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Review Article

과수육종 역사, 현황과 전망

정경호1,*, 남은영1, 권정현1, 허윤영1, 권순일2, 김윤경3, 마경복3, 윤수현4, 이목희5, 박영식6, 이석호7, 김은주8, 박문영9, 박원흠10, 이형일11, 서혜영12, 김은경13, 강종훈14

The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(Special Issue):144-160.
Published online: April 30, 2020

1농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 과수과

2농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 사과연구소

3농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

4농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 감귤연구소

5농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 남해출장소

6강원도농업기술원 원예연구과

7충청북도농업기술원 포도연구소

8전라북도농업기술원 원예과

9전라남도농업기술원 과수연구소

10경상북도농업기술원 원예경영연구과

11경상북도농업기술원 청도복숭아연구소

12경상북도농업기술원 상주감연구소

13경상남도농업기술원 단감연구소

14제주특별자치도농업기술원 감귤아열대연구과

1Fruit Res. Div., Nat̻l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea

2Apple Res. Inst., Naṯl Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Gunwi 39000, Republic of Korea

3Pear Res. Inst., Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Naju 58216, Republic of Korea

4Citrus Res. Inst., Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Seogwipo 63607, Republic of Korea

5Namhae Branch, Nat’l Inst. Hort. and Herb. Sci., Namhae 2430, Republic of Korea

6Hort. Res. Div., Gangwondo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Chuncheon 2422, Republic of Korea

7Grape Res. Inst., Chungcheongbukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Okcheon 2901, Republic of Korea

8Hort. Industry Div., Jeollabukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Gimjae 54591, Republic of Korea

9Fruit Res. Center., Jeollanamdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Haenam 5021, Republic of Korea

10Hort. and Management Res. Dept., Gyeongsangbukdo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv. (GARES), Daegu 444, Republic of Korea

11Cheongdo Peach Res. Inst., GBARES, Cheongdo 3835, Republic of Korea

12Sangju Persimmon Res. Inst., GBARES, Sangju 3768, Republic of Korea

13Sweet Persimmon Res. Inst., Gyeongsangnamdo Agricultural Res. and Ext. Serv., Jinyeong 5087, Republic of Korea

14Citrus and Subtropical Tree Res. Div., Jejudo Agric. Res. and Ext. Serv., Seogwipo 63556, Republic of Korea

* Corresponding Author (E-mail: kh2chung@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-6741, Fax: +82-33-238-6705)
• Received: November 14, 2019   • Revised: January 21, 2020   • Accepted: February 21, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Changes in the number of researchers responsible for fruit breeding in Rural Development Administration.
Fig. 2 Germplasm introduction of Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
Fig. 3 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean apple breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 4 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean pear breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 5 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean sweet persimmon breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 6 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean stone fruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 7 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean grape breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrow indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 8 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean Citrus breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 9 Number of crosses by year and some released varieties in Korean kiwifruit breeding programs. Light green-colored varieties below X axis are selected foreign ones. Dark circles and green arrows indicate released or selected year of each variety.
Fig. 10 Provincial research organizations running fruit breeding programs.
The History, Current Status and Future Prospects of Fruit Breeding in Korea

Changes of fruit breeding organizations in Rural Development Administration (RDA).

