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두부 제조용 콩 육종 계통 선발을 위한 두부 간이 제조법 개발

정지영1, 김지민1, 이택림1,3, 허진호1,2, 신일섭1, 이주석2, 강성택1,*

Development of Fast and Simple Processing Method to Evaluate Tofu Traits in Soybean Breeding System

Jiyoung Jung1, Ji-Min Kim1, Taeklim Lee1,3, Jinho Heo1,2, Ilseob Shin1, Ju Seok Lee2, Sungtaeg Kang1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2022;54(1):34-42.
Published online: March 1, 2022

1충청남도 천안시 단대로 119 단국대학교 생명공학대학 식량생명공학전공

2충청북도 청주시 오창읍 한국생명공학연구원 바이오평가센터

3경기도 평택시 오성면 경기도종자관리소

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: kangst@dankook.ac.kr, Tel: +82-41-550-3621)
• Received: January 20, 2022   • Revised: February 11, 2022   • Accepted: February 11, 2022

Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Tofu is produced by mixing condensed soymilk with a coagulant. It has a low calorie and high protein and contains various important vitamins and minerals; therefore, consumption of tofu as a healthy and dietetic food has increased worldwide. For systematic application in breeding programs to increase tofu yield, evaluation of tofu characteristics is essential. To test the various characteristics of tofu, typically, a considerable amount of seeds (approximately 100 g, is required. Here, we propose a simple tofu quality test method requiring a small amount of seeds (15 g), which is 75% less than the amount needed for conventional testing. Tofu was manufactured using 20 soybean varieties with a conventional method (i.e., a tofu making machine, TM) and four simple methods: natural filtering (NF), weight pressure (WP), hand pressure (HP), and rotation machine (RM). The correlation between the five methods was assessed with respect to each tofu characteristic, and the HP and RM methods were statistically similar to the conventional methods, whereas the other methods showed differences. Regarding tofu yield, the HP and RM methods showed significantly higher correlation coefficients of 0.79 and 0.78, respectively, and the coefficient of variation between replications was also low. Therefore, the HP and RM methods were the best to easily characterize the tofu yield using a small amount of seeds. Considering the efficiency of the test, the RM method appears to be more effective than the HP method for testing multiple lines. These results will be used for the identification of quantitative trait locus/genes related to tofu quality and marker-assisted selection of breeding new soybean varieties.
