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New Cultivar Developed

과피가 얇고 과심이 작은 배 ‘센스올’

정해원1, 김금선1, 신일섭1, 강삼석1, 이별하나1, 김윤경2, 이인복3, 원경호1,*

“CenSall,” a Pear Cultivar with Thin Fruit Skin and Small Core

Haewon Jung1, Keumsun Kim1, Il Sheob Shin1, Sam-Seog Kang1, Byulhana Lee1, Yoon-Kyeong Kim2, In-Bok Lee3, Kyungho Won1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2022;54(4):448-452.
Published online: December 1, 2022

1국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

2국립원예특작과학원 기획조정과

3국립원예특작과학원 원예특작환경과

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*Corresponding Author: (E-mail: pulpelune@korea.kr, Tel: +82-61-330-1542, Fax: +82-61-330-1503)
• Received: September 5, 2022   • Revised: November 10, 2022   • Accepted: November 11, 2022

Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • “CenSall” is a cultivar that can be easily consumed due to its thin fruit skin and small core. “Whangkeumbae” and “Minibae” were crossed in 1999 to breed this pear cultivar. After the first selection in 2010, regional adaptation tests were conducted in five regions (Suwon, Chuncheon, Jinju, Yecheon, and Naju) from 2011 to 2017. The selected tree exhibited a vigorous spreading form and white flowers. “CenSall” contains 165 mg of pollen per 100 flowers; therefore, it can be used as a pollinator. However, it is sensitive to scabs, and thus, cultivation management to control scab is necessary. “CenSall,” harvested in early August, had a fruit weight of 336.3 g and soluble solid contents of 10.2 °Brix, hardness of 2.4 kg⋅8 mmØ-1, and the fruit skin color was yellowish green. The fruit has many edible portions, accounting for 94.5% of the entire flesh. Notably, only 22.7% of the seeds developed normally but fruited stably. The thickness of the hypodermis was 62.57 μm, which was half the thickness of the main cultivar “Niitaka” (113.49 μm). The cuticle developed without a cork layer, fruit skin was smooth, and it could be eaten with the peel (Registration No. 8046).
  • Keywords: Asian pear; breeding; germplasm; Minibae; Pyrus pyrifolia; Whangkeumbae
