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New Cultivar Developed

열대 적응형 조숙 다수성 단교잡종 옥수수 ‘케이엠3’

배환희1,*, 하준영1, 고영삼1, 손재한1, 이기범2, 최유찬1, 정희채1, 신성휴3, 김기영1, 정태욱1

‘KM3’: A Tropical Early-Maturing and High Grain Yield Single Cross Corn Hybrid

Hwan-Hee Bae1,*, Jun Young Ha1, Young-Sam Go1, Jae-Han Son1, Gibum Yi2, Yoo-Chan Choi1, Hi-Che Chung1, Seong-Hyu Shin3, Ki-Young Kim1, Tae-Wook Jung1
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2024;56(2):139-145.
Published online: June 1, 2024

1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원

2충남대학교 농업생명과학대학

3농촌진흥청

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*Corresponding to Hwan-Hee BaeTEL. +82-31-695-4038FAX. +82-31-695-4029E-mail. miami9@korea.kr
• Received: April 17, 2024   • Revised: April 25, 2024   • Accepted: April 30, 2024

Copyright © 2024 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • ‘KM3’ is an F1 hybrid maize developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), for the Southeast Asian seed market. This hybrid was obtained by crossbreeding two inbred lines—14K26 and 15VL027. The hybrid was evaluated in a crop-year yield trial in Cambodia, followed by country adaptability trials in Cambodia and Indonesia in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The flint-like seed type of ‘KM3’ makes it suitable for both food and feed, demonstrating its adaptability to Southeast Asia. ‘KM3’ exhibited early maturity, high grain yield as an F1 hybrid, and resistance to downy mildew. The silking date of ‘KM3’ was two days earlier than that of the leading cultivar ‘CP888’ in Cambodia, with a grain yield of 913 kg/10a, outperforming ‘CP888’ by 26% (Registration No. 9319).
옥수수(Zea may L.)는 쌀, 밀과 함께 세계 3대 식량작물 중 하나이다. 2023년 옥수수 생산량은 11억 5,400만 톤으로 쌀(5억 5,790만 톤)과 밀(7억 8,065만 톤)의 생산량을 넘어 전 세계에서 가장 많이 생산되는 작물이다(KREI 2023). 전 세계 인구의 꾸준한 증가로 농업 생산량 증가의 필요성이 강조되고 있고 이로 인해 다양한 작물에 대한 종자 수요가 증가하고 있다. OECD/FAO의 옥수수 수급 전망에 따르면 전 세계 옥수수 생산량과 소비량 또한 2032년까지 지속적으로 증가할 것으로 예상된다(OECD/FAO 2023). 글로벌 종자 시장 규모는 2027년까지 547억 달러에 달할 것으로 추정되고 이에 따라 글로벌 종자 기업들은 상당한 수익을 창출할 것으로 보인다(MAFRA 2023).
과거에는 농업활동이 소규모로 이루어졌기 때문에 자가 채종 중심으로 종자 수급이 이루어졌다. 자가 채종은 종자를 구입할 필요가 없기 때문에 비용 측면에서 효율적이고 각 지역마다 고유한 자원들이 유지된다는 장점이 있지만, 종자의 품질이 균일하지 않고 형질 개량이나 신품종 개발에 취약하다는 단점이 있다. 농업 생산 규모가 확대되고 육종 기술이 발전함에 따라 종자 생산과 유통을 전문적으로 담당하는 종자 회사들이 등장하였고 우량종자의 대량생산이 가능해지게 되었다. 종자는 작물 생산뿐만 아니라 생산 이후의 유통, 가공, 저장의 방향까지 결정하기 때문에 농자재산업과 가공⋅유통 산업에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 최근 전 세계적인 기상이변, 바이오 연료 수요의 증가, 신흥경제국의 도시화와 소득 향상에 따른 농작물 소비 증대 등으로 국제곡물 수급의 불안정 기조가 확대되고 있어 식량주권을 지키기 위해 종자 확보 경쟁도 가속화되고 있다.