콩 [Glycine max (L.) Merr]은 필수 아미노산이 균형을 이루고 있고 단백질 함량과 지질의 함량이 높아 동물성 단백질을 대체할 수 있는 식량 작물이다. 콩은 전 세계적으로 식용, 사료용, 산업용 원료 등 여러 가지 용도로 이용되고 있으며 동북아시아 지역의 식생활에서 콩나물, 된장, 청국장, 고추장, 두부, 비지 등 다양한 가공식품의 형태로 소비되어 왔으며 최근에는 사포닌, 레시틴 등과 같은 여러 생리활성 물질들의 기능성 성분에 관한 연구가 진행되면서 건강식품으로서도 이용도가 확대되고 있다(Park et al. 2000a).
콩의 용도는 크게 장류용, 두부용, 두유용, 나물용, 밥밑용 콩으로 분류되며 용도별 육종 목표는 장류용 콩은 고단백, 대립, 발효와 관련된 가공 적성, 가공 제품의 냄새 및 수율 등 형질의 개량에 목적을 두며 두부용, 두유용 콩 품종은 두부의 수율, 조직감, 향미, 외관 품질, 단백질 고함량 등에 육종 목표를 두고 있다(Park et al. 2000a). 나물용 콩은 소립종이면서 생산 수율을 가장 큰 육종의 목표이며 밥밑용 콩은 주로 검정색, 갈색, 녹색 등 다양한 종피색과 대립이면서 단맛, 녹색 자엽 등에 목표를 두고 품종 육성이 진행되고 있다(Park et al. 2000a).
두부는 대표적인 콩 가공식품으로서 소화 흡수율이 높고, 값이 저렴하면서 간편하게 이용할 수 있는 식품이다. 경제성장과 건강식품에 대한 기호도가 높아짐에 따라 두부에 함초(Shin et al. 2013), 레트비트(Lee et al. 2019), 유색 옥수수 종실(Kim et al. 2015) 등을 첨가하여 두부의 기호성과 기능성 향상을 위한 연구가 진행되고 있으며 시판 연두부 품질에 관한 연구(Sim et al. 2020a), LOX (lipoxygenase) 결핍콩과 raffinose 및 stachyose 함량이 낮은 콩을 사용한, 제조된 두부의 품질 특성 향상에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다(Lee et al. 2017).
두부 제조 방법은 생추출법, 가열추출법, 전대두 두부법으로 구분되며 다섯 품종(대원, 진풍, 황금, 진미, 만리)을 생추출법으로 제조하여 두부 수율을 비교한 결과, 황금콩, 대원콩, 진풍콩으로 제조한 두부 수율이 240%를 넘어 높은 수율을 보인 반면, 백립중이 작은 진미콩과 만리콩은 두부로 제조 시 수율이 감소하는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다(Yoo 2011). 따라서 두부의 제조 후 수율증대를 위해서는 단위 무게당 단백질 함량과 함께 품종의 수량도 함께 고려되어져야 한다.
식품첨가물공전에서 허용하는 두부 응고제는 황산칼슘(CaSO4), 황산마그네슘(MgSO4), 염화칼슘(CaCl2), 염화마그네슘(MgCl2), 조제해수염화마그네슘(Crude MgCl2), glucono-δ-lactone (GDL)까지 총 여섯 가지로 구분되며, 응고제에 따른 강황 두부의 품질 특성을 살펴본 결과, 강황 첨가 두부의 수율은 밀키마그네슘(소이메이트1-1, ㈜ 태진지엔에스, Korea) 복합 응고제, GDL첨가 두부의 순으로 높은 수율을 나타냈으며, MgCl2 첨가 두부가 가장 낮은 수율을 보였고 응고제에 따라 수율의 차이를 보임을 확인할 수 있었다(Park et al. 2007). 이 외에도 건강에 관심이 높아진 소비자들로 인해 화학적 응고제를 대체할 천연 응고제 및 대체 응고제를 사용한 두부의 제조와 저장성의 연구들도 진행되고 있다(Kim & Park 2006, Hwang et al. 2013).
콩 품종이 두부 품질 특성에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 여섯 품종(새단백, 미소, 대풍2호, 선풍, 새금, 대찬)을 대상으로 연구를 진행 한 결과, 단백질 및 아미노산 함량은 새단백, 미소 순으로 높았으며 두부 수율에서도 단백질 함량이 높았던 새단백, 미소 품종이 가장 높은 수율을 나타내었다(Sim et al. 2020b). 단백질 함량이 높은 품종일수록 두부를 만들었을 때 더욱 단단했으며 두부 경도에 영향을 미치는 원료의 미량인자로는 phytate로 칼슘과 결합하여 콩 단백질이 칼슘과 결합하는 것을 경쟁적으로 저해시키므로 보수력을 증가시켜 부드러운 두부를 형성하는 역할을 하기 때문에 두부제조용 콩 품종 육성시 phytate 전이율이 높은 콩이 유리하다(Park & Hwang 1994, Sim et al. 2020b).
콩은 대부분 가공식품의 원료곡으로 소비되고 있다. 원료곡의 사용자는 소비자와 가공업체이기 때문에 재배적 특성이 우수하더라도 가공 적성이 감소하면 사용가치가 감소하기에 재배적 특성뿐만 아니라 가공적성도 고려한 육종이 필요하다. 가공적성적합 품종 육종을 위한 두부 관련 특성 평가는 대량의 원료 콩이 요구된다. 이러한 제약은 다양한 자원을 동시에 검정하는 데 있어 적합하지 않으며, 대량검정방법의 도입과 함께 가공적성적합 품종 육종을 위한 적은 종자량과 간소화된 두부의 품질 특성검정 방법이 요구된다. 본 연구는 최소량의 종자로 두부 품질 특성을 평가하기 위한 최적의 두부 간이 제조법을 개발하기위해 다양한 방법의 간이제조법을 통해 두부를 제조하고 그 결과를 일반제조법의 결과와 비교하여 최적의 두부 간이제조법을 개발하고자 진행하였다.
실험재료
