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작물 표현체 플랫폼 기반 벼 이미지 분석 조건 확립

이채원1, 최인찬2, 이홍석3, 김년희1, 안은숙1, 김송림1, 백정호1, 지현소1, 윤인선1, 김경환1,*

Determination of the Conditions for Image Analysis of Rice Based on a Crop Phenomic Platform

Chaewon Lee1, Inchan Choi2, Hongseok Lee3, Nyunhee Kim1, Eunsook An1, Song Lim Kim1, Jeongho Baek1, Hyeonso Ji1, In-Sun Yoon1, Kyung-Hwan Kim1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2021;53(4):450-457.
Published online: December 1, 2021

1농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업생명자원부

2농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업공학부

3농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 남부작물부

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: biopiakim@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-4651, Fax: +82-63-238-4654)
• Received: October 27, 2021   • Revised: October 31, 2021   • Accepted: October 31, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Fast and accurate selection is essential for breeding to cope with rapid climate changes and a steeply increasing population. Consequently, technologies for high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) are emerging. These technologies, unlike conventional phenotyping methods, enable us to evaluate agronomic traits in a fast and massive manner. Thus, the HTP facility was built to acquire and analyze crop images using RGB sensors at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Republic of Korea. By testing various conditions to acquire images, we determined the conditions for phenotyping using the RGB sensor as follows: exposure 30,000 ms, gamma 75, and gain 100 using LED lights in a blue background. Based on this condition, images from 96 individual plants of rice Dongjin cultivar were obtained every week to measure plant height and shoot area, which are directly associated with yield. The results obtained from the image analysis were compared with the manually collected results. The r2 value between the projected plant height obtained from image analysis and the plant height obtained from manual measurement was 0.989. Furthermore, the r2 value between the projected shoot area obtained from image analysis and the shoot area obtained from manual measurement was 0.981. These results show that image analysis is highly reliable and can be used for crop phenotyping. Therefore, we expect that the new method we developed will be used for breeding in the near future.