국가 기간 산업으로서 종자산업의 중요성이 증대되고 있고 종자 강국들은 우수한 유전자원 확보와 지식재산권 선점을 위해 국가 차원의 지원이 이루어지고 있다. 우리나라에서도 벼, 옥수수, 콩, 보리와 같은 주요 곡물 종자는 국민의 먹을거리와 직결되기 때문에 정부가 생산하여 보급하고 있고, 정부 주도로 종자 산업을 육성하기 위해 다양한 노력이 이루어지고 있다. 하지만 협소한 국내시장 중심의 종자산업 육성 정책은 성장 한계가 있다. 국내 옥수수 육종 연구는 국립식량과학원을 중심으로 Non-GMO 옥수수 1대 교잡계 품종개발 연구가 수행되고 있다. 국내 옥수수 육종 기술의 발전으로 종실 수량이 8톤/ha 이상인 ‘신황옥’, ‘신황옥2호’, ‘수안옥’과 같은 우수 품종을 개발해 글로벌 종자 기업과의 격차를 좁혀가고 있다(NICS 2019). 국립식량과학원은 해외 종자 시장 진출을 목표로 2013년도부터 동남아시아 현지 품종 개발 연구를 수행해 왔다. 그 결과 등 동남아시아 현지 적응성 품종인 KM1을 개발하여 베트남에 품종 출원을 하였으며, 이후 개발한 ‘케이엠2’, ‘케이엠3’, ‘케이엠5’도 품종 출원 및 등록을 진행하여 이를 통해 해외 종자 시장 진출의 발판을 마련하고자 한다(Bae et al. 2021, Baek et al. 2019). 이상기후와 현지 종자 수요에 대응하기 위해서는 현지 적응 품종을 다양화하는 것이 중요하다. 이에 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서는 캄보디아 현지 육종포장에서 새로운 열대 적응 조숙 다수성 신품종 ‘케이엠3’를 개발하였고, 이 품종의 육성 경위와 주요 특성 그리고 품질 특성 및 수량성 등을 보고하고자 한다.
계통육성 및 농업 특성 조사
종자친(모본)인 ‘14K26’은 2002년에, 화분친(부본)인 ‘15VL027’은 2010년에 수집한 자원을 일수일렬법으로 7세대에 걸쳐 자식(selfing)시켜 계통으로 육성하였고 ‘14K26’은 2014년에, ‘15VL027’은 2015년에 계통명을 부여하였다. 2016년에 ‘14K26’과 ‘15VL027’을 상호교배하여 얻은 F1 우량교잡계를 2016년 하반기부터 2017년까지 2년간 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 국가별 특성검정시험을 수행하였다. 특성 검정 수행 시 캄보디아 대조품종은 태국 CP사에서 개발한 ‘CP888’을, 인도네시아 대조품종은 Pioneer에서 개발한 ‘P21’을 사용하였다.
국가별 적응성 시험을 위한 파종은 캄보디아에서는 2016년 11월 17일과 2017년 5월 30일에, 인도네시아에서는 2016년 12월 5일과 2017년 5월 31일에 파종하였다. 2 립씩 파종하여 3~4 엽기에 1 개체만 남기고 솎았으며, 재식밀도는 5,700본/10a(70×25 cm)으로 하였다. 시비량은 10a당 N-P2O5-K2O = 17.4-3.0-6.9 kg으로, 질소(N) 8.7 kg, 인산(P2O5) 3.0 kg, 칼리(K2O) 6.9 kg을 기비로 파종 전에, 파종 후 본엽 7~8엽기에 질소(N) 8.7 kg을 추비로 시용하였다. 퇴비는 10a당 2톤을 시용하였다.
‘케이엠3’의 고유특성 평가는 국립종자원의 신품종 심사를 위한 작물별 특성 조사 기준(KSVS 2019)에 따랐다. 출사일수는 파종 후 출사까지의 일수로 측정하였다. 간장은 지면에서 웅수 가장 아래 마디까지의 길이를 측정하였고, 착수고율은 지면으로부터 최상단 이삭이 달린 마디까지의 높이를 측정하여 간장에 대한 비율로 계산하였다. 도복, 깨씨무늬병(Southern leaf blight), 노균병(Downy mildew)은 자연발생조건에서 평가하였다. 기타 농업 특성과 수량성은 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따라 조사하였다.
품질 특성 평가
‘케이엠3’의 조단백 함량, 전분 함량, 지방산 조성 평가는 국립식량과학원에서 2017년 캄보디아에서 생산한 종자를 이용하여 분석하였다. 옥수수 종실의 조단백 함량은 TruMac N analyzer (Leco, Michigan, USA)를 이용하여 듀마스법(Dumas method)으로 정량하였다. 전분 함량은 total starch assay kit(K-TSTA, Megazyme International Ireland Ltd. Wicklow, Ireland)를 이용하여 AOAC 방법으로 측정하였다. 지방산 조성은 시료 0.5 g과 추출용매(methanol: heptane: benzene: 2,2-dimethoxypropane: sulfuric acid = 37: 36: 20: 5: 2, v/v) 2 mL을 섞어 80°C에서 1시간 반응시키고 방냉 후 FAME (fatty acid methyl ester)를 포함하는 상등액을 취하여 gas chromatography (GC)로 분석하였다(Garcés & Mancha, 1993). GC 분석은 AOC-20i auto injector가 장착된 Shimadzu GC-2010 plus (Kyoto, Japan)에 Agilent HP-Innowax capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm, Palo Alto, CA, USA)을 장착하여 수행하였다. Injector와 FID 온도는 250°C와 260°C로 설정하였으며 오븐 온도 프로그램은 초기 온도 150°C에서 최종 온도 240°C까지 3°C/min로 증가시켰다. 표준물질로 사용한 FAME mix (C8-C22)는 Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA)의 제품을 사용하였다.
