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New Cultivar Developed

반직립형의 붉은색 반겹꽃 화단국화 ‘버닝볼’ 육성

김동찬1, 이영혜1, 김송림2, 김년희2, 박기영3, 이정수4,*

Breeding of the Garden Chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’, a Semi-Upright Type with a Red Color

Dong Chan Kim1, Younghye Lee1, Song Lim Kim2, Nyunhee Kim2, Ki Young Park3, Jung-Soo Lee4,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2023;55(1):48-53.
Published online: March 1, 2023

1충청남도 농업기술원

2국립농업과학원

3공주교육대학교

4국립원예특작과학원

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: ljs808@korea.kr, Tel: +82-63-238-6422)
• Received: October 20, 2022   • Revised: October 20, 2022   • Accepted: December 20, 2022

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  • A new garden chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Ramat.) cultivar ‘Burning Ball’ was developed at the Flower Research Institute of Chungcheongnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services in 2011. ‘Burning Ball’ was bred in 2005 through a cross between the ‘05-72-04’ line with a red-purple flower color as the female parent, and the ‘04-26-22’ line with a red-purple flower color as the male parent. Adaptation trials were conducted for two years, from 2006 to 2007, under natural conditions. To identify morphological and genetic originality, we compared the external shape type with ‘Pretty Ball’ and conducted ploidy and RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) marker analyses. The results indicate that the ‘Burning Ball’ cultivar has unique characteristics compared to ‘Pretty Ball’. As a result, ‘Burning Ball’ will be favorably accepted as a novel bed chrysanthemum in the landscaping industry, contributing to farm income (Registration No. 4184)
화단이나 화분에 재배되고 국화에 대하여 가을철 행사로 인하여 수요 증가하고 있어 새로운 품종 개발이 요구되고 있다(Kim & Lee 2012). 화훼류 소비패턴이 ‘직접 키우는’ 즐거움으로 변화되면서(Park et al. 2003), 정원이나 화분에 심을 수 있는 작목에 대한 관심 또한 증가되고 있다(Jung et al. 2012). 화훼 작물 중 국화는 우리나라 3대 주요 작물의 하나로, 국화의 재배면적은 절화는 309.1 ha에 분화는 48 ha인 화훼작물이나, 아직 화단용 국화에 대한 별도의 통계자료는 집계되고 있지 않는 실정이다(MAFRA 2022). 화훼 산업은 사회적 변화로 인해 근래에 생산과 소비가 주춤한 실정이나, 화단국화는 수요가 급증하고 있으며, 국내 문화 수준이나 소득이 지속적으로 향상되고 있어 향후에도 지속적으로 성장할 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 로열티 지불로 인하여 경영비 상승으로 화훼산업 발전에 어려움을 줄 것으로 예상이 된다. 따라서 국내 환경의 여건에 맞는 우수한 품종을 개발하여 산업화 시킴으로써 국내 농가의 로열티를 절감하고 생산비를 낮추어 지속적인 소득원을 창출하는 것이 절실한 상황이다(RDA 2001, Shin 2013). 국화는 사용 목적에 따라 절화국화(스탠다드, 스프레이), 화단국화, 관상국화, 분화국화(포트멈) 등으로 구분된다. 화단국화는 garden mum, 정원국화 또는 multiflora(서유럽 지역)라고도 불리어지고 있으며, 재배는 대체로 5-6월에 발근된 묘를 화분이나 정원에 정식해, 9월 하순 이후에 개화시켜 1개월 이상을 관상하며 적심하지 않아도 되는 반원형의 형태를 갖추는 것으로 알려져 있다(Kim et al. 1998). 화단국화의 활용은 도로변이나 경사지 및 녹지조성으로 식재가 가능하며, 식물원이나 행사장, 공원의 경계지역에서 재배하여 연출할 수 있는 조경용 국화로 앞으로도 농업인들에게 소득원으로 기대된다(Kim & Lee 2012). 화단국화는 절화국화에 비해 수요가 적어 주목받지 못하였으나, 최근 지역자치단체에서 경관조성사업과 지역사회 행사에 쓰이면서 시장에서 새로운 소득 작물로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 2020년에 직무 육성된 화훼 품종은 총 47종으로 국화 신품종 출원 현황을 보면, 보고된 13종의 신품종 중에서 절화용 국화가 10종이며, 분화용 국화가 3종(NIHHS 2020)으로 절화용 품종 육성이 위주이며 특히 화단용 국화 육성이 미미한 형편이다. 따라서 국내 화단이나 조경용 국화 수요에 대한 요구와 기대에 부응하고자 화단용 국화의 육성이 필요하다. 그리고 새로운 수요 증가에 부응하기 위해 충청남도농업기술원 화훼연구소에서는 화단용으로 우수한 화형과 화색 선발 및 조기 개화 특성 등을 갖춘 국산 품종 개발을 추진 하였다(Jung et al. 2012). 본 화훼연구소에서 도로변과 화단의 경계식재용으로 초형이 반직립형이며 초형, 화색과 화형이 우수하고 초형의 관상가치가 높은 화단용 국화 품종인 ‘버닝볼(Burning Ball)’을 육성하였으며, 이에 대한 육성 과정과 특성을 알리고자 하였다.
시험재료 및 재배와 조사 방법
‘버닝볼’을 육성하기 위한 교배모본으로는 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 유전자원으로 보존하고 있는 ‘05-72-04’를 모본으로 ‘04-26-22’를 부본으로 이용하였다. ‘05-72-04’과 ‘04-26-22’을 인공교배하여 F1 식물체를 양성하였다. 교배과정을 거쳐 확보한 종자는 파종 전까지 4±1℃ 냉장고에 보관하였고, 파종 전 종자는 육안 선별 후 3월 1일에 128구 트레이에 1구 1립씩 파종하였고, 정식은 노지 포장에 5월 25일에 하였다. 종자 파종용 상토는 인공상토(피트모스:펄라이트:질석=1:1:1(v/v))를 이용하여 128공 쏘일트레이(54×28×4 ㎤)에 이용하였으며, 육묘는 화훼연구소 유리온실에서 약 80일간 하였다. 특성검정을 위해 화훼연구소 노지포장에서 무적심재배로 50×50 ㎝ 간격으로 식재하여, 무적심 재배를 하였다. 시비는 농촌진흥청 작물별 시비처방기준(NIAST 2003)에 따라 조성하였고, 생육 특성은 농촌진흥청 농사시험연구조사기준(RDA 2003)을 따랐다. 식물체 색상은 영국왕립원예학회의 칼라챠트(RHS 2001)를 이용하여 비교하였으며, 특성조사는 국립종자원의 신품종 출원 및 심사를 위한 특성조사요령(KSVS 2008)에 따라 실시하였다.
유전자 분석

