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New Cultivar Developed

조생종 고품질 완전단감 ‘원추’ 육성

마경복1,*, 양상진1, 조예슬1, 조광식2, 강삼석1

Breeding of Early Maturing and High-Quality Sweet Persimmon: ‘Wonchu’

Kyeong-Bok Ma1,*, Sang-Jin Yang1, Ye-Seul Jo1, Kwang-Sik Cho2, Sam-Seok Kang1
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2021;53(4):495-499.
Published online: December 1, 2021

1국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

2영암군 농업기술센터

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: gbma@korea.kr, Tel: +82-61-330-1581, Fax: +82-61-330-1533)
• Received: August 31, 2021   • Revised: September 13, 2021   • Accepted: September 13, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • In 2005, a new persimmon (Diospyros kaki L. Thunb.) cultivar ‘Wonchu’ was derived by crossing ‘Shinsyu’ and ‘Taishu’, and it was finally selected in 2015. In the Yeoung-am province, the average maturing date of the fruit of this cultivar was October 3rd. The quantitative characteristics of the fruit of ‘Wonchu’ include a larger size (324 g on average) and presence of high soluble-solids (approximately 15.1 °Brix). The flesh of the fruit is juicy, has a crispy texture, and tastes good. The shape of the fruit is round oblate (when looked from the side), and the color of its skin is orange. Physiological disorders, such as fruit cracking or fine skin cracking, rarely occur (Registration No. 8579).
  • Keywords: persimmon; tannin; PCNA; high quality
감은 성숙기 과실에 탄닌(Tannin)의 유무에 따라 단감과 떫은감으로 분류되고, 과실에 종자의 유무에 따라 과육의 색이 변하지 않는 완전과 과육의 색이 변하는 불완전 등 4가지 유형으로 분류된다(Hume 1914, Kajiura 1946, Kitagawa & Glucina 1984, Yonemori et al. 2000, Ma et al. 2019, Ma et al. 2020). 즉 1) 완전단감(PCNA, Pollination constant non-astringent); 2) 불완전단감(PVNA, Pollination variant non-astringent); 3) 완전떫은감(PCA, Pollination constant astringent); 4) 불완전떫은감(PVA, Pollination variant astringent) 등이다. 불완전(variant) 유형은 수정에 의해 종자가 생기면 과육이 검은 갈색으로 변하고, 완전(constant) 유형은 종자에 의해 과육의 색이 영향을 받지 않는다(Hume 1914, Ma et al. 2020). 4가지 유형 중에서 PCNA가 과실의 발달 과정에서 종자의 형성에 관계없이 안정적으로 떫은맛이 없어진다. 따라서 PCNA가 과실의 생산 및 유통에 있어서 가장 선호되는 유형이다(Mitani et al. 2014, Ma et al. 2020).
감에서 떫은맛을 내는 탄닌은 과육에 있는 유세포의 이형세포인 탄닌 세포가 액포에 축적되는데, PCNA-type의 경우 다른 3가지 유형(PVNA, PVA, PCA)의 품종들과는 탄닌의 축적에서 차이를 보인다. 즉 PCNA-type은 다른 3가지 유형에 비해 탄닌의 함량이 적고, 탄닌 세포의 크기가 더 작다(Yonemori & Matsushima 1985). 이는 PCNA-type의 경우 과실 발달 초기에 탄닌의 축적이 중단되는 반면 다른 3가지 유형의 품종들은 성숙기까지 탄닌의 축적이 계속되기 때문이다. 결과적으로 PCNA-type들은 과실 발달 초기에 탄닌의 축적이 중단되고, 또한 성숙기에 과육의 탄닌이 불용화 되어 떫은맛이 없어진다(Yonemori & Matsushima 1985, Ma et al. 2020).