본 실험은 일반 두부 제조법과 간이 두부 제조법 간의 상호 비교를 통해 최적의 간이제조법을 선정하고자 국내 주요 육성품종 및 재래종 20품종을 콩의 이용 용도에 따라 나물용, 두부용, 장류용, 밭밑용으로 구분하여 사용하였다. 사용된 20품종을 용도에 따라 구분하면 다음과 같다(Table 1). 나물용 콩은 4품종으로 한남(Shin et al. 1995), 갈채(Oh et al. 2009), 신화(Lee et al. 2015), 소원(Park et al. 2000b)이며, 두부용, 장류용 콩은 12품종으로 대풍(Park et al. 2005), 대원(Kim et al. 1998), 단백(Kim et al. 1996), 새단백(Kim et al. 2014), PI96983 (Lee et al. 2015), 하이프로(Kim et al. 2021), 선풍(Kim et al. 2017), 강일(Lee et al. 2015), 대찬(Lee et al. 2015), 백태(시장 구입), 푸른(Lee et al. 2015), 큰올(Lee et al. 2015) 그리고 밭밑용 콩은 4품종으로 청자3호(Yun et al. 2005a), 청두1호(Yun et al. 2005b), 단국대 검정콩 육성계통(Ilpumgeomjeong×PI547426)인 DK1, DK4이다(Table 1).
두부 응고제는 황산칼슘(CaSO4), 염화마그네슘(MgCl2), 염화나트륨(NaCl), 구연산나트륨(C6H5Na3O7)이 일정한 비율로 혼합된 혼합응고제(맛순2100, TaejinGnS, Korea)를 사용하였다.
일반 두부 제조
간이 두부 제조법과 비교하기 위해 100 g의 원료콩과 소형두부제조기(AFC-100A, Soylove, Ronic, Korea)를 이용하여 일반 두부를 제조하였다(Fig. 1). 상세하게 살펴보면, 선정된 20품종을 100 g으로 정선하여 세척 후 12시간 동안 실온에서 수침시킨 후 900 mL 수도수를 가하여 소형두부제조기로 30분간 마쇄 및 가열하여 수용성 물질을 추출하였다. 마쇄한 두미를 스테인리스 체망과 면포(30×30 cm)을 이용하여 두유와 비지를 분리하였고 여과하여 얻은 두유는 스테인리스 용기에 담아 90℃까지 가열한 후 두부 응고용 비커에 담아 80℃에서 응고제인 혼합응고제 용액을 3%로 조정하여 회전 교반하여 넣은 뒤 15분 동안 응고 반응을 주었다. 그리고 응고물을 두부 성형틀(12×10×10 cm)에 넣고 2.5 kg (24×3 cm)의 누름돌로 25분 동안 압착하여 두부를 제조하였다(Fig. 1).
간이 두부 제조
최소량의 종자로 두부 관련 특성을 평가하기 위한 최적의 간이 제조법 개발을 위하여 원료콩의 무게를 15 g으로 최소화하였으며 대량의 자원을 검정할 수 있도록 마쇄 및 가열 과정에서 분쇄기(HR-2860, Philips, Korea)와 항온수조(BW-20G, Waterbath, Jeiotech, Korea)를 사용하였다. 이외에도 응고제의 함량, 누름돌 무게, 성형틀에 차이를 두어 간이 두부 제조 과정을 설정하였다(Table 2).
간이 두부 제조법의 과정은 콩 15 g을 정선하여 12시간 동안 실온에서 수침 시킨 후 135 mL 수도수를 가하여 분쇄기로 1분씩 8회 마쇄한 후 250 mL 비커에 담아 95℃ 항온수조를 이용하여 40분간 가열하였다. 가열한 두미를 두유와 비지로 분리하였고 여과하여 얻은 두유는 250 mL 비커에 담아 90℃ 항온수조에서 10분 동안 재가열 후 혼합응고제 용액을 4%로 조정하여 회전 교반하여 두유에 넣은 뒤 15분 동안 응고시켰다. 응고물을 제작한 두부 성형틀(7×5)에 넣고 1.2 kg의 누름돌을 이용하여 25분 동안 압착하여 두부를 제조하였다(Fig. 2).
위의 공통과정을 바탕으로 두유와 비지를 분리하는 과정에 차이를 두어 네 가지의 간이제조법을 적용하였다(Fig. 2). 자연여과법(Natural filtering method, NF)은 커피여과지(Melitta 1× 2, Melitta, Germany)를 이용하여 자연적으로 두유가 추출되도록 20분간 여과시간을 두었으며(Fig. 2A), 가중압착법(Weight pressure method, WP)은 두미(두유+비지)를 면포(18.5×18.5 cm)에 부은 뒤 600 g의 누름돌로 10분간 압착하여 두유를 추출하였고(Fig. 2B), 수동압착법(Hand pressure method, HP), 은 두미를 면보자기(15×17 cm)에 부은 뒤 압착기(HJ4159, giantmeta, Korea)를 손으로 압착하여 두유를 추출(Fig. 2C)하였으며, 원심분리법(Rotation machine method, RM)은 면보자기(15×17 cm)에 두미를 부은 뒤 탈수기(FD-08BL, Hanil, Korea)의 타이머를 3분간 설정하여 두유를 추출하였다(Fig. 2D).
조사항목
조사항목은 두부 관련 특성으로 두유수율, 비지수율 그리고 두부 수율을 조사하였으며 모든 실험은 품종 별 3회 반복하여 평균 및 표준편차로 나타내었다. 제조방법에 따른 두부 관련 특성 비교를 위하여 덩컨의 다중 검정(Duncan’s multiple range test)을 수행하였고 제조 방법에 따른 두부수율 간 상관 분석(Correlation analysis)을 수행하였다. 모든 통계 분석은 R 4.0.2 (R Studio, Inc.)를 이용하였다(R Core 2020).