UN 세계식량농업기구(FAO)는 2018년 75억명인 세계인구가 2050년에는 약 90억명으로 증가할 것으로 예측되며, 현재보다 약 60%의 식량 증대가 필요하다고 보고하였다(Ray et al. 2013). 이러한 인구 증가에 따라 식량 수요 또한 급속히 증가하여 세계 인구의 예상 생산 수요를 충족하기 위해서는 현재보다 2배 이상의 식량이 필요하다(Furbank et al. 2011, Ray et al. 2013, Tilman et al. 2011). 작물 생산에 대한 수요는 연간 2.4% 증가할 것으로 예상되지만 실제 평균 작물 생산량 증가는 1.3%에 불과하며, 경작지의 생산량은 잠재수량보다 정체되어 있다(Fischer et al. 2010). 따라서 향후 식량 생산 증대를 위해서는 새로운 작물 육종 및 재배기술 개발이 요구되고 있다(Ray et al. 2012, Reynolds et al. 2012). 작물의 생산성 증대를 위해 작물 육종 프로그램 및 재배기술은 꾸준히 개발되어왔다(La Fuente et al. 2013). 최근에는 유전자 분석 기술의 발달로 인해 유전체 정보의 폭발적 증가와 핵심 집단, 교배 집단 등 다양한 분석 집단, 마커를 이용한 형질 분석 등을 이용하여 유전자의 기능을 분석하고 있다(Yang et al. 2014). 이처럼 폭발적으로 증가한 유전체 정보를 이용하여 작물의 표현형질과의 연관성 분석을 통해 유전자 기능을 예측할 수 있으나 표현 형질 분석의 병목현상으로 실제는 많은 어려움이 있다(Zhao et al. 2019). 최근 이러한 작물의 표현 형질을 고속, 대량 분석하기 위한 표현체학(phenomics) 분야가 새롭게 각광받고 있다(Junker et al. 2015). 표현형(Phenotype)은 어떤 한 개체가 가지고 있는 모양이나 물리적 특성 등 눈으로 관찰 가능한 모든 형질을 뜻하며, 표현체학(Phenomics)은 세포, 조직, 기관 등 생물체 전반에서 나타나는 물리적, 형태학적, 생리학적 특성, 즉 표현형 전체를 망라하여 계통학적으로 해석하는 생물학의 한 분야이다(Houle et al. 2010, Yang et al. 2013). 표현형 측정을 위해 가시광, 근적외선, 적외선 등의 영상 센서를 이용하여 작물의 이미지를 획득하고 분석 프로그램을 사용해 작물 초형의 높이(plant height)와 잎의 폭(Leaf width), 지상부 면적(shoot area) 등을 영상 지표로 수치화하여 작물의 특성을 분석한다(Lee et al. 2011, Yang et al. 2020). 가시광 카메라는 작물의 생육 전주기동안의 색상, 크기, 형태 등을 파악하고 형질을 분석하는데 이용되며, 비파괴 측정을 통해 밀과 벼에서 지상부 면적, 생체중(fresh weight), 생장률(growth rate) 등을 측정하고 QTL분석을 통해 작물 생장 관련 유전자들을 발견하는데 사용하기도 한다(Parent et al. 2015, Knecht et al. 2016). 또한 가지, 토마토, 양배추, 사탕수수에서 작물 초형의 높이, 줄기 직경, 생체중 등을 추정할 수 있고(Moeckel et al. 2018, Salas et al. 2017), 잎 이미지에서 색상 및 모양 특징을 통해 잎 질병을 영상으로 인식하는 기술로 이용하기도 한다(Chuanlei et al. 2017, Cao et al. 2015, Picon et al. 2019). 국립농업과학원은 벼, 콩 등의 작물 표현 형질을 고속, 대량으로 분석하기 위해 작물 표현체 연구센터에 가시광, 적외선, 근적외선을 이용한 작물 표현체 플랫폼을 구축하였다. 구축된 표현체 인프라 중 가시광 센서를 통해 파종 후 벼 생육 시기별로 비파괴적 방법으로 벼의 초장(plant height)과 지상부 면적을 측정하고자 하였다. 작물의 초장과 지상부 면적은 수확량과 밀접한 관계를 가지는 농업 형질로 재배기간 동안 이미지를 이용한 비파괴적인 측정 방법의 확립을 통해 우수한 형질을 선발하는데 이용하고자 한다. 이를 위해 영상촬영 시스템에서 작물의 영상 촬영 조건, 영상 분석 알고리즘, 영상 분석 값과 실측 값과의 상관관계 등 기본적인 분석 조건을 확립하고 이를 바탕으로 향후 벼, 콩 등의 다양한 작물의 표현 형질 특성 분석 등에 활용하고자 한다.
벼 재배
실험 재료는 동진벼 품종 96개체를 이용하였으며 종자 소독한 후 50공 플라스틱 모판에 파종하였다. 종자 소독은 키다리병 방제를 위해 60℃, 10분간 온탕 처리를 한 후, 찬물에 10분간 방치하였다. 종자 소독제인 프로클로라즈 유제와 플루디옥소닐 수화제는 각각 1/2,000로 희석하여 1 : 1의 비율로 섞은 후, 준비된 종자를 48시간 동안 소독하였다. 소독제는 흐르는 물로 10회 세척 후 파종하였고, 파종 10일 후 96개체를 직경 150 mm 화분에 정식하였다. 정식 후 4일간의 안정화 단계를 거친 후 표현체 연구동의 컨베이어로 화분을 이동한 후 본 실험에 이용하였다. 재배중인 벼는 8주 동안 매주 12개체씩 영상 분석을 위한 이미지 획득 재료로 사용하였고, 촬영 후 동일한 재료를 초장, 지상부 면적, 생체중, 건물중을 실측하는데 사용하였다. 온실 환경 조건은 주간 14시간 / 야간 10시간, 최고온도 32℃ / 최저온도 20℃로 사용하였으며 일몰 후에는 LED를 이용하여 보광 하였으며 최대 습도 82%, 최소 습도 45% 환경에서 재배하였다.