단감의 재배면적은 소비 감소에 따른 가격하락으로 2000년 이후 지속적으로 감소하고 있으며, 2021년 재배면적은 8,899 ha로 2000년 대비 61.3%가 감소하였다. 2021년 농업전망의 품종별 재배면적을 보면 만생종인 ‘부유’가 전체의 80%, ‘차랑’이 8%로 만생종 품종의 편중재배가 심하게 나타났다. 단일 품종의 편중재배는 수확시기 노동력 부족 및 홍수 출하로 인한 가격 폭락 등 단감 산업에 큰 문제점을 야기한다. 따라서 단감 산업의 안정적 발전을 위해서는 품질이 우수한 조⋅중생종 품종의 개발 및 보급으로 단일 품종의 편중재배를 해소하고 수확시기별로 단감의 유통량을 안정적으로 공급할 필요가 있다. 또한 추석에는 불완전단감인 ‘서촌조생’이 주로 유통되고있는데, 불완전단감은 수정이 되지 않으면 떫은감이 되어 소비자의 신뢰를 저하시키고, 수정이 되면 탄닌의 불용화로 떫은맛은 없어지지만, 과육이 갈변되면서 과실의 품질을 떨어뜨린다. 따라서 이를 대체할 수 있는 완전단감 품종의 개발이 필요하다. 국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서는 추석에 유통될 수 있는 완전단감 품종인 ‘원추’를 개발하여 품종 보급을 위해 국립종자원에 품종보호 등록하였다.
국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서는 일부 품종의 편중재배를 해소하기 위해 수확시기가 다양한 고품질의 품종을 개발 및 보급하고 있다. 또한 추석에 유통이 가능한 고품질 완전단감 품종을 육성하기 위해 2005년에 전라남도 영암군 소재 배연구소 포장에 식재되어 있는 ‘신추’에 ‘태추’을 교배하였다(Fig. 1). 교배 후 종자를 채취하기 위해 완숙된 과실을 수확하여 상온에 저장하여 과육이 완숙된 후 종자를 분리하였다. 분리된 종자는 흐르는 물에 씻어 약간 건조시키고 벤레이트 수화제로 소독한 후 폴리에틸렌 봉지에 넣어서 파종 전까지 5℃의 저장고에 보관하였다(Cho et al. 2015, Ma et al. 2019, Ma et al. 2020).
2006년 3월 상순 버미큘라이트와 펄라이트(2:1, v/v)를 혼합한 상토에 종자를 섞어 20℃에서 15일 간 최아 시켰다. 최아된 종자는 원예용 상토((주)신성미네랄, Korea)를 담은 지피포트(Round 11×10 cm, Jiffy®, Denmark)에 파종하여, 79개체의 교배실생을 획득하여 2006년 6월 본 포장에 식재하였다(Ma et al. 2020).
교배실생의 수체 생육 및 과실 특성 조사는 농림축산식품부 국립종자원의 신품종 심사를 위한 과실 특성 조사 요령(KSVS 2007) 및 Ma et al. (2019) 방법을 따랐다. 당도는 과실의 중간 부위에서 착즙하여 굴절당도계(Refractometer PAL-1)를 이용하여 측정하였고, 경도는 과실의 중간 부위에서 과피를 제거하고 직경이 Ø8 mm인 헤드(Pressure head)를 이용하여 깊이 10 mm까지 압력을 가한 후 측정하였다. 과즙은 식미로 테스트하였고, 꼭지들림, 과정부 열과 등 생리장해와 과실 및 잎의 모양 등은 육안으로 관찰하였다. 단감 재배지역은 남부지역(경상남도와 전라남도)에 한정되어 시험지 간 환경 변이가 크지 않아 지역적응시험은 따로 거치지 않았다.
육성경위
국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서는 단감 산업의 활성화를 위해 수확시기가 다양하고, 먹기 편한 고품질 품종을 육성 및 보급하고 있다. 2005년에 ‘신추’에 ‘태추’을 교배하여 79계통의 교배실생을 얻었다. ‘신추’와 ‘태추’는 일본에서 개발된 완전단감으로 ‘신추’는 수확시기가 빠르고, ‘태추’는 과실의 품질이 우수하여 각각 교배모본과 교배부본으로 선정하였다. 교배실생 중에서 과실의 생리장해가 없고, 과실의 품질이 우수한 ‘05-17-50’ 계통을 2013년에 1차 선발하여 ‘원교 바-11호’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1). 이 후 과실 및 수체생육 특성을 정밀 검토한 결과 과실 특성의 연차 간 변이가 적고, 과실 품질이 우수하여 2015년 최종 선발한 후 ‘원추’로 명명하였다. 조생종 추석용 품종의 보급을 확대하기 위해 2016년 국립종자원에 품종보호 출원하였으며, 2021년 품종보호등록되었다(등록번호: 제8579호).
생육 특성
‘원추’의 수세는 중간 정도이었고, 나무 형태는 반개장성이었다. 휴면기에 조사한 1년생 가지는 32.5 cm로 짧았고, 굵기는 5.0 mm로 중간이었다. 1년생 가지의 양광면 색은 적갈색이었다. 1년생 가지 중간 부위 5 cm 길이의 피목수는 65개로 적었고, 크기는 2.3 mm로 큰 편이었으며, 모양은 원형이었다(Table 1). 1년생 가지 눈의 측면 모양은 넓은 난형인데 반해 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’은 원형이었다. 엽신의 길이는 12.0 cm, 너비는 9.0 cm이었다. 엽신의 모양은 난형인데 반해 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’은 타원형이었다. 엽신 기부 모양은 둔각이데 반해 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’은 좁은뾰족이었으며, 엽신 정부 모양은 첨두이었다(Table 1, Fig. 2). 나무 꽃의 성표현은 암꽃과 수꽃이 혼재하여 피는데 반해 대조품종인 ‘상서조생’은 암꽃만 피었다. 암꽃화관의 직경은 45.2 mm이었고, 위에서 본 꽃받침의 모양은 정십자형이었으며, 꽃부리 엽의 수는 4개였다.