배나무속(Pyrus)의 낙엽성 교목인 배는 유럽, 아시아와 북아프리카의 산간지역 등에 분포하고 있다(Hancock 2008). 우리나라를 비롯한 일본과 중국에서 주로 재배되는 동양배(P. bretschneideri, P. pyrifolia, P. ussuriensis)는 풍부한 과즙과 아삭한 육질로 오랫동안 많은 사랑을 받아왔으며, 특히 남방형동양배(P. pyrifolia)에 속하는 우리나라 재배품종은 대과이면서 외관이 정형화된 고품질 과실로 인식되어 선물용, 제수용으로 주로 소비되어왔다.
최근 1인 가구 비중이 지속적으로 증가하면서 과실 크기가 작고, 껍질이나 종자 등 부산물이 없는 간편한 과일의 소비가 증가하는 추세다(KREI 2022). 이에 반해 시장에서 볼 수 있는 대부분의 배는 크고, 껍질이 두꺼우며, 과심이 커서 소비가 감소하고 있다. 이러한 소비트렌드를 반영하여 500 g 내외의 고당도 ‘슈퍼골드’ (Kang et al. 2011), 검은별무늬병 저항성 ‘그린시스’ (Kim et al. 2016b), 껍질째 먹을 수 있는 ‘조이스킨’ (Kim et al. 2016a) 등의 품종을 개발하여 보급하고 있지만 섭취 시 과심, 종자 등 부산물을 줄일 수 있는 단위결과성 배 품종은 아직 보고되어 있지 않다. 특히 동양배의 경우 종자 발육이 착과와 과실 발달을 조절하는 생장조절물질 발생량에 미치는 영향이 커서 종자가 적으면 쉽게 낙과하고 기형과가 발생하기 쉽다(Brault & Oliverira 1995). 하지만 품종에 따라 안정적인 착과에 필요한 생장조절물질의 요구량은 차이가 있기 때문에(Kang 2000), 적은 생장조절물질로도 안정적으로 착과할 수 있는 품종을 개발하고 이를 육종 소재로 활용하여 획득한 단위결과성을 세대진전 하는 것이 필요하다.
본 연구는 껍질이 얇고 과심이 작아 가식 부위가 많으며, 대부분의 종자가 발달을 멈춰도 정상적으로 착과 가능한 ‘센스올(CenSall)’을 개발하여 그 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다.
지역적응시험
지역적응시험(Regional adaptation test)은 2011년부터 2017년까지 7년간 5개 지역(경기 수원, 강원 춘천, 경남 진주, 충남 예천, 전남 나주)에서 수행되었다. 2년생 접목묘를 재식 거리 5×3 m로 5주씩 재식하고, Y자 수형으로 관리하였다. 농촌진흥청 표준재배법에 준하여 관리하였으며 동녹 발생 억제에 효과가 있는 백색봉지를 씌워 재배하였다. 대조 품종은 ‘미니배’를 사용하였다.
특성 조사
교배실생의 수체 생육 및 과실 특성은 농촌진흥청 농사시험연구 조사기준(RDA 2013a)과 배 핵심 집단 구축을 위한 유전자원 특성 조사 매뉴얼(RDA 2013b)에 따라 각 지역별로 2015년부터 2017년까지 조사하였다. 나무 수세, 잎과 꽃잎 모양, 일년생가지 색깔, 과실의 모양과 색깔 등은 육안으로 관찰하였으며 일년생가지의 길이, 두께와 절간장은 캘리퍼스(500-182, Mitutoyo, Japan)를 사용하여 측정하였다. 검은무늬병, 검은별무늬병에 대한 내병성은 자연 이병 개체수를 조사하여 저항성 정도를 판단하였다. 화분량은 풍선상기의 꽃 100화를 채집하여 25℃ 개약기에서 24시간 동안 개약 후 아세톤으로 화분을 추출하여 무게를 측정하였다. 가용성고형물 함량은 과육을 압착하여 착즙한 후 디지털당도계(PR-1, Atago, Japan)로 측정하였다. 경도는 과실의 적도면에서 과피를 제거하고 거치대에 고정시킨 후 8 mmØ plunger (FT-327, Wagner, Italy)가 과육 표면을 뚫고 과육 내로 5 mm가 들어갈 때까지 천천히 힘을 가하여 측정하였다. 가식 부위는 전체 과육 중 과심이 차지하는 부분을 제외한 면적의 비율을 계산하였으며, 활력 종자 비율은 과실 당 전체 종자수에 대한 정상 종자의 비율로 계산하였다.
광학현미경 검경
적숙기의 ‘센스올’과 ‘신고(Niitaka)’의 적도부분 과피를 채취하여 2.5% glutaraldehyde와 1% osmic acid으로 이중 고정하였다. 고정된 시료는 40, 60, 80, 90, 95, 100% 에탄올을 이용하여 탈수하고, 에탄올과 propylene oxide를 1:1의 비율로 섞은 용액에 15분간 시료를 침지시킨 후, propylene oxide로 유리화 하였다. 그 뒤 propylene oxide와 epon을 2:1과 1:1에 섞은 용액에 각각 1시간 동안 처리한 뒤 순수한 epon에서 하룻밤 동안 보관하고, 다음날 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol(DMP-30)이 추가된 epon에 시료를 넣어 60℃에서 4일간 경화시켰다. 그 뒤 얻어진 epon block은 단면도로 trimming 작업을 거쳐 초미세절단기(Powertome X, RMC, USA)에서 1,500 nm의 두께로 절단하여 PAS(periodic acid Schiff) 방법으로 염색한 후 광학현미경(SZX10, Olympus, Japan)을 이용하여 200배율로 관찰하였다.