1. Genomic DNA 추출

육성품종인 ‘버닝볼’과 대조품종인 ‘프리티볼’의 잎 200 mg을 Tissue Lyser II(Qiagen Co. USA)를 이용하여 마쇄한 것을 DNA의 추출시료로 이용하였다. DNA의 추출은 농업기술실용화재단에서 확립된 CTAB(cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide)방법을 사용하였다. 추출한 DNA는 Nanodrop(Thermo Scientific Co. USA)를 이용하여 정량한 후 분석하였다.

2. RAPD 및 전기영동

Williams et al.(1990)의 방법을 다소 변형하여 RAPD를 행하였으며, 품종 간의 비교를 위하여 양친 및 품종을 구별할 수 있는 프라이머 OP9(5’-GGGTAACGCC-3’) 및 OP14(5’-GTCC ACACGG -3’), OP15(5’-TTCCGAACCC-3’)으로 품종 간의 차이 비교에 이용하였다. 반응조건은 10 ng의 template DNA 200 nM의 임의 primer, 각각 100 μM의 dATP, dTTP, dGTP, dCTP, 1xTaq polymerase buffer(10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.001% gelatin)와 0.8 unit의 Taq DNA polymerase를 포함한 25 μL의 반응액으로 하였다. 증폭은 94℃에서 3분간 template DNA를 변성시킨 후, 94℃에서 1분간 변성, 37℃에서 1분간 primer annealing, 72℃에서 2분간 합성(extension)과정을 45회 반복하였다. PCR 산물은 1.5% agarose gel에 전기영동한 후(4V/cm), ethidium bromide (0.5 g⋅mL-1)로 염색 후 UV상에서 촬영하였다(Hoefer Co., USA).