과실 특성
‘원추’의 수확 시기는 영암에서 3년 평균 10월 3일경으로 ‘상서조생’보다 6일 정도 빨랐다(Table 2). 과실 모양은 편원형이고, 횡단면의 모양은 둥근 부정형이었고, 종단면의 정단부 모양은 편평형이었다(Figs. 3, 4A-4D). 과실의 정단부 골의 정도는 중간이었고, 정부의 얕은 동심원 균열은 없거나 약함이었으며, 정부 열과도 없거나 약함이었다(Fig. 4A). 꽃받침의 자세는 반직립이었고, 꽃받침 끝의 주름은 없거나 매우적었으며, 배꼽 홈의 깊이는 약간 패인 모양이었다(Figs. 4A-4D). 꽃받침 쪽의 홈은 없었으며, 꼭지들림 또한 없거나 약하였다. 악편의 너비는 좁다이었고, 과경의 굵기는 6.5 mm로 두꺼웠다. 떫은맛이 거의 없는 품종으로 과실의 크기는 324 g 정도이고, 당도는 15.1 °Bx 정도이었으며, 과육의 경도는 5.23 kg/8mmø이었다(Table 2). 과실의 표면은 오렌지색이었고 과육색은 유백색이었며, 반점은 없거나 작았다. 또한 과즙이 많고 과육이 아삭하여 식미가 우수하였다(Table 2, Figs. 4C, 4D).
재배상 주의점
‘원추’는 나무의 자람세가 반개장성이고 과실이 크기 때문에 가지가 아래로 처지지 않게 관리하여야 한다. 따라서 유목기부터 지주를 설치하여 주지를 반듯하게 하고, 측지와 결과지를 고르게 배치 해야한다. ‘원추’의 착과량은 엽과비 15~20으로 하고 비상품과실은 조기에 제거해 주는 것이 좋다. 꽃봉오리솎기 작업은 개화 전 10~15일에 결과지 중간 위치에 충실한 꽃봉오리를 남기고 나머지를 솎아주고, 잎 5매 이하 결과지의 꽃봉오리는 모두 제거하는 것이 좋다(Cho et al. 2015, Ma et al. 2019, Ma et al. 2020). 또한 수세가 강하면 과실이 작아지고, 과실의 표면에 골이 생기는 등 비정형 과실의 발생이 많아지는 원인이 되기 때문에 적정 양⋅수분 관리로 수세를 안정시키는 것이 중요하다. 과수원 내부의 통풍을 위해서는 여름철에 도장지의 30% 정도를 제거하고, 나머지는 내년도 결과지 확보를 위해 수평방향으로 유인해 주는 것이 좋다.
‘원추’는 2005년 ‘신추’에 ‘태추’을 교배하였으며, 2015년에 최종 선발하였다. 과실의 숙기는 영암지역에서 10월 3일경이며, 평균 과중은 324 g으로 큰 편이다. 당도는 15.1 °Bx로 높으며, 과즙이 많고, 과육이 아삭하여 식미가 우수하다. 과실의 측면의 모양은 편원형이고 과피색은 오렌지색이다. 과정부 열과, 과피미세균열 등 생리장해가 발생하지 않아 재배 관리가 쉽다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(과제번호: PJ01026603)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Pedigree of ‘Wonchu’ persimmon
KJBS-53-495-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Shapes of leaf blade of ‘Wonchu’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.
KJBS-53-495-f2.tif
Fig. 3
Fruit of ‘Wonchu’ at the harvest time.
KJBS-53-495-f3.tif
Fig. 4
Comparison of the fruit shape of ‘Wonchu’ and ‘Uenisiwase’ persimmon. A: The shape of fruit apex (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); B: the shape of fruit base (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); C: the shape of fruit cross section (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); D: the shape of fruit longitudinal section (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase).
KJBS-53-495-f4.tif
Table 1
Tree characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.
Table 1
Cultivar One-year-old shoot Leaf blade
Length (cm) Thickness (mm) Color of sunny side Number of lenticels Size of Lenticel (mm) Shape Shape of apex Shape of base
Wonchu 32.5±3.5z 5.0±1.5 Red Brown 65±12.5 2.3±0.13 Oval Spire Obtuse angle
Uenisiwase 43.0±3.8 6.3±1.9 Gray Brown 78±15.2 2.4±0.14 Ellipse Spire narrow sharp