벼 생육 이미지 획득 조건 설정
국립농업과학원의 표현체 연구 인프라는 작물 재배에 사용되는 스마트 온실과 영상 촬영실, 제어실로 구성되어 있다(Fig. 1). 이동한 작물은 영상촬영실에서 3차원 영상분석장비(3D scanalyzer imaging system, LemnaTec, Germany)를 통해서 작물 생육 상태의 이미지를 촬영하고, 촬영된 영상은 데이터 저장장치에 저장되어 영상 분석에 활용된다. 3차원 영상분석장비의 영상촬영 챔버 내에는 상단과 측면에 GT6600 35 mm 컬러 CCD 카메라와 50 mm 렌즈가 설치되어 있다. 생육 중인 벼의 이미지를 수집하기 위해 측면 이미지 획득 영상장비(가시광 센서)를 이용하여 0, 120, 240도의 세 각도의 이미지와 상단(top) 카메라를 이용하여 이미지를 각각 촬영하였다(Kim et al. 2019). 촬영에 사용한 CCD카메라의 해상도는 6576×4384 pixel, 파장은 400-700 nm이며, 이미지는 세로 2 m, 가로 1.2 m 범위 내에서 촬영되도록 설정되었다. 카메라 설정은 제어 소프트웨어(LemnaControl)를 이용하여 카메라의 조리개 속도(Exposure), 화면 밝기 조절(Gamma), 객체 높이 조절(Height), 이미지 획득 대기시간 및 각도 등을 고려하여 모듈을 설정하였다. 그리고 3차원 영상분석장비 챔버 내의 영상 촬영 최적 조건 설정을 위해서 기존에 설치되어 있는 형광등 조명을 LED 조명으로 교체하였다. 또한 영상 촬영 시 기존 흰 바탕색의 배경을 파란색으로 교체하여 식물체 영상 획득 시 최대한 식물체 원 재료와 비슷한 영상을 획득하고자 하였다.
영상 분석 방법
수집된 영상은 이미지 원시 데이터로 저장하고, Matlab 프로그램(MathWork, USA)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 3차원 영상분석장비로 촬영한 이미지는 관심 영역과 배경 분리가 용이하도록 Lab (L: 밝기, a: green-red, b: blue-yellow)와 HSI (Hue, 색상; Saturation, 채도; Intensity, 명도) 채널로 변환하였다. 변환된 이미지는 배경을 제거하기 위해 LAB의 a* 채널, b* 채널과 HSI의 H채널을 이용하여 각 문턱값(threshold)으로 이진화하였다. 색공간 변형 시 계산이 용이하도록 다음 식과 같이 각 채널의 영역을 0~255로 변환하였다.
Y=a*LAB+100/200×255Y=b*LAB+100/200×255Y=HHSI/360×255
배경 제거가 완료된 작물 이미지의 품질 향상을 위해 입력 이미지의 주변 픽셀들의 값을 오름 또는 내림차순으로 정렬하여 그 중앙에 있는 값으로 픽셀 값을 대체하는 방식인 미디언 필터(Median filter)를 사용하였다. 사용된 미디언 필터는 9×9 크기의 정방형 마스크를 사용하고 작물 이미지에 손상된 영역을 보정하기 위해 모폴로지(Morphology) 기법을 사용하였다(Matthies et al. 1989, Chen et al. 2005). 영상 분석 알고리즘으로 작물의 형태적 특성을 분석하기위해 원본 이미지와 이진화 된 이미지를 마스킹 기법으로 처리해 관심영역을 분석하였다. 관심영역에서 얻어진 이미지 정보로부터 영사 지상부 면적(projected shoot area)과 영사 초장(projected plant height) 정보를 추출하였다(Fig. 2).
작물 생장 실측
생육중인 벼 초장 실측은 일반적인 50 cm 자를 이용하였고, 지상부 면적은 엽면적 측정기(LI-3100C, LI-COR, USA)를 이용하였으며, 생체중은 식물체 지상부를 절단 후 정밀저울(Pioneer, OHAUS, USA)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 건조 중량은 생체중 측정 후 건조기(VS-1202D3, Vision, KOREA)에서 70℃, 5일간 건조 후 무게를 측정하였다.
