옥수수로서, 자식계통 HW16을 종자친으로 하고 HW17를 화분친으로 하여 교배한 신품종이다. ‘골드찰’의 10a당 이삭수와 이삭중은 각각 6,385개와 1,339 kg으로 ‘일미찰’과 대등하였다. ‘골드찰’의 카로티노이드 함량은 15.8 mg/kg으로 ‘일미찰’의 0.8 mg/kg보다 높았다. 도복에 대한 저항성은 ‘일미찰’에 비해 우수하였으며, 병해충에 대한 저항성은 ‘일미찰’과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 채종시험 결과 동시 파종하였을 때 화분친의 화분비산기에 종자친이 출사하여 채종에 큰 문제가 없을 것으로 판단되며, 종자친과 화분친을 2:1 비율로 웅주 간파하였을 때의 채종량은 10a당 186 kg였다.
품종등록 번호: 제6722호
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(과제번호: PJ007389032018)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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A Yellow Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Goldchal’ with High Carotenoid Content
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(3):268-273.   Published online September 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2018.50.3.268
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A Yellow Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Goldchal’ with High Carotenoid Content
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2018;50(3):268-273.   Published online September 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2018.50.3.268
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A Yellow Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Goldchal’ with High Carotenoid Content
Image Image
Fig. 1 Breeding procedure of ‘Goldchal’.
Fig. 2 Photos for plant(a), ear(b), tassel(c), and ears after husking(d) of ‘Goldchal’

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

A Yellow Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Goldchal’ with High Carotenoid Content

Inherited characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed color
Sheath of Leaf Glumes of tassel Anthers of tassel Silks
Goldchal Single cross Medium Very weak Very weak Weak Yellow
Ilmichal Single cross Medium Very weak Weak Weak White

Agronomic characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Relative ear position (%) Number of tillers Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Diameter (cm)
Goldchal 74±8.0az 193±36b 45±6.0b 0.6±0.6b 20.0±2.5a 4.6±0.24a
Ilmichal 72±6.8a 223±24a 53±3.9a 1.2±0.6a 19.5±1.3a 4.5±0.16a

zmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Grain qualities and sensory evaluation of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

Hybrid Carotenoid content (mg/kg) Amylopectin content (%) Sensory evaluation (1: poor – 9: excellent)
Appearance Stickiness Texture Preference
Goldchal Ilmichal 15.8±0.9az 92.6±1.8a 5.2±0.4a 4.2±0.8a 4.5±0.7a 4.4±0.9a
0.8±0.1b 92.1±1.9a 5.2±0.5a 5.2±0.7a 5.3±0.5a 5.4±0.6a

zmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

Hybrid Lodging (1-9)z Disease resistance (0-9) Insect damage (0-9)
Southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis)y Northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum)y Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis)x
Goldchal 1.2±0.3bw 3.0±0.9a 1.0±0.4a 2.0±0.6a
Ilmichal 1.9±0.5a 3.0±0.7a 1.0±0.5a 2.3±0.9a

z1: None, 3: <10%, 5: 30-50%, 7: 50-60%, 9: >70%

y0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-10%, 5: 10-20%, 7: 20-40%, 9: >40%

x0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-5%, 5: 5-10%, 7: 10-20%, 9: >20%

wmean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Number of ears per 10a of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.

Region Goldchal(A) Ilmichal(B) Index(%) A/B
’13 ’14 ’15 Mean ’13 ’14 ’15 Mean
Suwon 6,319 6,319 5,556 6,065 5,278 6,250 5,139 5,556 109
Hongcheon -z 6,600 6,600 6,600 - 6,600 6,518 6,559 101
Cheongwon 6,275 6,667 6,406 6,449 6,177 6,510 6,875 6,521 99
Daegu 5,937 6,562 6,459 6,319 5,729 6,510 5,938 6,059 104
Jinju 6,500 6,600 6,534 6,545 6,667 6,150 6,067 6,295 104
Mean 6,258 6,550 6,311 6,385ay 5,963 6,404 6,107 6,178a 103

zPoor emergence of ear and spreading of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

yHybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Fresh ear weight (kg/10a) of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.

Region Goldchal(A) Ilmichal(B) Index(%) A/B
’13 ’14 ’15 Mean ’13 ’14 ’15 Mean
Suwon 607 928 871 802 921 1,275 974 1,057 76
Hongcheon -z 1,113 1,263 1,263 - 1,275 1,393 1,334 95
Cheongwon 1,285 1,567 1,473 1,473 1,289 1,052 1,367 1,236 119
Daegu 1,348 1,623 1,531 1,531 1,218 1,518 1,278 1,338 114
Jinju 1,536 1,986 1,638 1,638 1,480 1,273 1,303 1,352 121
Mean 1,194 1,443 1,373 1,339ay 1,227 1,279 1,263 1,260a 106

zPoor emergence of ear and dispersion of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

yHybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level

Seed production trial of ‘Goldchal’ in Hongcheon in 2015.

Planting ratio Inbred Planting date Pollen dispersal period Silking date Ear (cm) 100 kernel weight (g) F1seedyield (kg/10a)
Length Diameter
2 : 1 HW16(♀) 4.15. - 7.8. 17.8 4.0 27.2 186
(♀:♂) HW17(♂) 4.15. 7.11. ~ 7.16. - - - - -
Table 1 Inherited characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

mean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 3 Grain qualities and sensory evaluation of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

mean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 4 Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’.

1: None, 3: <10%, 5: 30-50%, 7: 50-60%, 9: >70%

0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-10%, 5: 10-20%, 7: 20-40%, 9: >40%

0: None, 1: <1%, 3: 1-5%, 5: 5-10%, 7: 10-20%, 9: >20%

mean±standard deviation. Hybrids with same letter in each column are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 5 Number of ears per 10a of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.

Poor emergence of ear and spreading of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

Hybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

Table 6 Fresh ear weight (kg/10a) of ‘Goldchal’ compared with ‘Ilmichal’ in regional yield trials for three years.

Poor emergence of ear and dispersion of pollen due to continuous rain in Hongcheon in 2013

Hybrids with same letter in a row are not significantly different at the 0.05 probability level

Table 7 Seed production trial of ‘Goldchal’ in Hongcheon in 2015.

Table 1

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