Effective date Decree/rule Reorganization
1953.5.20. 대통령령 제790호 중앙농업기술원 시험부 원예과 폐지, 중앙원예기술원 신설, 중앙농업기술원 김해과수육묘원을 중앙원예기술원 시험지로 편입(육종부 제2과, 김해시험지)
1954.1.18. 대통령령 제863호 농업기술원 시험부를 시험제1부와 시험제2부로 개편(시험제2부 원예과)
1957.5.28. 대통령령 제1274호 농업기술원을 농사원으로 개편, 원예시험장(Horticultural Experiment Station) 신설(원예시험장 제2과, 김해지장)
1958.1.1. 대통령령 제1274호 중앙원예기술원 폐지
1961.10.2. 각령 제183호 농사원 원예시험장을 시험국 작물원예부로 통합(작물원예부 과수과, 김해시험장)
1962.3.29. 각령 제615호 농사원을 농촌진흥청(Rural Development Administration)으로 개편, 원예시험장 재설치(과수과, 김해지장)
1966.6.20. 대통령령 제2586호 제주시험장(Jeju Experiment Station)에 원예 기능 신설
1967.9.8. 대통령령 제32110호 과수과를 과수육종과, 과수재배과로 확대 개편
1970.4.8. 대통령령 제4873호 과수육종과를 과수육종연구담당관으로 변경
김해지장 과수 업무 폐지, 나주지장으로 이관, 나주지장 신설
1973.7.14. 농수산부령 제536호 남해출장소 설치
1974.12.31. 대통령령 제7526호 과수제1연구담당관, 과수제2연구담당관으로 개편
제주시험장 감귤 품종개량 기능 신설
1976.12.31 대통령령 제8390호 제주시험장 원예연구담당관 신설
1981.11.2. 대통령령 제10548호 과수제1, 2연구담당관을 과수1, 2과로 개칭(직제 시행규칙 개정 없이 육종 업무를 과수2과로 일원화)
1991.11.15. 대통령령 제13506호 과수연구소 신설(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소)
1994.12.23. 대통령령 제14455호 과수연구소와 원예시험장 통합하여 원예연구소(Horticultural Research Institute)로 개칭(과수육종과, 대구사과연구소, 나주배연구소, 제주감귤연구소, 남해출장소)
제주시험장을 제주농업시험장(Jeju Agricultural Experiment Station)으로 개칭
1999.5.24. 대통령령 제16349호 원예연구소 감귤연구소를 제주농업시험장으로 이관(제주농업시험장 감귤시험장)
2001 원예연구소에 원예생명공학연구팀 신설
2002.3.6. 농림부령 제1411호 원예연구소에 원예생명공학과 신설
2004.1.9. 대통령령 제18212호 제주농업시험장을 난지농업연구소(National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture)로 개편
2004.1.29. 농림부령 제1454호 과수육종과와 과수재배과를 과수과로 통합
사과연구소, 배연구소를 사과시험장, 배시험장으로 개칭
감귤시험장을 감귤과로 개칭
2005.4.21. 농림부령 제1493호 과수과에 포도연구센터 신설
2007 배시험장에 감연구실 신설
2008.10.8. 대통령령 제21078호 원예연구소를 국립원예특작과학원(National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science)으로 개편
난지농업연구소를 온난화대응농업연구센터로 개편, 감귤시험장을 국립원예특작과학원으로 통합(과수과, 사과시험장, 배시험장, 감귤시험장, 온난화대응농업연구센터, 남해출장소)
2014 국립원예특작과학원 기본운영규정 온난화대응연구센터의 키위 육종 업무를 남해출장소로 일원화

Land area being used for fruit breeding programs at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.

Research organization Fruit species Breeding block acreage (ha) Remarks
Total 87.98
Fruit Research Division Apple 4.94 Germplasm conservation
Pear 4.93 Germplasm conservation
Stone fruit 18.29
Grape 13.71
Others 4.00 Blueberries, greenhouse, etc
Apple Research Institute Apple 11.93
Pear Research Institute Pear 4.34
Sweet persimmon 5.01
Citrus Research Institute Citrus 8.26
Namhae Sub-institute Kiwifruit 12.57

Germplasms being conserved in research organizations of Rural Development Administration in 2017.