통계처리
통계분석은 R software package를 이용하였으며, 대조 품종 간의 차이는 t-test로 유의수준 5% (α=0.05), 1% (α=0.001)에서 검정하였다.
육성경위
소비가 편리한 조생종 배 품종을 육성하기 위하여 선황색 과피에 품질이 우수한 ‘황금배(IT226248)’을 모본으로, 과심의 크기가 작은 ‘미니배(IT226175)’를 부본으로 하여 1999년에 100화를 인공교배하였다. 교배를 통해 확보한 종자를 2000년에 파종하여 184주의 교배실생을 획득하였으며 2001년에 시험포장에 정식하였다. 2010년에 과심 크기가 작은 극조생 계통 ‘3-14-112’를 1차 선발하여 ‘원교 나-71호’를 계통명으로 부여한 후 2011년부터 2017년까지 7년간 5개 지역에서 지역적응시험을 수행하였다. 모든 지역에서 품질의 우수성이 인정되어 2017년 농작물 직무육성 신품종선정위원회에 상정하여 심의를 거친 후 ‘센스올’로 명명하였다. 그 후 국립종자원의 재배심사를 거쳐 2020년 식물신품종보호법 제54조에 따라 품종보호등록원부에 등록(품종보호 제8046호)되었다. 육성 경위를 도식화하면 Fig. 1과 같다.
수체 및 화기 특성
‘센스올’의 수세는 강한 편이며 수자는 개장형이다. 일년생 가지의 색깔은 흑갈색, 길이는 84.3 cm, 두께는 8.7 mm, 절간장은 5.7 cm로 조사되었다. 평균 겨드랑이 꽃눈 수는 11.8개인데 대조 품종 ‘미니배’의 15.3개에 비하면 낮은 수준이며, 검은별무늬병에 감수성이기 때문에 검은별무늬병 방제, 신초 유인 등 재배 관리가 필요하다(Table 1). ‘센스올’의 엽신형태는 난형, 엽선형태는 예두, 엽저형태는 원저, 엽연거치는 둔거치이다. 꽃잎 색깔은 흰색, 모양은 난형으로 ‘미니배’와 비슷한 꽃잎 형태를 가지지만 꽃잎 수는 7개로 ‘미니배’에 비해 꽃잎 수가 많다. ‘센스올’은 100화 당 165 mg의 화분을 함유하고 있기 때문에 수분수로도 활용이 가능하다(Table 2).
품질 특성
나주 등 5개 지역에서 2015부터 2017년까지의 과실 특성을 조사한 결과 ‘센스올’의 숙기는 8월 9일로 극조생종에 속한다. 과중은 336.3 g으로 대조 품종 ‘미니배’에 비해서는 큰 편이지만 350.0 g 내외로 중소과를 선호하는 최근 소비트렌드와 잘 맞을 것으로 예상된다. 당도는 10.2 °Brix로 ‘미니배’와 비슷한 수준이지만 경도는 2.4 kg⋅8 mmØ-1로 유연한 편이며 과피색은 황녹색이다. ‘센스올’은 과심이 작기때문에 전체 과육 중 94.5%를 섭취 가능할 정도로 가식 부위가 많다. 또한 대조 품종 ‘미니배’처럼 일반 배 품종의 경우 전체 종자 중 70% 이상이 정상적으로 발달해야 안정적으로 착과하는 것에 비해 ‘센스올’은 평균적으로 22.7%의 종자만 정상적으로 발달하였지만 안정적으로 착과하였다(Table 3). 과실의 착과와 발육은 수정에 의한 종자 형성과 밀접하게 관련되어 있고, 지베렐린은 이에 관여하는 주요한 생장조절물질이다(Kang 2000). 과실 내에서 지베렐린은 종자에서 주로 생성되기 때문에 과실 내에 형성된 종자 수에 의해 지베렐린 생성량이 결정된다(Nitsch 1950, Murakami 1985). 특히 동양배의 경우 종자 발육이 착과와 과실발달에 미치는 영향이 커서 종자가 적으면 쉽게 낙과하기 때문에(Brault & Oliverira 1995), 배에서 단위결과성은 획득하기 힘든 특성 중 하나이다. 현재까지 일부 서양배를 제외하고는 이러한 형질이 발견되지 않았는데(Nyeki et al. 1998, Moriya et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2008), ‘센스올’은 대부분의 종자가 발달을 멈춤에도 정상 착과하는 것을 확인하였다. 서양배인 ‘Bartlett’은 수분과 같은 자극 없이 과실의 발육이 이루어지는 자동적 단위결과가 일어나며 바나나, 무화과, 감귤 등이 이에 속한다(Griggs & Iwakiri 1954). 반면 ‘센스올’은 종자는 형성되었으나 정상적으로 발달이 되지 않고 과실이 비대한 것으로 보아 타동적 단위결과로 생각되며, 일부 포도 품종에서도 이러한 현상이 나타난다(Sarikhani & Wakana 2006).