3. 표현체 분석

‘버닝볼’과 ‘프리티볼’의 꽃을 각 10개씩을 잘라내어 포토박스 안에서 디지털카메라를 이용하여 가시광(RGB) 영상을 촬영하였다. 이때 객체와 배경 분리를 더 용이하게 하기 위해서 파란색 배경지를 사용하였다. 카메라 스탠드에 가시광 카메라(ILCE-6000, F/13, 1/6초, ISO-100, 초점거리30 mm)를 고정하여 상단(top-view)에서 꽃을 촬영하였다. 꽃의 색상 분석은 image J 프로그램을 사용하였다(Rasband 2018). 촬영된 영상은 분석을 위해 파란색 배경을 원할하게 분리할 수 있도록 Lab 색상 채널을 이용하여 스케일 바 설정 및 영역 설정, 객체 분할, 노이즈 제거 후 영상처리하여 결과값을 얻었다. 국화의 화색은 색상(Hue)를 360단계에서 90단계로 변환하여 색상 값의 히스토그램으로 표시하였다.
육성 경위
화단국화 ‘버닝볼’은 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 유전자원으로 보존하고 있는 계통을 교배하여 육성하였다. ‘버닝볼(Burning Ball)’ 품종은 겹꽃 화형의 적자색이고 초형은 반구형 특징을 가진 ‘05-72-04’를 모본으로하여 반겹꽃 화형의 적자색이고 초형은 반구형 특징의 ‘04-26-22’을 부본을 2005년에 인공교배하여 얻은 실생 계통에서 초형이 반직립형이고 화색이 붉은색으로 줄기 강도가 강한 ‘YCG 06-37-03’ 계통을 1차 선발한 후 2006년부터 2007년까지 2차에서 걸쳐 생육특성 검정과 함께 모주 증식을 실시하였다. 2008년부터 2010년까지 3회에 걸쳐 안정성 검정과 품종 고유특성 변화가 없는 균일성에 대한 연차별 재현성 그리고 생산성을 검정을 실시하였으며 그 결과 화색, 화형 및 생육특성이 우수한 계통인 ‘YCG 06-37-03’ 최종 선정하여, ‘예산G-28호’로 재명명하였다. 2010년 농촌진흥청 신품종 육성 직무심의회 상정 후 심의를 통과하여 ‘버닝볼(Burning Ball)’로 명명하였으며, 품종의 육성과정은 Fig. 1과 같다.
생육 및 농업적 특성
‘버닝볼(Burning Ball)’은 화단용 국화로 화색은 적색이며 적심을 하지 않아도 반직립형으로 자라는 특징을 가지며(Fig. 2), 화경이 큰 품종이다. ‘버닝볼’의 초형은 Fig. 2에서와 같이 반직립형으로 적심을 하지 않아도 기부에서 신초가 발생되어 초형이 안정적으로 형성되는 만생종 품종이다. ‘버닝볼’의 초장은 32.4 cm 였으며 초폭은 55.5 cm 였다. 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’의 초장은 31.0 cm 였으며 초폭은 41.5 cm 였다. 초장은 ‘버닝볼’이 ‘프리티볼’보다 1.4 cm정도가 컸으며, 초폭에 있어서는 14.0 cm 더 큰 반직립형 모양을 갖추었다. 모본인 ‘05-72-04’은 초장과 초폭이 30.1 cm와 43.1 cm 이었으며, 부본인 ‘04-26-22’는 34.3 cm와 56.9 cm이었다. ‘버닝볼’의 화형은 반겹꽃으로, 모양이 아네모네 형에 가까운 형태이다(Fig. 2). 꽃차례가 두상화로서 화심 부분의 통상화는 노란색 빨대 모양이며, 설상화는 적색의 색상으로 구두주걱 모양의 긴 타원형으로 표면에 다소 이랑이 존재하며 꽃잎이 수평으로 방향으로 위치하여 있다(Fig. 2). ‘버닝볼’의 화경(화폭)은 4.7 cm로 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’의 3.4 cm, 화경은 ‘버닝볼’이 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’ 보다 1.3 cm 정도의 큰 크기를 가졌다(Table 1). 또한 ‘버닝볼’의 꽃잎 수는 151.7개에 꽃수가 361.5개로 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’의 꽃잎수 145.3개와 꽃수 460.2개로, 꽃의 꽃잎수는 대조에 비해서는 6.4개 많았으며, 주당 착화된 꽃수는 대조에 비해 98.7개 적은 것으로 나타났다(Table 1). 