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토코페롤 함량이 높은 적갈색 벼 ‘토코미1호’

황정은1, 김동섭2, 최홍일3, 김진백3, 강시용3,*

A Rice Variety ‘Tocomi-1’ with High Tocopherol Content and Reddish Brown Pericarp

Jung Eun Hwang1, Dong Sub Kim2, Hong Il Choi3, Jin Baek Kim3, Si-Yong Kang3,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2019;51(2):128-133.
Published online: June 1, 2019

국립생태원

바이오피아

한국원자력연구원 첨단방사선연구소

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*(E-mail: sykang@kaeri.re.kr, Tel: +82-63-570-3310, Fax: +82-63-570-3319)
• Received: April 22, 2019   • Revised: April 22, 2019   • Accepted: May 17, 2019

Copyright: © 2019 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Tocomi-1’, a rice variety with high tocopherol content and a reddish brown color was developed from ‘Dongan’ by a mutation breeding technique using a 120 Gy gamma ray source at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The heading date of this variety was August 12, which was 2 days later than the original variety ‘Dongan’. The culm and panicle lengths of ‘Tocomi-1’ were 80 cm and 20.3 cm, respectively. The number of tillers per hill was 19.1 and the number of spikelets per panicle was 106.3. The ratio of ripened grain was approximately 87.0% and the weight of 1000 grains was 25.4 g. The pericarp of brown rice was reddish brown in color. The total tocopherol content was 1.65 mg/100g, which was higher than that of the original variety (1.09 mg/100g). In addition, the brown rice of ‘Tocomi-1’ contained 8% more total amino acids. The average yield potential of ‘Tocomi-1’ in grain and brown rice was approximately 6.18 kg/10a and 5.15 kg/10a for 3 years, respectively (Registration No. of Plant Protection Wright: 6813).
  • Keywords: Mutation breeding; radiation; Rice; Tocopherol; Vitamin E
최근 건강에 대한 관심이 증가 함에 따라 항산화물질과 같은 기능성 성분의 함량이 증대 된 작물 연구가 활발하게 이루어 지고 있다. 항산화물질은 노화와 각종 질병을 유도하는 활성산소를 제거하는 능력을 가지고 있으며, 비타민 E가 그 중 하나이다(Falk & Munné-Bosch 2010, Tappel 1962). 비타민 E는 지용성 비타민의 하나로, 식품에는 네 종류의 토코페롤(tocopherol: α-, β-, γ-, δ-)과 네 종류의 토코트리에놀(tocotrienol: α-, β-, γ-, δ-) 형태로 존재하지만, α-토코페롤이 생체내에서 함량이 가장 높고 흡수율이 뛰어나 비타민 E의 대명사처럼 불린다(Falk & Munné-Bosch 2010, Kamal-Eldin & Appelqvist 1996, Serbinova et al. 1991).
벼에서는 현미 껍질에 색깔이 있는 유색미나 씨눈(배)이 큰 것이 항산화물질 등 기능성물질을 많이 함유하여 기능성 쌀로 불려지고 있다. 유색미에는 현미 색깔에 따라 흑미, 적미, 자색미, 갈색미 등이 알려져 있는데, 이러한 쌀은 출수 후 등숙기에 배유의 과피(호분)층에 안토시아닌 및 탄닌 계통의 색소가 축적되어서 형성된다. 또한, 등숙기에 과피층의 클로로필이 사라지기 전에 수확을 해서 녹색을 뛰는 현미를 이용하는 녹(색)미도 있다. 이러한 유색미를 건강 기능성 쌀로 이용하기 위해서는 색소 이외에도 비타민 함량 등이 높은 품종의 개발이 요망된다.