과피 현미경 검경
‘센스올’ 과피 조직 구조를 알아보기 위한 광학현미경 검경 결과, 큐티클과 한 층의 외표피, 3~4층의 아표피로 구성된 과피 구조를 가지는 것을 확인하였다(Fig. 2). 국내 배 재배면적의 86%를 차지하는 ‘신고’ 와 비교하였을 때(KREI 2022), ‘신고’는 코르크층이 발달하여 껍질째 섭취 시 까끌한 느낌과 동시에 이물감을 주지만 ‘센스올’은 코르크층 없이 큐티클이 발달해 사과와 같이 매끈하다. 아표피의 두께는 ‘센스올’ 62.57 μm, ‘신고’ 113.49 μm 로 ‘센스올’의 아표피 두께가 얇아 껍질째 섭취에도 적합하다. 또한 비슷한 크기의 과실을 횡단면으로 잘라 과심 크기를 비교한 결과 ‘센스올’은 ‘신고’에 비해 과심이 차지하는 면적이 적어 가식 부위가 많았다(Fig. 3).
재배상 주의점
직립성이 강하므로 꽃눈 유도 및 유지를 위해 가지 유인을 철저히 해야한다. 과원에 지나치게 수분이 많거나 과실 비대시 질소가 많이 흡수된 경우 과피에 동녹이 발생할 수 있으나 이는 백색 봉지를 씌워 발생을 경감시킬 수 있다.
‘센스올’은 과피가 얇고 과심이 작아 간편한 섭취가 가능한 품종이다. 1999년에 간편한 섭취가 가능한 배 품종 개발을 목표로 ‘황금배’에 ‘미니배’를 교배하였다. 2010년 1차 선발 후 2011년부터 2017년까지 지역적응시험(경기 수원, 강원 춘천, 경남 진주, 충남 예천, 전남 나주)을 통해 안정성과 균일성이 인정되었다. ‘센스올’은 개장형으로 수세는 강한 편이며 꽃 색은 흰색이다. 100화당 165 mg의 화분을 함유하고 있어 수분수로도 활용 가능하며 검은별무늬병에 감수성이기 때문에 검은별무늬병 방제, 신초 유인 등 재배 관리가 필요하다. ‘센스올’은 8월 초에 성숙되며 과중은 336.3 g, 10.2 °Brix로 대조 품종 ‘미니배’와 비슷한 수준이지만 경도는 2.4 kg⋅8 mmØ-1로 유연한 편이며 과피색은 황녹색이다. 또한 과심이 작아 전체 과육 중 94.5%가 섭취 가능할 정도로 가식 부위가 많으며 22.7% 수준의 정상 발달한 종자만으로도 충분히 안정적으로 착과되는 특성이 있다. 또한 아표피 두께는 62.57 μm로 주 재배품종 ‘신고’의 113.49 μm의 절반 수준이며 코르크층 없이 큐티클이 발달해 매끈하기 때문에 껍질째 섭취가 가능하다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(과제명: 특색있는 중소과 배 품종 육성, 세부과제번호: PJ01515601)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Breeding pedigree diagram of ‘CenSall’.
kjbs-54-4-448-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Cross section of pericarp tissue in ‘CenSall’(A) and ‘Niitaka’ (B) at harvest. (C. cuticle; OE. outer epidermis; H. hypodermis; SC. stone cell; SG. starch granule).
kjbs-54-4-448-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Comparison of fruit core size between ‘CenSall’(A) and ‘Niitaka’(B).
kjbs-54-4-448-f3.jpg
Table 1
Tree characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.
Table 1
Cultivar Tree One-year-old shoot Disease resistance
Vigor Form Color Length (cm) Thickness (mm) Internode length (cm) No. of axillary flower bud Scab Black spot
CenSall Vigorous Spreading Blackish brown 84.3 8.7 5.7 11.8 Susceptible Resistant
Minibae Vigorous Spreading Greenish brown 86.1 9.6 5.1 15.3 Resistant Resistant
t-valuez - - - ns * ns * - -