표현체 연구를 위한 벼 생육 이미지 촬영 조건
작물의 표현형 이미지 촬영은 대상 작물을 연속적으로 대량으로 촬영하기 때문에 일정한 조건에서 동일한 해상도를 가진 이미지를 획득하는 것이 영상의 품질관리, 가공, 이미지 분석 등 후속 작업의 정확도, 정밀도를 담보할 수 있기 때문에 중요하다. 이를 위해서 RGB센서의 조리개 노출시간(exposure time, 30~100,000 ms), 감광도(gamma, 25~400), 센서의 감도(gain, 0~3200) 등을 변경하여 벼 이미지 획득을 위한 최적 조건을 설정하고자 하였다. 가시광 카메라 설정을 위해서는 3개의 변수가 존재하기에 먼저 노출시간을 설정한 후 감광도와 증폭 값을 설정하였다. 감광도(100)와 증폭값(500)을 동일하게 설정 후 노출시간만을 변경하여 확인하였다. 노출시간 20,000은 벼 이외의 흰색 배경의 색상이 어둡게 촬영되어 배경 분리에 어려움이 있으며, 노출시간 40,000은 벼의 초록색 영역이 약하게 표현되어 여러 가지 조건 설정을 거쳐 노출시간을 30,000으로 결정하였다. Fig. 3에서 보는 바와 같이 다양한 조건을 가지고 테스트한 결과 노출시간 30,000 ms, 감광도 75, 증폭값 100 값으로 조절한 경우 벼의 이미지를 가장 잘 표현할 수 있어서 추후 영상 촬영 시, 이 값을 기준 값으로 설정하였다. 3차원 영상분석장비 챔버 내부에는 영상 촬영 시 동일한 조건의 영상을 획득하기 위해 상단 12개, 측면 12개의 형광 조명이 있다. 작물 생육초기부터 성장기, 수확기까지 최소 몇 주에서 3-4개월간의 시간이 소요되기 때문에 형광등의 밝기가 실험 초기와 마무리 단계에서 상당한 차이를 나타내어 동일한 조명조건에서 촬영하는데 어려움이 있었다. 이러한 형광 조명의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 일정한 파장과 긴 수명을 가진 LED 조명으로 교체하고 촬영기간 동안 일정한 촬영 조건을 유지하기 위해 조도계를 설치하여 측면 조도값 1900 lux, 상단 조도 값 8490 lux로 항상 일정한 조도 값을 가지게 설정한 후 영상을 획득하여 균질성을 높였다. 또한 Fig. 4에서 보는 바와 같이 영상 획득 시 제작사에서 제공한 흰색 배경이 빛의 반사로 인해 산란 현상이 발생하여 영상 획득 시에 간섭을 방지하고자 파란색 배경으로 교체하였다. 파란색으로 영상촬영 배경을 교체하여 벼 이미지를 촬영한 결과 동일한 조건에서 파란색 배경이 흰색에 비해 약 10% 정도의 픽셀 수 증가가 확인되어 식물체의 원형에 가깝게 영상을 획득하게 되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.