공시된 품종 모두 5월 25일에 삽목묘를 정식한 것으로 ‘버닝볼’이 10월 16일로 대조품종인 ‘프리티볼’이 10월 9일에 비해 7일 정도 늦게 개화가 이루어지는 만생종인 것으로 나타났다. ‘버닝볼’의 화색은 RHS color chart에 의하면 172A로 Grayed-Orange Group, ‘프리티볼’이 179B의 Grayed-Red으로 ‘버닝볼’이 대조구 보다 연한 적색을 띄는 것으로 나타났다. ‘버닝볼’의 엽색은 137D로 Green Group이었으며, ‘프리티볼’ 또한 137C로 같은 녹색 계통이었다(Table 2). ‘버닝볼’은 선발 후 평가에서 화색이 밝은 적색으로 초형이 매우 안정적인 반직립형으로 도로변과 화단 등 경계식재용과 화분재배에도 적합할 것으로 평가를 받았다. 화단국화 재배품종의 화색은 주로 노란색이지만, 다양한 화색과 화형을 요구하는 재배농가와 소비자를 만족시키고, 경관조성 조경식재 현장에 활용 가능한 적색의 반직립형의 반겹꽃을 가지고 있는 국화를 육성하게 되었다. ‘버닝볼(Buring Ball)’은 종자산업법에 의거해서 2011년에 품종보호권을 출원(출원번호 : 제 2011-174호)하여 품종 임시보호권을 승인 받았으며, 종자산업법 제 55조에 의해 재배심사를 실시하여 국화 신품종 ‘버닝볼(Buring Ball)’으로 등록(품종보호 제 4184호)하였다. 반직립형인 ‘버닝볼’은 적심을 하지 않아도 기부에서 신초가 발생되어 초형이 안정적이며, 줄기 강도가 강해 수관부가 쪼개지지 않아 도로변과 화단 등 경계식재용과 화분재배에 활용이 가능하다.
품종의 구별성(유전적 분석)
유전자 분석 결과, 시료 내 변이는 매우 낮아 선발한 primer를 이용한 품종 간 비교가 가능하였다. ‘버닝볼’과 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’ 간에 primer를 이용하여 품종 간 밴드 패턴을 비교한 결과, 600 bp와 1.8 kbp에서 품종 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다(Fig. 3). 외형적으로는 대조 품종의 ‘프리티볼’과 육성 품종인 ‘버닝볼’은 초형과 화형에서 다소 유사한 형태를 보였이기도 하였으나, primer를 이용한 품종 간 비교에 의해 유전적 관계는 전혀 다른 품종인 것으로 나타났다. 기존의 화훼 분석(Cheong et al. 2012)과 마찬가지로 본 연구에서는 유전자 분석을 통해 ‘버닝볼’과 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’과의 차별성을 확인하였다.
표현체 분석
표현체의 분석을 통하여 객관적인 꽃 색상을 분석한 결과, ‘버닝볼’과 대조 품종인 ‘프리티볼’ 의 색상이 주황색과 적색에 걸쳐 분포하는 것으로 나타났다(Fig. 4). 이중에서 Hue를 90단계로 구분한 색상 값의 히스토그램을 보면, ‘버닝볼’은 주로 0-5단계에서 색상이 분화하며 2단계(전체 꽃 면적의 약 30%를 차지)에서 피크를 보인 반면에 ‘프리티볼’은 0-11단계에서 색상 분포하였으며, 6단계(전체 꽃 면적의 약 17% 차지)에서 피크를 보였다. 이를 보면 ‘버닝볼’이 색상 분포면에서도 프리티볼보다 좁게 분포하고 있었고, 적색에 가까운 색상을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.
재배상의 유의점
영양생장기에는 생육이 왕성하도록 비배관리를 철저히 해야 하며, 온실이나 비가림재배 시 도장 및 분지성 확보를 위해 적심을 실시해야 한다. 또한, 내습성이 강한 편이나 배수가 잘되게 하는 것이 좋다. 재배 시 번식을 위한 삽수는 모주 정단부를(5-6 cm 정도)이용하며, 정식 시는 발근묘는 외관상으로도 건전하고 활력이 있는 것을 식재하는 것이 후기 생육도 왕성하였다(자료 미제시). 정식할 때 뿌리의 발근이 양호하고, 병충해 피해가 없는 것을 사용하여야 한다. 햇빛이 잘 들고 유기물이 풍부한 토양에 식재하고, 정식 후에는 초기 활착이 촉진되도록 비배관리에 유의한다. 노지 재배의 경우에는 배수가 잘되도록 포장 관리를 하고 장마가 시작되기 전에 토양에 활착이 되도록 하는 것이 습해 피해를 줄일 수 있다(RDA 2002, YCES 2014). ‘버닝볼’은 중형 화분에 5월정도 식재하여 분화용으로 이용 가능하며, 자라는 형태는 반직립형으로 반구형 형태와는 다른 초형을 지니고 있다. 이용 면에서 보면 ‘버닝볼’은 개화 시기가 늦은 만생종으로 ‘버닝볼’은 노지에서 재배되는 화단용 국화의 품종으로 흰녹병이 발생으로 인한 병해에 대한 우려가 적다. 초가을 행사 시 서리피해가 발생할 수 있어 화단용으로 식재시 이를 유의하여야 한다. 화분재배의 경우는, 늦가을에서 초겨울까지 전시용으로 이용하기에는 적합하다.