방사선이나 화학물질을 식물체에 처리해서 원품종과 다른 형질의 새로운 유전자원을 육성하는 돌연변이육종 기술은 전 세계적으로 널리 활용되고 있다. FAO-IAEA의 돌연변이 품종 데이터베이스에 의하면, 2019년 기준으로 이 DB에 등록된 전세계의 돌연변이 품종이 3,300여종이 넘는데, 그 중에 벼 품종이 830여 품종으로 식물 중에서 제 1위를 차지하고 있다(IAEA 2017, Kim et al. 2018). 벼 육종에서 돌연변이육종 기술은 직접적인 품종 개발뿐만 아니라 육종소재 개발 차원에서도 중요한데, 감마선에 의한 일본의 ‘레이메이’와 미국 캘리포니아에서의 ‘Calose 76’ 등 단간 품종의 개발은 교배모본으로 활용되어 일본과 전세계의 벼 육종에 크게 기여하였다(Ahloowalia et al. 2004). 우리나라에서도 국립식량과학원에서 일품벼에 MNU (methylnitrosourea)를 처리한 집단에서 다양한 곡실 특성을 나타내는 변이 후대를 양성하여, 백진주, 설갱, 고아미2호 및 큰눈쌀 등 다양한 특성을 나타내는 기능성 벼를 육종한 사례는 유명하다(Hong et al. 2011b, Hong et al. 2012). 한국원자력연구원 방사선육종연구실에서 방사선을 이용하여 재래종 녹미를 개량한 녹원찰벼의 경우도 지역 브랜드 쌀로 인기를 얻고 있다(Kang et al. 2008). 또한, 최근에는 벼의 유용 성분이 증진된 기능성 돌연변이 품종 개발연구를 추진해오고 있으며, ‘토코미1호’도 그 성과 중의 하나이다.
신품종의 생육특성 및 수량성 조사는 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 전북 정읍의 한국원자력연구원 첨당방사선연구소 방사선육종시험장의 논포장에서 농촌진흥청 표준재배법에 따라 수행하였다. 매년 4월 하순에 육묘 상자에 파종하여 5월 하순에 30 × 15 cm의 재식거리로 손 이앙하였다. ‘토코미1호’와 대조품종인 원품종 ‘동안’의 시험구 배치는 난괴법 3반복으로 하였다. 주요 생육 특성 조사는 국립종자원의 품종보호권 등록심사를 위한 작물별(벼) 특성조사요령에 준하여 실시하였다. 단위면적당 수량은 1반복당 100주를 3반복씩 수확하여 조사하였다.
현미 시료의 토코페롤, 토코트리에놀 함량분석은 2010년과 2012년 같은 지역에서 채취한 샘플로부터 Hwang et al. (2014)의 방법을 따라 수행하였다. 현미가루 0.5 g을 ascorbic acid, ethanol, KOH와 함께 비누화 반응을 수행하고, hexane으로 이행하는 과정을 3회, 증류수로 세척하는 과정을 3회 수행하였다. 이어서 Na2SO4에 통과시켜 수분을 제거하고 회전 농축기를 이용하여 hexane을 제거한 후, isooctane 2 ml에 완전히 녹인 후, 상기 용액을 HPLC에 주입하였다. HPLC 분석은 Zorbax silica column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) column을 이용하였고, 이동상으로 ethyl acetate: acetic acid: 2,2-dimethoxypropane (0.7: 0.7: 0.1, v/v)을 사용하였고, 주입량은 20 μL, 유속은 1.4 ml/min, 파장은 excitation 290 nm과 emission 330 nm으로 검량하였다.
아미노산 함량 분석은 현미를 한국식품연구원에 의뢰하여, ninhydrin HPLC analytical method로 분석하였다.
육성경위
고기능성 쌀 품종 개발을 위한 돌연변이 유기는 2001년 한국원자력연구원 방사선육종연구실에서 ‘동안’에서 유래된 캘러스에 120 Gy의 방사선을 조사하고, 배지에 5MT (5-methytrophan)를 처리하여 5MT에 저항성인 식물체를 선발하는 방법을 이용하였다(Kim et al. 2004, Hwang et al. 2014). 방사선 조사된 캘러스로부터 재분화된 식물체 중 242개의 M1을 양성하고, M1 242주에서 개체별로 M2 종자를 채종하였다. 이듬해 1880주의 M2를 집단 전개하여 계통명을 부여하였다. 이 중 유전적으로 고정 된 계통으로부터 현미 색, 종자 크기, 성숙기, 초형 등의 특성 조사를 통해 1차 선별하여 14 계통을 확보하였다. 확보된 계통의 성분 분석을 수행하여, 토코페롤, 안토시아닌 등의 항산화 성분의 함량이 증가 된 8 계통을 선발하여, M4에서 M9 세대까지 계통육종법으로 세대를 진전시켰다. M10 세대에는 재배 안전성이 높고 현미 색, 성분 분석 및 토코페롤 함량 재분석 등을 통해 5 계통을 최종 선발하였으며, 그 중에서 항산화 기능성 물질인 토코페롤의 함량이 높은 ‘MRXII-1001-1’ 계통에 ‘토코미1호’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1). 2002년에서 2005년까지의 계통선발은 경기도 남양주시 한국원자력연구원 시험농장에서 이루어졌으며, 2006년도 이후부터는 전북 정읍에 있는 한국원자력연구원 첨단방사선연구소 방사선육종시험장에서 특성검정 및 생산력검정 시험을 실시했다. 2012년에서 2014년 까지 생육특성 및 수량검정 시험을 마치고 최종적으로 2015년 ‘토코미1호’라는 품종명으로, 국립종자원에 품종보호권을 출원하였으며, 2년간의 재배심사 과정을 거쳐 2017년 품종보호권을 등록 완료하였다(등록번호: 6813). ‘토코미1호’의 육성과정은 Fig. 1과 같다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of ‘Tocomi-1’.
KJBS_51_128_fig_1.jpg
주요특성