Total Apple Pear Peach & Nectarine Plum & Prune Apricot Sweet & tart cherry Plumcot Grape Persimmon Citrus Kiwifruit
4,497 1,268 889 379 124 82 73 5 858 207 440 172

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean apple breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent

Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Fuji 99 96 195
Hongro 85 45 130
Jonathan 48 55 103
Tsugaru 57 44 101
Sansa 41 33 74
Golden Delicious 30 36 66
Hwahong 41 25 66
Gamhong 29 30 59
McIntosh Wijcik 9 38 47
Chugwang 23 22 45
14-108 24 20 44
Ralls Janet 28 15 43

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean pear breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent

Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Whanggeumbae 110 49 159
Okusankichi 57 31 88
Niitaka 83 0 83
Gamcheonbae 38 24 62
Imamuraaki 25 36 61
Hosui 30 25 55
Wonhwang 30 24 54
Kosui 35 19 54
Shinsui 30 22 52
Nijisseiki 27 22 49
Manpungbae 24 22 46
Bartlett 5 38 43

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean peach and nectarine breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent

Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Jinmi 26 42 68
Changhowonhwangdo 46 18 64
Yumyong 38 16 54
Kawanakajima Hakutou 54 0 54
Reihou 18 30 48
Hakutou 43 0 43
Sungold 33 4 37
Cheonhong 7 29 36
Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nagasawa Hakuhou 19 16 35
Nunomewase 2 32 34
Chiyomaru 1 30 31

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean grape breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent

Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Campbell Early 76 100 176
Hongju Seedless 68 45 113
Cheongsu 15 83 98
Kyohou 45 27 72
Alden 36 25 61
Flame Seedless 21 36 57
Tamnara 30 22 52
Centennial 28 23 51
Ruby Okuyama 35 15 50
Muscat of Alexandria 22 27 49
Princess 22 27 49
Schuyler 21 19 40

Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean Citrus breeding programs.

Variety Number of used as seed or pollen parent

Seed parent Pollen parent Total
Kiyomi 87 1 88
Prince Kiyomi 70 0 70
Harehime 46 0 46
Ponkan 0 42 42
Yumei 32 9 41
Benimadonna 34 4 38
Shiranui 8 24 32
Sinyaegam 22 7 29
Haryejosaeng 8 19 27
Nankou 23 3 26
Washington Navel 25 0 25
Kishu mandarine 3 22 25

Korean fruit rootstock breeding programs in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1986~ Dwarf rootstock development through the hybridization between native Malus species and M. 9, M. 26 etc.
2003~2004 Root rot resistant breeding stain selection in M.9×MM.106 cross seedlings
Pear 1977~1978 Collection of native species and local cultivars and usefulness evaluation as rootstock
1986 Usefulness evaluation as rootstock of cross seedlings between Pyrus fauriei and P. betulifolia, P. pyrifolia, P. communis
1992~ Drought and waterlogging resistance evaluation of cross seedlings between OPR-265z and P. fauriei
1997~2005 Selection of pysiological disorder resistant rootstock from cross seedlings between P. fauriei and P. betulifolia
1999~2008 Selection of Phytophthora root rot resistant seedlings
2009~ Selection of water-related stress resistant rootstock
Peach 1984~1995 Collection of local Prunus tomentosa and usefulness evaluation for dwarf rootstock
Stone fruit 2017~ Selection of late bud sprouting peach rootstock and of rootstock for sweet cherry and plumcot
Persimmon 1985 Rootstock usefulness evaluation of seedlings with inbreeding depression and cross seedlings between cultivars with short shoot internode character
1995~1997
Grape 2003~2009 Selection of Viteus vitifolii, Agrobacterium vitis resistant seedlings
Citrus 2001~2007 Development of Shiranui-suitable rootstock