zns and * mean non-significant and significant difference by t-test at 0.05 level of probability, respectively.

Table 2
Leaf and flower characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.
Table 2
Cultivar Leaf blade Flower Pollen
Shape Leaf tips Leaf base Margin Color Shape of corolla No. of corolla Weight (mg/100 flowers)
CenSall Ovate acute Round Crenate White Ovate 7 165
Minibae Oblong acute Round Crenate White Ovate 5 156
Table 3
Fruit characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in five regions (Suwon, Chuncheon, Jinju, Yecheon, and Naju) from 2015 to 2017.
Table 3
Cultivar Flowering date Maturity date Fruit weight (g) Soluble solid contents (°Brix) Firmness (kg⋅8 mmØ-1) Fruit shape Fruit skin color Edible portion (%) Viable seed set (%)
CenSall Apr.15 Aug.9 336.3 10.2 2.4 Wide ovate Yellowish green 94.5 22.7
Minibae Apr.13 Jul.31 214.9 10.7 3.3 Circle Yellowish brown 86.1 70.0
t-valuez - - ** ns * - - ** **

zns means non-significant, * and ** mean significant difference by t-test at 0.05 and 0.001 level of probability, respectively.

  • 1. Brault AM, Oliverira D. 1995. Seed number and an asymmetry index of 'McIntosh' apples. Hortscience 30: 44-46.
  • 2. Griggs WH, Iwakiri BT. 1954. Pollination and parthenocarpy in the production of Bartlett pears in California. Hilgardia 22: 643-678.
  • 3. Hancock JF. Hancock JF, Okie WR, 2008. Pears. editors. Temperature fruit crop breeding: Germplasm to genomics. Springer. Michigan, USA: pp. 299-335.
  • 4. Kang SS. 2000. Relationship between seed formation and fruit set and development in the oriental pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). MS Thesis Seoul Natl. Univ.. Seoul, Korea.
  • 5. Kang SS, Kim YG, Cho KS, Jeong SB, Hwang HS, Kim MS, Shin IS, Shin YO, Won KH, Choi JJ. 2011. Early matured pear cultivar 'Supergold' with high quality and greenish-white skin for overseas trade. Hortic Sci Technol 29: 645-650.
  • 6. Kim YG, Kang SS, Cho KS, Won KH, Shin IS, Kim MS, Ma KB, Lee IB. 2016a. Breeding of 'Joyskin' pear as fruit for eating with the skin. Hortic Sci Technol 34: 519-524.
  • 7. Kim YG, Kang SS, Won KH, Shin IS, Cho KS, Ma KB, Kim MS, Choi JJ, Choi JH. 2016b. Breeding of the scab-resistant pear cultivar 'Greensis'. Hortic Sci Technol 34: 655-661.
  • 8. KREI (Korea Rural Economic Institute). 2022. Agriculture Observation 'Pear'. KREI; Naju. Korea, http://aglook.krei.re.kr/
  • 9. Moriya Y, Takai Y, Okada K, Ito D, Shiozaki Y, Nakanishi T, Takasaki T. 2005. Parthenocarpy and self- and cross-incompatibility in ten European pear cultivar. J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 74: 424-430.
  • 10. Murakami K. 1985. Distribution of gibberellin A32 and other gibberellins in Rosaceae. Res. Rep. Biol. 1: 1-15.
  • 11. Nitsch JP. 1950. Growth and morphogenesis of the strawberry as related to auxin. Am J Bot 37: 211-215.
  • 12. Nyeki J, Soltesz M, Ivancsics J. 1998. Natural tendency to parthenocarpy of pear varieties in Hungary. Acta Hortic 457: 367-375.
  • 13. Rural Development Administration (RDA).2013a. Manual for agricultural investigation.
  • 14. Rural Development Administration (RDA).2013b. Manual on evaluation of pear germplasms characteristics for pear core collection construction.
  • 15. Sarikhani H, Wakana A. 2006. Effect of ploidy on parthenocarpy in grape cultivars. Acta Hortic 827: 433-438.
  • 16. Zhang M, Li B, Wnag Q, Ding L, Yan X, Xing G. 2008. Study on the mating compatibility of part pear varieties and wild types of Pyrus ussuriensis. Front Agric China 2: 194-199.