1. 주요 농업적 특성

2012년부터 3년간 ‘토코미1호’의 출수기는 평균 8월 12일로 원품종인 ‘동안’보다 2일 정도 늦었다. ‘토코미1호’의 간장은 80.0 cm로 ‘동안’보다 약간 길었으며, 수장은 20.3 cm로 ‘동안’과 거의 동일하였다. ‘토코미1호’의 포기당 경수는 19.1주로 ‘동안’의 12.4주보다 많았으며, 이삭당 벼 알 갯수, 등숙비율, 천립중은 원품종인 ‘동안’과 거의 유사하였다(Table 1).
Table 1
Comparison of agronomic traits and yield components of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.
Table 1
Variety Year Heading date Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of tillers per hill No. of spikelets per panicle Ratio of ripened grain (%) weight of 1000 grain(g)
Tocomi-1 2012 Aug. 11 83.6 19.9 14.4 91.0 87.0 25.6
2013 Aug. 10 83.4 20.8 26.8 100.5 90.94 25.0
2014 Aug. 16 73.0 20.2 16.2 127.3 90.9 25.6
Average Aug. 12 80.0* 20.3ns 19.1* 106.3ns 89.6ns 25.4ns
Dongan 2012 Aug. 6 71.2 22.2 12.8 90 95.0 27.1
2013 Aug. 8 71.8 18.8 13.8 102.7 89.0 27.1
2014 Aug. 16 71.1 20.3 10.5 139 90.41 26.1
Average Aug. 10 71.4 20.4 12.4 110.6 91.5 26.8

*significant at p≤0.05 by repeated measures ANOVA

nsnot significant

2. 형태적 특성

‘토코미1호’의 형태적 특성으로는 Fig. 2에서와 같이 출수기에 외영의 선단부가 붉은색을 띄는데, 등숙에 따라 까락으로 신장하였다. 따라서, ‘동안’은 외영에 까락이 거의 없었으나, ‘토코미1호’ 등숙에 따라 5~20 mm 길이로 신장하여 까락을 갖는 영과가 많았다(Fig. 2). 벼의 까락은 농가나 도정업자에게는 불선호한 형질일 수 있어 앞으로 까락이 작거나 없는 계통의 선발도 필요할 것으로 보여진다.
Fig. 2
Plant type at maturing stage and grain of ‘Tocomi-1’. A-B: plant type of ‘Tocomi-1’, C-D: grain shape of ‘Dongan’ (left) and ‘Tocomi-1’ (right).
KJBS_51_128_fig_2.jpg