두유수율은 여과한 두유의 무게를 전기식지시저울(H34A- 01W, HANSUNG ACE Coporation, Seoul, Korea)로 측정하여 원료대두의 중량과 사용된 가수의 양을 기준으로 제조된 두유의 무게 비율(%)로 계산하였다.
두유 수율(%)=두유의 중량(g)원료 대두의 중량(g)+가수량(g)×100
비지수율은 두미에서 두유를 추출하고 남은 비지를 70℃ 건식 건조기(NB-901M, N-BIOTEK, Korea)에서 100 g의 원료 대두를 사용한 일반 두부제조시 7일 차까지 건조시킨 후 중량을 측정하였으며, 15 g의 원료 대두를 사용한 간이 두부제조시에는 3일 차까지 건조 후 건조 중량을 측정하여 대두의 단위 무게당 비지의 무게 비율(%)로 계산하였다.
비지수율(%)=건조비지의 무게(g)원료 대두의 중량(g)×100
두부수율은 두부성형 후 건조 중량을 측정하여 사용된 원료 대두의 중량을 기준으로 계산하였으며 아래와 같이 수율을 산출하였다. 건조 두부의 중량은 두부성형 직후 70℃ 건식 건조기(NB-901M, N-BIOTEK, Korea)에서 100 g의 원료 대두를 사용한 일반 두부는 7일 차까지 건조시킨 후 중량을 측정하였으며, 15g의 원료 대두를 사용한 간이 두부의 경우 3일 차까지 건조 후 두부중량을 측정하여 사용하였다.
두부 수율(%)=건조 두부의 중량(g)원료 대두의 중량(g)×100
두부 관련 특성 분포
일반 두부 제조법과 네 가지의 간이 두부 제조법으로 제조한 두부 관련 특성 조사 결과는 다음과 같다(Table 3).
두유수율은 일반 제조법에서 평균 88±14.8% 범위를 나타냈고 품종별로 보면 대찬이 91%로 가장 높았으며 강일이 84%로 가장 낮았다. 간이 검정법에서 자연여과법은 평균 39±21.2%의 범위를 나타냈고 선풍이 65%로 가장 높았으며 가중압착법은 평균 58±13.9% 범위에 분포하였고 DK1이 71%로 가장 높았다. 수동압착법은 평균 84±3.2%의 범위를 나타냈고 선풍이 88%로 가장 높았고 원심분리법은 평균 83±2.1%의 범위에 분포하였고 백태가 87%로 가장 높았다. 종합적으로 보면 수동압착법과 원심분리법이 일반제조법과 가장 유사하게 나타났다(Table 3).
비지수율은 일반 제조법에서 평균 19.5±3.5% 범위를 나타냈고 품종별로는 갈채가 26%로 가장 높았고 단백이 12%로 가장 낮았다. 간이제조법 중 자연여과법은 평균 66±17.2%의 범위를 나타냈으며 갈채가 95%로 가장 높았고 선풍이 43.0%로 가장 낮았다. 가중압착법은 평균 40±5.9의 범위를 나타냈으며 대찬이 53%로 가장 높았고 청두 1호가 33%로 가장 낮았으며 수동압착법은 평균 19±4.6의 범위로 나타났고 갈채가 36%로 가장 높았고 청두 1호가 15%로 가장 낮았다. 원심분리법은 평균 19±1.6의 범위로 분포하였으며 갈채가 23%로 가장 높았고 푸른이 16%로 가장 낮았다. 종합적으로 보면 건조무게를 기반으로 한 비지수율은 수동압착법과 원심분리법이 일반제조법과 가장 유사하게 나타났다(Table 3).
두부수율은 일반 제조법에서 평균 50±3.7%의 범위로 분포하였고 단백이 56%로 가장 높았다. 자연여과법은 평균 30±12.6%의 범위로 분포하였고 DK4가 45%로 가장 높았다. 가중압착법은 평균 39±6.7% 범위를 나타냈으며 새단백이 47%로 가장 높았다. 수동압착법은 평균 55±4.6%의 범위로 분포하였으며 DK4가 60%로 가장 높았다. 원심분리법은 평균 52±2.9%의 범위로 새단백이 57%로 가장 높았다. 종합적으로 보면 건조무게를 기반으로 한 두부수율은 수동압착법과 원심분리법이 일반제조법과 가장 유사한 결과가 나타났다(Table 3).
일반 제조법과 유사한 경향을 보이는 간이 제조법을 선정하기 위해 동일한 품종에서 다섯 가지 제조방법을 통해 얻은 결과를 다중 검정(Duncan’s multiple range test)을 실시한 결과 두유수율과 비지수율에서 일반 제조법과 수동압착법, 원심분리법은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 일반제조법과 자연 여과법, 가중압착법은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다(Table 3). 이는 자연 여과법과 가중압착법은 가열한 두미를 두유와 비지로 분리하는 과정에서 두유를 충분히 추출하지 못한 것으로 사료된다. 특히 두부수율에서 일반 제조법과 원심분리법은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았고 자연여과법, 가중압착법, 수동압착법은 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 종합적으로 일반 제조법과 네 가지 간이 제조법의 두부 관련 특성을 비교한 결과 원심분리법이 일반 제조법과 가장 유사한 분포를 보이는 것을 확인하였다(Table 3).
또한 각 제조방법별 안정성을 검정하기 위해 두유수율과 두부수율의 반복간 변이계수(Coefficient of variation)를 측정하여 두부 제조 방법들을 비교하였다. (Fig. 3). 두 형질에서 모두 자연여과법이 가장 큰 변이 계수를 보였고, 그 다음으로 가중 압착법이 컸으며, 일반 제조법에서 가장 낮은 변이 계수가 측정되었다. 이는 앞선 다중검정 결과와 같이 두유와 비지를 분리하는 과정에서 충분한 두유추출이 되지않는 결과에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 반면 수동압착법과 원심분리법은 반복간 변이계수가 낮아 두부 수율에 있어 안정성도 높은 것으로 판단되었다.