zMean±SD

Table 2
Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.
Table 2
Cultivar Maturity Fruit weight (g) Soluble solids (°Bx) Firmness (kg/8mmø) Fruit shape Skin color Flesh juice
Wonchu Oct. 3 324±52.6z 15.1±1.04 5.23±0.10 Oblate Orange Rich
Uenisiwase Oct. 9 219±16.3 14.6±0.40 5.51±0.44 Oblate Orange Medium

zMean±SD

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Breeding of Early Maturing and High-Quality Sweet Persimmon: ‘Wonchu’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):495-499.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2021.53.4.495
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Breeding of Early Maturing and High-Quality Sweet Persimmon: ‘Wonchu’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):495-499.   Published online December 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2021.53.4.495
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Breeding of Early Maturing and High-Quality Sweet Persimmon: ‘Wonchu’
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree of ‘Wonchu’ persimmon
Fig. 2 Shapes of leaf blade of ‘Wonchu’ (upper) and ‘Uenisiwase’ (bottom) persimmon.
Fig. 3 Fruit of ‘Wonchu’ at the harvest time.
Fig. 4 Comparison of the fruit shape of ‘Wonchu’ and ‘Uenisiwase’ persimmon. A: The shape of fruit apex (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); B: the shape of fruit base (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); C: the shape of fruit cross section (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase); D: the shape of fruit longitudinal section (left: Wonchu, right: Uenisiwase).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Breeding of Early Maturing and High-Quality Sweet Persimmon: ‘Wonchu’

Tree characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.

Cultivar One-year-old shoot Leaf blade
Length (cm) Thickness (mm) Color of sunny side Number of lenticels Size of Lenticel (mm) Shape Shape of apex Shape of base
Wonchu 32.5±3.5z 5.0±1.5 Red Brown 65±12.5 2.3±0.13 Oval Spire Obtuse angle
Uenisiwase 43.0±3.8 6.3±1.9 Gray Brown 78±15.2 2.4±0.14 Ellipse Spire narrow sharp

Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.

Cultivar Maturity Fruit weight (g) Soluble solids (°Bx) Firmness (kg/8mmø) Fruit shape Skin color Flesh juice
Wonchu Oct. 3 324±52.6z 15.1±1.04 5.23±0.10 Oblate Orange Rich
Uenisiwase Oct. 9 219±16.3 14.6±0.40 5.51±0.44 Oblate Orange Medium
Table 1 Tree characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.

zMean±SD

Table 2 Fruit characteristics of ‘Wonchu’ sweet persimmon in Yeong-am area from 2013 to 2015.

zMean±SD

Table 1

Table 2

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