3. 도정 및 품질특성

‘토코미1호’의 알곡의 길이는 7.51 mm로 ‘동안’과 거의 유사하나, 폭은 3.69 mm로 ‘동안’의 3.32 mm에 비해 약간 크다. ‘토코미1호’의 현미의 길이와 폭은 각각 5.70 mm, 2.99 mm로 약간 크다(Table 2). ‘토코미1호’ 현미의 단백질 함량은 8.0%로 ‘동안’보다 낮았으며, 아밀로스의 함량은 18.2로 거의 비슷하였다. ‘토코미1호’는 현미의 색이 적갈색을 띄는 것이 특징이다. 이와 같이 ‘토코미1호’는 원품종 ‘동안’과 비교하여 영과 형태나 현미의 색깔 등 특성이 많이 변한 돌연변이 품종이라 할 수 있다.
Table 2
Grain characteristics of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.
Table 2
Variety Rough rice Brown rice
Length (mm) Width (mm) Length (mm) Width (mm) Protein content (%) Amylose content (%)
Tocomi-1 7.51ns 3.69* 5.70ns 2.99* 8.0ns 18.2ns
Dongan 7.53 3.32 5.25 2.72 8.65 18.6

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

nsnot significant

4. 성분특성

항산화 기능을 가진다고 보고된 비타민E의 형태인 토코페롤(α-, β-, γ-, δ-)과 토코트리에놀의(α-, β-, γ-, δ-) 각각의 함량을 HPLC 분석법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 여러 형태의 비타민 E중, 생체내에 가장 많이 존재하면서 체내 흡수율이 높은 α-토코페롤의 함량이 ‘토코미1호’는 1.389 mg/100g으로 ‘동안’ 0.982 mg/100g에 비해 함량이 월등히 높았다(Table 3). 그 외, β-토코페롤, γ-토코페롤, δ-토코페롤의 함량 모두 ‘동안’에 비해 높았으며, 총 토코페롤 함량은 ‘토코미1호’가 1.65 mg/100g로 ‘동안’ 1.09 mg/100g보다 높았다(Table 3). 그러나 토코트리에놀의 총 함량은 ‘토코미1호’는 2.10 mg/100g, ‘동안’ 1.99 mg/100g로 약간 높았다(Table 3). 토코트리에놀도 토코페롤과 마찬가지로 강력한 항산화 활성을 가진다고 알려져 있으나(Serbinova et al. 1991), α-토코페롤 보다 쉽게 흡수되지 않는다(Kamal-Eldin & Appelqvist 1996). 따라서, 필수 비타민인 비타민E 8가지 형태 중 α-토코페롤의 함량이 특이적으로 높은 ‘토코미1호’는 항산화 관련 우수한 식량 유전자원으로 이용 가능 할 것이라 사료된다.
Table 3
Vitamin E contents of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.
Table 3
Variety Tocopherol (mg/100g) Tocotrienol (mg/100g)
α- β- γ- Total α- β- γ- δ- Total
Tocomi-1 1.389* 0.091* 0.173* 1.65* 0.761ns 0.023ns 1.238* 0.074* 2.10ns
Dongan 0.982 0.047 0.065 1.09 0.858 0.014 1.082 0.032 1.99

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

nsnot significant

‘토코미1호’와 ‘동안’의 16개의 아미노산 분석을 수행한 결과, ‘토코미1호’의 총 아미노산 함량이 6902.5 mg/100g로 ‘동안’의 6354.4 mg/100g 대비 8%가량 높게 나타났다(Table 4). 분석한 16개의 모든 아미노산의 함량이 ‘토코미1호’에서 높게 나타났으며, 특히 발린(valine)과 아이소루신(isolucine)의 함량이 20% 이상 높게 나타났다(Table 4). 최근 국내에서 아미노산 함량이 높은 ‘하이아미’ 쌀이 인기를 끌고 있는데, ‘하이아미’의 필수아미노산 8가지의 총량은 정미에서 2,107 mg/100g인데 반하여(Hong et al. 2011a), ‘토코미1호’에서 같은 8개 아미노산 항목만 계산하면 2503.2 mg/100g 토코미1호가 높았는데, 토코미1호는 현미를 대상으로 분석하였기 때문으로 생각된다. ‘하이아미’는 ‘진미’ 종자에 화학돌연변이제인 EMS를 처리하고, 5MT에 저항성인 돌연변이체를 육성한 후, ‘계화’와 교배를 통하여 육성되었는데(Hong et al. 2011a), 본 연구의 결과도 돌연변이육종 기술이 벼에서 특이한 성분 변이 육종에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.
Table 4
Amino acid content in brown rice of ‘Tocomi-1 and ‘Dongan’.
Table 4
Amino acid Tocomi-1 Dongan
--------------------- mg/100g ---------------
Alanine 455.2 433.8
Glycine 368.0 367.1
Valine 348.3 280.0
Leucine 636.0 564.2
Isolucine 239.0 191.6
Threonine 255.9 237.8
Serine 401.6 385.8
Proline 320.0 307.8
Aspartic acid 724.0 709.7
Glutamic acid 1502.1 1343.8
Phenylalanine 408.0 361.0
Lysine 305.3 301.6
Histidine 179.3 162.5
Tyrosine 131.9 116.7
Arginine 496.4 459.7
Methionine 131.4 121.2
Total 6902.5 6354.4