적색 화단국화 품종인 ‘버닝볼’은 ‘05-72-04’를 모본으로 ‘04-26-22’를 부본으로 인공 교배하여 충남농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 육성되었다. ‘버닝볼’은 2005년에 인공 교배하여 2008년부터 2010년까지 품종의 특성을 조사하였고, 2010년에 최종 선발하였다. ‘버닝볼’의 초형은 반직립형이며, 화형은 적색 꽃잎을 가진 반겹꽃형이다. 이 꽃의 개화기는 10월 16일이며, 화경은 4.7 cm, 착화수는 본당 361.5화이고, 꽃잎수는 151.7매이다. 엽색은 녹색 (Green Group 137D)이고, 초장은 32.4 cm인 품종이다. ‘버닝볼’은 도로변이나 화단 등의 조경용 국화로서 활용이 가능하며 화훼 농가의 새로운 소득원으로 기대된다.
본 연구과제는 농촌진흥청과 국립원예특작과원의 공동 연구(PJ00653005)로 이루어진 성과물로서 이를 알려드립니다. 본 지면을 통하여 유전자 분석으로 연구 수행에 도움을 주신 김기택 님에게 감사를 드립니다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of a chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Burning Ball’.
kjbs-55-1-48-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
The flower of chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Burning Ball’(A) and ‘Pretty Ball’(B).
kjbs-55-1-48-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) fingerprinting using ‘D09’ primer of ‘Burning Ball’ and ‘Pretty Ball’ (control). Arrows represent different polymorphic patterns. Lannes 1-3, ‘Burning Ball’; lanes 4-6, ‘Pretty Ball’. M represent size marker of gene fragment.
kjbs-55-1-48-f3.jpg
Fig. 4
Flower color analysis of new chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Burning Ball’ and ‘Pretty Ball’ according to hue in Hue channel.
kjbs-55-1-48-f4.jpg
Table 1
Characteristics of a chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Burning Ball’.
Table 1
Cultivar Day to first bloomingy Plant height (cm) Plant width (cm) Flower diameter (mm) No. of petals/flower No. of flowers/plant
‘05-72-04’(♀) 28th Sept. 30.1±1.6 43.1±4.1 3.6±0.4 142.4±10.3 531.4±8.9
‘04-26-22’(♂) 8th Oct. 34.3±2.8 56.9±3.4 3.8±0.3 138.6±9.4 473.5±6.8
‘Burning Ball’ 16th Oct. 32.4±1.3 55.5±2.2 4.7±0.6 151.7±12.8 361.5±7.1
‘Pretty Ball’ 9th Oct. 31.0±1.9 41.5±3.1 3.4±0.3 145.3±7.4 460.2±6.5