간이 두부 제조법 선정
최소량의 종자를 이용하여 대량의 자원을 효율적으로 검정할 수 있는 간이 검정법을 선정하기 위하여 일반 두부 제조법과 네 가지의 간이 두부 제조법에 대한 두부수율 간 상관분석을 수행하였다(Fig. 4).
제조방법 별 두부수율의 분포양상을 살펴보면 일반제조법, 가중압착법, 수동압착법 및 원심분리법은 정규분포를 나타냈으며 자연여과법은 오른쪽으로 치우친 분포를 나타내었다. 두부수율에서 일반제조법과 네 가지 간이제조법의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 일반제조법과 수동압착법(r=0.79***) 및 원심분리법(r= 0.78***)은 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였고, 일반제조법과 수동압착법, 원심분리법 간의 삼전도도 선형관계에 가까운 분포를 보였다(Fig. 4). 또한 일반제조법과 수동압착법과 산점도 분포는 위쪽으로 근접된 분포를 보였으나 일반제조법과 원심분리법의 산점도는 전반적으로 넓고 고르게 분포된 선형 형태의 분포를 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 일반제조법과 자연여과법(r=0.40*) 및 가중압착법(r=0.17ns)은 상관정도가 낮거나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고 비선형 관계의 산점도 분포를 나타내었다.
품종개발은 다수의 계통에서 목표하는 유망한 형질을 보유한 계통을 조기에 선발하는 품종개발 성패의 관건이다. 따라서 육종가들은 다수의 계통을 신속간편하게 검정할 수 있는 다양한 간이선발법을 개발하여 선발의 효율성을 높이고자 한다(Kang et al. 2005). 간이 선발법은 활용의 간편성과 정밀검정법과 높은 상관관계 등이 중요한 요소인데 본 연구에서 일반 제조법과 다수의 간이 검정법 간에 두부 관련 특성 평가에서 가장 중요한 두부수율의 상관 관계를 바탕으로 판단할 때 수동압착법(r= 0.79***)과 원심분리법(r=0.78***)이 일반제조법을 대신할 수 있는 간이 제조 방법이라 판단하였다.
종합하면 일반제조법과 가장 유사한 두부 간이제조법을 개발 위해 다양한 방법의 두부간이제조법을 검정한 결과 각 방법간 비지수율, 두유수율, 두부수율의 평균간 다중검정 결과에서 수동압착법과 원심분리법이 우수하였고, 두유수율과 두부수율의 검정시 반복간 변이계수 측정에서도 수동압착법과 원심분리법이 변이가 적었으며 일반제조법과 간이제조법간 두부수율의 원심분리법과 수동압착법이 높게 평가되었다. 따라서 두 방법을 간이제조법으로 활용이 가능하나 수동압착법은 인력에 의존하므로 한계가 있으나, 원심분리법은 대량의 검정을 실시하거나 실험자가 달라지는 경우 오차를 피할 수 있었고 실험 준비와 진행에 소요되는 시간이 수동압착법보다 단축되는 장점이있다. 따라서 본 연구는 대량 검정 효율을 높이기 위한 연구 방법이 요구되는 상황에서 검정의 효율성과 재현성이 높은 탈수기를 이용한 원심분리법이 두부특성검정용 간이 제조법으로 적합할 것으로 판단하였다.
현재 두부 관련 특성에 대한 평가는 원료콩의 투입량이 많아 검정하는데 어려움이 있다. 따라서 두부 관련 특성을 검정할 간이 검정방법과 육종에 활용될 가공 적성과 연관된 마커 기술 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 20품종 및 계통을 이용하여 일반 두부 제조법과 가장 상관관계가 높은 간이 제조법을 개발하고자 하였다. 국내 콩 20품종을 이용하여 최소량의 종자를 사용해 두부 제조기를 이용한 일반 두부 제조법과 간이 제조법인 자연여과법, 가중압착법, 수동압착법, 원심분리법을 사용하여 두유수율, 비지수율, 두부수율을 측정하였고, 네가지 간이 제조법(자연여과, 가중압착, 수동압착, 원심분리)에 의한 두부특성 결과와 일반제조법에 의한 두부특성 결과를 다중검정과 상관분석을 실시한 결과 일반 제조법과 가장 유사한 분포를 보이며 유의미한 상관관계(r=0.78***)를 보이고 다른 간이 제조법에 비해 효율적인 탈수기를 이용한 원심분리법을 최종적으로 두부 제조 관련 주요 형질 탐색을 위한 간이 제조법으로 추정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 두부관련 품종개발시 최소량의 종자를 이용하여 두부 관련 특성을 효율적으로 검정할 수 있으며 향후 RIL 집단을 이용하여 두부 특성 연관 QTL을 탐색할 수 있고 탐색한 후보 유전자들에 대한 추가적인 검정을 통해 분자생물학적 기작을 구명하여 분자표지 및 고품질 두부용 품종 육성연구의 기반으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
본 연구는 농촌진흥청 바이오그린연계농생명혁신기술개발사업(과제번호:PJ015742)의 연구지원을 받아 이루어진 것으로 이에 감사드립니다.
Fig. 1