5. 수량성

‘토코미1호’의 수량성은 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 조사한 결과 알곡과 현미 기준 각각 618.7 kg/10a, 515.6 kg/10a로 원품종 ‘동안’ 642.4 kg/10a, 529.1 kg/10a보다 약간 적었지만 유의한 차이는 없었다(Table 5).
Table 5
Summarized results of replicated yield trial from 2012 to 2014.
Table 5
Variety 2012 2013 2014 Average
Tocomi-1 Grain rice yield (kg/10a) 660.1 664.0 532.0 618.7ns
Brown rice yield (kg/10a) 534.6 559.0 453.2 515.6ns
Dongan Grain rice yield (kg/10a) 638.8 664.4 624.0 642.4
Brown rice yield (kg/10a) 519.7 542.8 524.7 529.1
*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t- test

nsnot significant

재배상의 유의사항 및 유용성
‘토코미1호’는 도복에 다소 강하지만, 질소질 비료 과용 시 등숙저하, 숙색불량, 도복, 병해충 발생이 우려되므로 적정 균형시비를 하여야 하고 적기 기본방제를 하여야 하며, 고품질 쌀을 생산하기 위하여 적기에 수확을 하여야 한다. ‘토코미1호’는 현미색이 적갈색을 띄고 비타민 E (α-토코페롤)과 아미노산 함량이 높아 기능성 영양쌀로 이용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.
‘토코미1호’는 2001년 ‘동안’으로부터 유래 된 캘러스에 120 Gy 감마선을 조사하여 선발 육성한 돌연변이 신품종으로 항산화 기능을 가지는 토코페롤의 함량이 특이적으로 증대된 계통으로 2015년에 품종보호권을 출원하여 2017년 등록되었다. ‘토코미1호’는 출수기 외영의 상단부와 주두의 하단부가 붉은 색을 띄고 적갈색의 까락이 있고, 현미의 색이 적갈색을 뛰는 것이 특징이다. ‘토코미1호’의 α-토코페롤의 함량은 1.389 mg/100g으로 ‘동안’ 0.982 mg/100g에 비해 높았고, 총 토코페롤 함량은 ‘토코미1호’가 1.65 mg/100g로 ‘동안’ 1.09 mg/100g보다 높았다. 16개의 아미노산을 분석한 결과, ‘토코미1호’의 총 아미노산 함량이 6902.5 mg/100g로 ‘동안’의 6354.4 mg/100g 대비 8%가량 높게 나타났다. 항산화 능력이 뛰어난 토코페롤과 아미노산의 함량이 증대된 신품종 ‘토코미1호’는 앞으로 국민 건강 증진에 기여하는 기능성 쌀로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
이 논문은 한국원자력연구원의 주요사업과 과기정통부 및 한국연구재단의 방사선기술개발사업의 지원을 받아 수행되었으며, 지원에 감사드린다.
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A Rice Variety ‘Tocomi-1’ with High Tocopherol Content and Reddish Brown Pericarp
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(2):128-133.   Published online June 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.2.128
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A Rice Variety ‘Tocomi-1’ with High Tocopherol Content and Reddish Brown Pericarp
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2019;51(2):128-133.   Published online June 1, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2019.51.2.128
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A Rice Variety ‘Tocomi-1’ with High Tocopherol Content and Reddish Brown Pericarp
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of ‘Tocomi-1’.
Fig. 2 Plant type at maturing stage and grain of ‘Tocomi-1’. A-B: plant type of ‘Tocomi-1’, C-D: grain shape of ‘Dongan’ (left) and ‘Tocomi-1’ (right).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