이미지 분석으로 벼의 초장과 지상부 면적, 생체중 측정 가능 확인
이미지를 이용한 표현형 분석의 기본 측정 단위는 촬영된 영상의 픽셀(pixel)이며, 디지털 이미지는 픽셀의 집합체(Foley et al. 1982)로 픽셀은 종자나 과실의 크기, 생산량, 엽록소 함량, 잎 면적, 잎 색깔 등을 구별하는데 유용하게 사용되는 지표이다(Easlon & Bloom 2014, Fanourakis et al. 2014). 예를 들어, 건조와 염 스트레스에 대해 식물체 전체의 픽셀 수나 잎 색깔 정보를 통해 지상부 면적과 잎의 스트레스 정도를 나타낸다(Berger et al. 2010, Campbell et al. 2015). 동진 벼 96개체를 파종 후 8주 동안 생육 온실에서 재배하면서 매주 12개체씩 3차원 영상분석장비를 이용하여 벼 생육 이미지를 획득하고 영사 초장과 영사 지상부 면적을 측정하여 성장 정도를 분석하였다. 또한 매주 12개체씩 초장(plant height), 지상부 면적(shoot area), 생체중(fresh weight), 건조중(dry weight)을 실측하고 영상 분석 결과와 비교한 결과 Fig. 5A에서 보는 바와 같이 초장과 영사초장과는 r2 값이 0.989로 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 식물의 초장은 벼의 생산량에 직접적인 관계가 있으며 작물의 형태적 특성, 바이오매스, 도복 저항성, 기계 수확에도 영향을 주는 중요한 농업형질이다(Liu et al. 2018). 이미지 영상을 통한 식물체의 초장 측정은 여러 가지 방법들로 이루어지고 있다. 예를 들면, 유채나 토마토와 같은 쌍자엽 식물의 경우 세로로 세워진 두 개의 기둥 사이로 식물체가 심겨진 화분이 이동하면, 기둥 사이에 흐르는 광선(light beam)이 식물체의 높이를 감지하는 방법이다(Fanourakis et al. 2014). 또한, 벼의 경우 노지에서 긴 막대자를 마커(marker)로 사용하여 벼가 심겨져 있는 포장에 꽂아 놓은 후, 이미지 촬영을 하여 영상분석으로 식물체의 키를 간접적으로 측정하였다(Sritarapipat et al. 2014). 3차원 영상분석장비를 이용한 경우는 식물체의 RGB 이미지를 영역 분리, 배경 제거, 그리고 skeleton 알고리즘을 적용 한 후, 지상부로부터 잎들의 발달 경로를 조사하고, 여러 개의 잎 발달 경로가 조사되면 가장 긴 경로의 픽셀 수를 영사 초장으로 표시하였다. Fig. 5B에서 보는 바와 같이 벼 이미지의 실측 지상부 면적과 영사 지상부 면적은 r2 값이 0.981으로 높은 상관관계를 보였다, 또한 영사 지상부 면적은 생체중과는 r2 값이 0.976, 건조중량과는 r2 값이 0.934의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 초장과 더불어 작물의 지상부 면적, 생체중도 생산량과 관련 있는 중요한 농업형질이나 측정을 위해서는 지상부를 절단하여 파괴적인 방법으로 측정이 가능하여 식물 성장과정을 주기적, 동적으로 측정하기는 어렵다. 이미지 기반 표현체 분석 방법을 이용하여 측정한 식물체의 영사 초장과 영사 지상부 면적의 값과 실제 식물의 키, 지상부 면적, 생체중의 실측 값과의 높은 상관관계에서 보듯이 영상을 이용한 측정방법이 정밀하기때문에, 파괴적인 방법을 이용하여 식물체의 키, 지상부 면적, 지상부 바이오매스(shoot biomass) 등을 측정하지 않아도 된다. 더불어 영사 지상부 면적은 밀, 보리 등에서 염 처리시 지상부 바이오매스와 밀접한 연관성을 가진다고 알려져 있다(Rajendran et al. 2009, Harris et al. 2010, Golzarian et al. 2011). 벼에서도 영사 지상부 면적이 지상부 면적과 생체중을 대표하는 형질 지표임을 확인하였다(Hairmansis et al. 2014). 이러한 결과는 생육 중인 벼의 영사 초장과 영사 지상부 면적을 이용하여 생산량이 우수한 품종 선발, 벼의 품종 간 생육 특성 비교와 더불어 염, 고온, 건조 등 비 생물적인 스트레스 형질의 정량적인 판별이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.