Studies on fruit mutation induction in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal Used tissue Used agent
Apple Fuji 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Fuji 1993~1995 Polyploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Hunter Melba, etc 1994~1997 Treatment method setup Hardwood Colchicine
Polyploid induction
Fuji, Sekaiichi 1996~1997 Mutant induction Leaf bud, shoot tip 5-Bromouracil, Acridin, EMS, MMS
Fuji, Sansa, Gala, MM.106 Hardwood Gamma ray
Fuji, Gala In vitro cultured tissue
Pear Hosui, Korean native pear 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Shinsui, Nijisseiki 1991~1994 Leaf spot resistant genotype development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Niitaka 1996~1998 Mutant induction Colchicine, EMS, NMU
Peach Yumyeong, Red Leaf 1984~1986 Mutant induction Hardwood, softwood Gamma ray
Grape Siebel 9110 1987~1989 Mutant induction In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Campbell Early, etc 1992~1998 Tetraploid induction In vitro cultured tissue Colchicine
Citrus Hassaku, Miyauchi Iyokan 1995~2000 Seedless polyploid induction Seed Gamma ray
Unshyu, Orange 2009~2013 Breeding material development Calus Colchicine
Tambit #1, Shinyaegam, MOR, OR, etc 2014~2018 Seedless genotype development Softwood Gamma ray
Sweet persimmon Nishimurawase, Jirou 1991~1994 Complete sweet persimmon development In vitro cultured tissue Gamma ray
Nishimurawase 2012~2016 Hardwood Gamma ray
Akebia Korean native 1968 Polyploid induction Seed Colchicine

Fruit genetic studies in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Research goal
Apple 1982~1984 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters in 43 apple varieties
1986~1988 Genetic mode of inheritance of altenaria leaf spot using 2018 seedlings from 32 cross combinations
1993~1994 Correlation study between leaf bud characters and fruit characters using 60 apple varieties
1993~1996 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 1630 seedlings from 30 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of columnar trait using 136 seedlings from 4 cross combinations including Starkrimson×McIntosh Wijcik
Pear 1977~1982 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 742 seedlings from 15 cross combinations
1988 Correlation study between leaf characters and fruit characters using 4 cross combinations
1993 Genetic mode of inheritance of fruit skin thickness and flavor using some cross combinations
1994 Genetic mode of inheritance of major traits using 3 cross combinations
1995 Genetic mode of inheritance of major fruit traits using 3500 seedlings from 14 cross combinations
1997~1999 Genetic mode of inheritance of pear scab resistance using 1633 seedlings from 27 cross combinations

Studies on the shortening of juvenile phase of cross seedlings in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Aplicated treatment
Apple 1996~2000 Seedling raising pot size, pot media, growth regulators (SADH, ABA), seedling trunk girdling, grafting
Pear 1991~1992 Seedling height, internode length, planting degree, trunk girdling
1994~1997 long day light
1998~2000 Grafting, top working, scoring, slanted training, ethephon
Grape 1994~1997 Trunk girdling, rolled up training
Citrus 1982~1985 Embryo culture
1995 Shoot tipping, budding
Yuzu 1981 Inverted bark grafting, trunk girdling, slanted training (30, 60°), root cutting

Studies on the molecular marker development in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Target trait Used marker system
Apple 1999 Columnar shoot RAPD
2003~2006 Altenaria leaf spot RAPD, AFLP, SSR
2005~2007 White rot SSR
2005~2007 White rot, marssonia blotch SSR, AFLP
2011~2015 Self-thinning RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP
2015~2017 Major traits GBS/GWAS
Pear 2001~2004 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP, SSR, QTL
2002~2004 Major fruit traits RAPD, AFLP
2002~2005 Pear scab RAPD, AFLP
2005~2007 Dwarf tree AFLP, SSR
2014~2016 GBS/SNP
Peach 1999~ Male sterility, pit freeness, fruit acidity, fruit hardness RAPD, AFLP
Grape 2015~2017 Crown gall, Ripe rot GWAS/SNP
2018~ Major traits GWAS/SNP
Citrus 1995~ Major traits RAPD
2009~2013 Citrus scab SRAP
Persimmon 2016 Male flower development RAPD