A Rice Variety ‘Tocomi-1’ with High Tocopherol Content and Reddish Brown Pericarp

Comparison of agronomic traits and yield components of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

Variety Year Heading date Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of tillers per hill No. of spikelets per panicle Ratio of ripened grain (%) weight of 1000 grain(g)
Tocomi-1 2012 Aug. 11 83.6 19.9 14.4 91.0 87.0 25.6
2013 Aug. 10 83.4 20.8 26.8 100.5 90.94 25.0
2014 Aug. 16 73.0 20.2 16.2 127.3 90.9 25.6
Average Aug. 12 80.0* 20.3ns 19.1* 106.3ns 89.6ns 25.4ns
Dongan 2012 Aug. 6 71.2 22.2 12.8 90 95.0 27.1
2013 Aug. 8 71.8 18.8 13.8 102.7 89.0 27.1
2014 Aug. 16 71.1 20.3 10.5 139 90.41 26.1
Average Aug. 10 71.4 20.4 12.4 110.6 91.5 26.8

*significant at p≤0.05 by repeated measures ANOVA

nsnot significant

Grain characteristics of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

Variety Rough rice Brown rice
Length (mm) Width (mm) Length (mm) Width (mm) Protein content (%) Amylose content (%)
Tocomi-1 7.51ns 3.69* 5.70ns 2.99* 8.0ns 18.2ns
Dongan 7.53 3.32 5.25 2.72 8.65 18.6

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

nsnot significant

Vitamin E contents of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

Variety Tocopherol (mg/100g) Tocotrienol (mg/100g)
α- β- γ- Total α- β- γ- δ- Total
Tocomi-1 1.389* 0.091* 0.173* 1.65* 0.761ns 0.023ns 1.238* 0.074* 2.10ns
Dongan 0.982 0.047 0.065 1.09 0.858 0.014 1.082 0.032 1.99

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

nsnot significant

Amino acid content in brown rice of ‘Tocomi-1 and ‘Dongan’.

Amino acid Tocomi-1 Dongan
--------------------- mg/100g ---------------
Alanine 455.2 433.8
Glycine 368.0 367.1
Valine 348.3 280.0
Leucine 636.0 564.2
Isolucine 239.0 191.6
Threonine 255.9 237.8
Serine 401.6 385.8
Proline 320.0 307.8
Aspartic acid 724.0 709.7
Glutamic acid 1502.1 1343.8
Phenylalanine 408.0 361.0
Lysine 305.3 301.6
Histidine 179.3 162.5
Tyrosine 131.9 116.7
Arginine 496.4 459.7
Methionine 131.4 121.2
Total 6902.5 6354.4

Summarized results of replicated yield trial from 2012 to 2014.

Variety 2012 2013 2014 Average
Tocomi-1 Grain rice yield (kg/10a) 660.1 664.0 532.0 618.7ns
Brown rice yield (kg/10a) 534.6 559.0 453.2 515.6ns
Dongan Grain rice yield (kg/10a) 638.8 664.4 624.0 642.4
Brown rice yield (kg/10a) 519.7 542.8 524.7 529.1

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t- test

nsnot significant

Table 1 Comparison of agronomic traits and yield components of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

significant at p≤0.05 by repeated measures ANOVA

not significant

Table 2 Grain characteristics of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

not significant

Table 3 Vitamin E contents of ‘Tocomi-1’ and ‘Dongan’.

significant at p≤0.05 by Student t-test

not significant

Table 4 Amino acid content in brown rice of ‘Tocomi-1 and ‘Dongan’.
Table 5 Summarized results of replicated yield trial from 2012 to 2014.

*significant at p≤0.05 by Student t- test

not significant

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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