기후 변화와 인구증가로 인해 작물의 우수한 형질을 신속하고 정확하게 측정하는 효율적인 육종 기술이 필요하다. 기존 사람의 경험 위주의 아날로그 데이터 중심의 농업 형질 측정 방법과 달리 작물 생육 시 영상을 이용하여 농업 형질을 고속, 대량으로 객관화하여 분석하는 방법, 즉 표현체 기술이 대안으로 각광받고 있다. 국립농업과학원에서는 작물 표현체 연구 시설을 구축하고 가시광 센서를 이용하여 작물의 생육 이미지를 분석하기 위한 조건을 설정하였다. 가시광 센서를 이용하여 노출시간 30,000 ms, 감광도 75, 증폭값 100의 촬영 조건과 이미지 챔버 내 LED 촬영 조명, 푸른색 배경을 이미지 획득 조건으로 설정하였다. 위 촬영조건으로 동진벼 96개체를 매주 촬영하여 작물의 생산량과 직접적인 관계가 있는 초장(plant height)과 지상부 면적(shoot area)의 이미지 분석을 실시하였다. 영상 분석의 정확성을 확인하기 위해 실측 값과 영상분석값간의 상관관계를 비교한 결과 영사 초장(projected plant height)과 초장은 0.989, 영사 지상부 면적(projected shoot area)과 지상부 면적은 0.981의 높은 r2 값을 나타내었다. 이미지를 이용하여 작물의 초기 생육기간 동안 비파괴적으로 벼의 초장과 지상부 면적을 측정하는 방법은 기존의 실측을 대체할 수 있는 신뢰성이 높은 방법임을 확인하였으며 향후 작물 재배 시 품종 간 형질 비교를 통한 우수 품종 선발 등에 활용할 것으로 기대되고 있다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 국립농업과학원 농업과학기술 연구개발사업(과제번호: PJ01486501)에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
The 3D Scananalyzer (LemnaTec GmbH) imaging system at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. A: Plant growth room and conveyor belt system, B: Imaging chamber containing RGB sensor.
KJBS-53-450-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Schema for algorism of image analysis.
KJBS-53-450-f2.tif
Fig. 3
Examples of image caputure conditions for RGB image sensor in highthrougput phenotyping systems. A: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 100, 50), B: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 100, 75), C: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 150, 75).
KJBS-53-450-f3.tif
Fig. 4
Blue background side view color images of rice plants from the RGB imaging chamber. A: Side view Image of rice with blue background, B: Conversion image, C: Rice shoot area compared with white and blue background images.
KJBS-53-450-f4.tif
Fig. 5
Relationship between digital phenotyping data and actual measurements of plant traits. A: Correlation between plant height and projected shoot height, B: Correlation between shoot area and projected shoot area, C: Correlation between fresh weight and projected shoot area, D: Correlation between dry weight and projected shoot area.
KJBS-53-450-f5.tif
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Determination of the Conditions for Image Analysis of Rice Based on a Crop Phenomic Platform
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):450-457.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2021.53.4.450
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Determination of the Conditions for Image Analysis of Rice Based on a Crop Phenomic Platform
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):450-457.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2021.53.4.450
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Determination of the Conditions for Image Analysis of Rice Based on a Crop Phenomic Platform
Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 The 3D Scananalyzer (LemnaTec GmbH) imaging system at the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. A: Plant growth room and conveyor belt system, B: Imaging chamber containing RGB sensor.
Fig. 2 Schema for algorism of image analysis.
Fig. 3 Examples of image caputure conditions for RGB image sensor in highthrougput phenotyping systems. A: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 100, 50), B: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 100, 75), C: exposure, gain, gamma (30,000, 150, 75).
Fig. 4 Blue background side view color images of rice plants from the RGB imaging chamber. A: Side view Image of rice with blue background, B: Conversion image, C: Rice shoot area compared with white and blue background images.
Fig. 5 Relationship between digital phenotyping data and actual measurements of plant traits. A: Correlation between plant height and projected shoot height, B: Correlation between shoot area and projected shoot area, C: Correlation between fresh weight and projected shoot area, D: Correlation between dry weight and projected shoot area.

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Fig. 5

Determination of the Conditions for Image Analysis of Rice Based on a Crop Phenomic Platform

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