Tofu-making process using tofu maker machine.
kjbs-54-1-34-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Four different filtering methods for tofu-making.
kjbs-54-1-34-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Coefficient of variation of soymilk and tofu according to different manufacturing methods for tofu-making.
kjbs-54-1-34-f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Multiple correlation analysis for yield of tofu between a method using tofu maker machine and four different filtering methods in 20 soybean varieties.
kjbs-54-1-34-f4.jpg
Table 1
List of 20 soybean cultivars used for this experiment
Table 1
Cultivar Breeding methods Utility
Hanmam Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Galchae Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Shinhwa Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Sowon Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Daepung Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Daewon Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Danbeak Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Saedanbeak Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
PI96983 Landrace Tofu and Soy sauce
Hipro Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Seonpung Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Gangil Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Deachan Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Baktae Landrace Tofu and Soy sauce
Keunol Pure Line Tofu and Soy sauce
Pureun Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
Cheongja3 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
Cheongdo1 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
DK1 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
DK4 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
Table 2
The differences between control and filtering method for tofu
Table 2
Control Filtering method
Soybean (g) 100 15
Grinding & Heating tofu maker Grinder & Water bath
Coagulation (%) 3 4
Compression (kg) 2 1.2
Molding (cm) 12×10×10 7×5
Table 3
The comparison of three traits (yield of soymilk, tofu residue, yield of tofu) in tofu production process using four different filtering methods
Table 3
trait Controlz Filteringy
method NF WP HP RM
Yield of Soymilk (%)w Mean±SDx 88±14.8a 39±21.2c 58±13.9b 84±3.2a 83±2.1a
Max. 91 65 71 88.5 87
Min. 84 0.7 25 75.9 77
Yield of Tofu residue (%) Mean±SD 19±3.5c 66±17.2a 40±5.9b 19±4.6c 19±1.6c
Max. 26 95 53 36 23
Min. 12 43 33 15 16
Yield of Tofu (%) Mean±SD 50±3b 30±12.6d 39±6.7c 55±4.6a 52±2.9ab
Max. 56 45 47 60 57
Min. 44 0 21 40 45