zMean±standard deviations (n=30)

yNatural season, planted on 25th. May.

Table 2
Inherent morphological and dormancy characteristics of a chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’.
Table 2
Cultivar Flower type Flower colorz Dormancy
Petal Leaf Stem
‘05-72-04’(♀) Decorative 73A(Red-Purple)z 139B(Green) 141C(Green) Strong
‘04-26-22’(♂) Semi-Double N66C(Red-Purple) 137D(Green) 139B(Green) Strong
‘Burning Ball’ Semi-double 172A(Grayed-Orange) 137D (Green) 143C (Green) Strong
‘Pretty Ball’ Semi-double 179B(Grayed-Red) 137C (Green) 137C (Green) Strong

zRHS color chart (The Royal Horticulture Society)

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Breeding of the Garden Chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’, a Semi-Upright Type with a Red Color
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(1):48-53.   Published online March 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.1.48
Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.
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Breeding of the Garden Chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’, a Semi-Upright Type with a Red Color
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(1):48-53.   Published online March 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.1.48
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Breeding of the Garden Chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’, a Semi-Upright Type with a Red Color
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of a chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Burning Ball’.
Fig. 2 The flower of chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Burning Ball’(A) and ‘Pretty Ball’(B).
Fig. 3 Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) fingerprinting using ‘D09’ primer of ‘Burning Ball’ and ‘Pretty Ball’ (control). Arrows represent different polymorphic patterns. Lannes 1-3, ‘Burning Ball’; lanes 4-6, ‘Pretty Ball’. M represent size marker of gene fragment.
Fig. 4 Flower color analysis of new chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Burning Ball’ and ‘Pretty Ball’ according to hue in Hue channel.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Breeding of the Garden Chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’, a Semi-Upright Type with a Red Color

Characteristics of a chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Burning Ball’.

Cultivar Day to first bloomingy Plant height (cm) Plant width (cm) Flower diameter (mm) No. of petals/flower No. of flowers/plant
‘05-72-04’(♀) 28th Sept. 30.1±1.6 43.1±4.1 3.6±0.4 142.4±10.3 531.4±8.9
‘04-26-22’(♂) 8th Oct. 34.3±2.8 56.9±3.4 3.8±0.3 138.6±9.4 473.5±6.8
‘Burning Ball’ 16th Oct. 32.4±1.3 55.5±2.2 4.7±0.6 151.7±12.8 361.5±7.1
‘Pretty Ball’ 9th Oct. 31.0±1.9 41.5±3.1 3.4±0.3 145.3±7.4 460.2±6.5

Inherent morphological and dormancy characteristics of a chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’.

Cultivar Flower type Flower colorz Dormancy
Petal Leaf Stem
‘05-72-04’(♀) Decorative 73A(Red-Purple)z 139B(Green) 141C(Green) Strong
‘04-26-22’(♂) Semi-Double N66C(Red-Purple) 137D(Green) 139B(Green) Strong
‘Burning Ball’ Semi-double 172A(Grayed-Orange) 137D (Green) 143C (Green) Strong
‘Pretty Ball’ Semi-double 179B(Grayed-Red) 137C (Green) 137C (Green) Strong
Table 1 Characteristics of a chrysanthemum cultivar ‘Burning Ball’.

zMean±standard deviations (n=30)

yNatural season, planted on 25th. May.

Table 2 Inherent morphological and dormancy characteristics of a chrysanthemum ‘Burning Ball’.

zRHS color chart (The Royal Horticulture Society)

Table 1

Table 2

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