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“CenSall,” a Pear Cultivar with Thin Fruit Skin and Small Core
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(4):448-452.   Published online December 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.4.448
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“CenSall,” a Pear Cultivar with Thin Fruit Skin and Small Core
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2022;54(4):448-452.   Published online December 1, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2022.54.4.448
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“CenSall,” a Pear Cultivar with Thin Fruit Skin and Small Core
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Breeding pedigree diagram of ‘CenSall’.
Fig. 2 Cross section of pericarp tissue in ‘CenSall’(A) and ‘Niitaka’ (B) at harvest. (C. cuticle; OE. outer epidermis; H. hypodermis; SC. stone cell; SG. starch granule).
Fig. 3 Comparison of fruit core size between ‘CenSall’(A) and ‘Niitaka’(B).

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

“CenSall,” a Pear Cultivar with Thin Fruit Skin and Small Core

Tree characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.

Cultivar Tree One-year-old shoot Disease resistance
Vigor Form Color Length (cm) Thickness (mm) Internode length (cm) No. of axillary flower bud Scab Black spot
CenSall Vigorous Spreading Blackish brown 84.3 8.7 5.7 11.8 Susceptible Resistant
Minibae Vigorous Spreading Greenish brown 86.1 9.6 5.1 15.3 Resistant Resistant
t-valuez - - - ns * ns * - -

Leaf and flower characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.

Cultivar Leaf blade Flower Pollen
Shape Leaf tips Leaf base Margin Color Shape of corolla No. of corolla Weight (mg/100 flowers)
CenSall Ovate acute Round Crenate White Ovate 7 165
Minibae Oblong acute Round Crenate White Ovate 5 156

Fruit characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in five regions (Suwon, Chuncheon, Jinju, Yecheon, and Naju) from 2015 to 2017.

Cultivar Flowering date Maturity date Fruit weight (g) Soluble solid contents (°Brix) Firmness (kg⋅8 mmØ-1) Fruit shape Fruit skin color Edible portion (%) Viable seed set (%)
CenSall Apr.15 Aug.9 336.3 10.2 2.4 Wide ovate Yellowish green 94.5 22.7
Minibae Apr.13 Jul.31 214.9 10.7 3.3 Circle Yellowish brown 86.1 70.0
t-valuez - - ** ns * - - ** **
Table 1 Tree characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.

zns and * mean non-significant and significant difference by t-test at 0.05 level of probability, respectively.

Table 2 Leaf and flower characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in Naju from 2015 to 2017.
Table 3 Fruit characteristics of ‘CenSall’ in five regions (Suwon, Chuncheon, Jinju, Yecheon, and Naju) from 2015 to 2017.

zns means non-significant, * and ** mean significant difference by t-test at 0.05 and 0.001 level of probability, respectively.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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