ztofu maker machine.yNF : Natural filtering, WP: Weight pressure, HP: Hand pressure, RM : Rotation machinexmean values followed by the same letters in a row are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test.wyield was estimated based on dry weight

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Development of Fast and Simple Processing Method to Evaluate Tofu Traits in Soybean Breeding System
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(1):34-42.   Published online March 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.1.34
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Development of Fast and Simple Processing Method to Evaluate Tofu Traits in Soybean Breeding System
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(1):34-42.   Published online March 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.1.34
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Development of Fast and Simple Processing Method to Evaluate Tofu Traits in Soybean Breeding System
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Tofu-making process using tofu maker machine.
Fig. 2 Four different filtering methods for tofu-making.
Fig. 3 Coefficient of variation of soymilk and tofu according to different manufacturing methods for tofu-making.
Fig. 4 Multiple correlation analysis for yield of tofu between a method using tofu maker machine and four different filtering methods in 20 soybean varieties.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Development of Fast and Simple Processing Method to Evaluate Tofu Traits in Soybean Breeding System

List of 20 soybean cultivars used for this experiment

Cultivar Breeding methods Utility
Hanmam Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Galchae Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Shinhwa Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Sowon Artificial Crossing Soy sprouts
Daepung Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Daewon Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Danbeak Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Saedanbeak Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
PI96983 Landrace Tofu and Soy sauce
Hipro Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Seonpung Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Gangil Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Deachan Artificial Crossing Tofu and Soy sauce
Baktae Landrace Tofu and Soy sauce
Keunol Pure Line Tofu and Soy sauce
Pureun Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
Cheongja3 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
Cheongdo1 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
DK1 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice
DK4 Artificial Crossing Cooking with rice

The differences between control and filtering method for tofu

Control Filtering method
Soybean (g) 100 15
Grinding & Heating tofu maker Grinder & Water bath
Coagulation (%) 3 4
Compression (kg) 2 1.2
Molding (cm) 12×10×10 7×5

The comparison of three traits (yield of soymilk, tofu residue, yield of tofu) in tofu production process using four different filtering methods

trait Controlz Filteringy
method NF WP HP RM
Yield of Soymilk (%)w Mean±SDx 88±14.8a 39±21.2c 58±13.9b 84±3.2a 83±2.1a
Max. 91 65 71 88.5 87
Min. 84 0.7 25 75.9 77
Yield of Tofu residue (%) Mean±SD 19±3.5c 66±17.2a 40±5.9b 19±4.6c 19±1.6c
Max. 26 95 53 36 23
Min. 12 43 33 15 16
Yield of Tofu (%) Mean±SD 50±3b 30±12.6d 39±6.7c 55±4.6a 52±2.9ab
Max. 56 45 47 60 57
Min. 44 0 21 40 45
Table 1 List of 20 soybean cultivars used for this experiment
Table 2 The differences between control and filtering method for tofu
Table 3 The comparison of three traits (yield of soymilk, tofu residue, yield of tofu) in tofu production process using four different filtering methods

ztofu maker machine.yNF : Natural filtering, WP: Weight pressure, HP: Hand pressure, RM : Rotation machinexmean values followed by the same letters in a row are not significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test.wyield was estimated based on dry weight

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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