Studies on the molecular marker development for variety identification in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Research year Used marker system
Apple 1991~1995 RAPD
Apple, pear 1990 Protein, isozyme
Pear 2012 SSR
Peach 1994~1995 RAPD
Peach, grape 2012 SSR, RAPD, AFLP
Persimmon 1989 Isozyme (AAT)
2012 RAPD, SSR
Citrus 2009~2013 SSR
Kiwifruit 1998~ RAPD
2005~2008 SSR
Jujube 1986 Isozymes (ADH, MDH, GOT, esterase)

Studies on the establishment of tissue culture systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Research goal
Apple Fuji, M.26 1983~1984 In vitro multiplication system
Fuji, Gala, Mark 1994~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
Pear Wonhwang, etc 1997 In vitro multiplication system
Rootstock varieties 2000 Optimal media for shoot tip culture
Peach Kurakatawase 1982~1986 Optimal conditions for embryo culture of early season peach varieties
Baekmijosaeng 1995~1997 Establishment of in vitro multiplication system
Grape Campbell Early, etc 1984~1986 Optimal media for anther culture
Cheongsu 1996~2002 Embryo culture system
Citrus 1995~1996 Hardening methods of in vitro culture plantlet
2014~2018 Anther culture system
Hazelnut 1979 In vitro multiplication system

Studies on the establishment of genetic transformation systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

Fruit species Variety Research year Used tissue Research goal
Apple Fuji 1990~1991 Leaf, coleoptile Regeneration system
Fuji, etc 1992~1998 in vitro cultured leaves
Fuji McIntosh Wijcik 2000~2002 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with B-Peru, DFR), MdMADS2, MdMADS4 Rab, CAX, etc
Gamhong, Hongro 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Transformants with CAX1, CRT
M.9, etc 2005~2007 in vitro cultured leaves Dwarf transformants
Grape Campbell Early, Kyoho 1996~1997 in vitro cultured leaves Regeneration system
Citrus 1995 in vitro cultured shoots Co-culturing conditions
Unshyu mandarine 1995 Peel disorder resistant lines
Kiwifruit Hayward 2002~2008 in vitro cultured shoots Regeneration system

Research organizations and personnel for fruit breeding programs in provincial governments.

Organization Number of research personnel

Total Senior researcher Junior researcher
Kangwon ARESz Horticultural Research Division 2 1 1
Chungbuk ARES Grape Research Institute 2 2
Cheonbuk ARES Horticultural Division 1 1
Cheonnam ARES Fruit Research Institute 4 1 3
Gyeongbuk ARES Horticultural Management and Research Division 3 1 2
Cheongdo Peach Research Institute 2 2
Sangju Persimmon Research Institute 2 2
Gyeongnam ARES Sweet Persimmon Research Institute 3 1 2
Jeju ARES Citrus and Subtropic Fruit Research Division 4 1 3
Total 23 5 18
Table 1 Changes of fruit breeding organizations in Rural Development Administration (RDA).
Table 2 Land area being used for fruit breeding programs at National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration.
Table 3 Germplasms being conserved in research organizations of Rural Development Administration in 2017.
Table 4 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean apple breeding programs.
Table 5 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean pear breeding programs.
Table 6 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean peach and nectarine breeding programs.
Table 7 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean grape breeding programs.
Table 8 Frequently used varieties as parent in Korean Citrus breeding programs.
Table 9 Korean fruit rootstock breeding programs in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.

OPR: Oregon pear rootstock

Table 10 Studies on fruit mutation induction in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 11 Fruit genetic studies in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 12 Studies on the shortening of juvenile phase of cross seedlings in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 13 Studies on the molecular marker development in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 14 Studies on the molecular marker development for variety identification in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 15 Studies on the establishment of tissue culture systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 16 Studies on the establishment of genetic transformation systems in research organizations of Rural Development Administration.
Table 17 Research organizations and personnel for fruit breeding programs in provincial governments.

ARES: Agricultural Research and Extension Services