통계처리
시험결과의 통계적 유의성 검정은 SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute inc., Cary, NC, USA)를 이용하였으며, ‘케이엠3’와 대조품종 간의 차이는 Student’s t-test로 95% 유의수준에서 분석하였다.
육성경위
‘케이엠3’는 열대지역 수출용 옥수수 품종으로 개발된 조숙 내도복 단교잡 1대 잡종이다. 2014년 캄보디아에서 육성한 자식계통 ‘14K26’을 종자친(모본)으로 하고, 2015년에 육성한 자식계통 ‘15VL027’를 화분친(부본)으로 하여 교잡된 단교잡종이다. 2016년 캄보디아에서 수행한 생산력검정시험에서 여러 농업 형질이 우수한 ‘14K26’/‘15VL027’ F1 교잡계를 선발하고 ‘아세13호’로 교잡계명을 부여하였다. ‘아세13호’의 국가별 적응성시험은 2016년과 2017년에 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 수행하였고, 그 결과 조숙, 다수성이면서 도복에 강한 열대지역 적응형으로 우수성이 인정되어 2018년 농작물직무육성 신품종선정심의회에서 신품종으로 선정되었으며 품종명을 ‘케이엠3’로 명명하였다(Figs. 1, 2).
고유 특성 및 농업적 특성
‘케이엠3’는 직립초형으로 수광태세가 우수하여 밀식재배 적응성이 우수하다. 수염색은 자색, 웅수색은 담자색이며, 립색은 황오렌지색이, 립질은 반경립종이다(Table 1, Fig. 2).
캄보디아에서 ‘케이엠3’의 출사일수는 51일로 캄보디아 재배종인 ‘CP888’ 보다 2일 빨랐으며, 착수고율은 54%로 ‘CP888’ 보다 6%p 낮았다. ‘케이엠3’의 간장은 217 cm로 ‘CP888’ 보다 3 cm 작았고, 이삭길이와 너비는 19.5 cm, 5.1 cm로 ‘CP888’ 보다 길었다. 착립장률은 90%로 ‘CP888’과 같았다(Table 2).
내병성 및 내도복
2016년과 2017년 ‘케이엠3’의 캄보디아와 인도네시아 적응성 시험포장에서 자연 발생한 깨씨무늬병(Southern leaf blight), 노균병(Downy mildew) 피해 발생 정도를 검정한 결과는 Table 3에서 보는 바와 같다. 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 ‘케이엠3’의 깨씨무늬병은 발병 등급은 1등급이었는데 대조 품종들과 비슷한 수준이었다. 열대지역에서 가장 문제 되는 병해인 노균병에 대한 ‘케이엠3’의 발병등급은 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 각각 0, 1이었고 ‘CP888’, ‘P21’과 같거나 조금 약했다. 동남아시아, 특히 인도네시아에서 노균병은 옥수수 수확량에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 병으로, 병증이 심하게 나타나면 수확이 불가능해진다(Baek et at. 2015, Gerpacio & Pingali 2007, Sudjono 1988). ‘케이엠3’는 노균병에 대하여 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 현지 재배 품종들과 대등하게 강한 경향이었다. ‘케이엠3’의 도복 발생등급은 1로 베트남과 캄보디아 현지 재배 품종과 같이 강하였다.
품질특성
‘케이엠3’ 종실의 단백질 함량은 10.9%로 ‘CP888’(10.2%)과 비슷하였다(Table 4). ‘케이엠3’ 종실의 전분 함량은 66.0%로 ‘CP888’(63.2%) 조금 높은 수준이었다(Table 4). 지방산 조성은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.
수량성
‘케이엠3’의 종실 수량은 국가별 적응성시험(2016~2017년)에서 913 kg/10a이었다(Fig. 3). 대비품종인 ‘CP888’ (724 kg/10a) 보다 수량성이 26%p 더 우수하였다(Fig. 3).
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
‘케이엠3’는 동남아시아 지역에 적응력이 뛰어나 베트남 북부, 캄보디아 북서부, 인도네시아 중자바 지역에서 재배가 가능하다. 잡종강세를 이용한 단교잡종으로 매년 갱신된 종자를 이용해야 한다. 노균병은 아시아에서 주로 4가지 종에 의해 발생하며, 지역마다 다양한 유형이 발견된다. 태국에는 필리핀형을 포함한 3종, 인도네시아에는 자바형을 포함한 2종이 있다(White, 1999). ‘케이엠3’는 일반적으로 노균병에 저항성이 있지만, 적응성 지역이 넓기 때문에 추가적인 검정이 필요하다. 과습지나 배수가 잘 되지 않는 지역에는 심지 않는 것이 좋으며, 최적 시기에 수확하는 것이 품질 유지에 중요하다. 또한, ‘케이엠3’는 건기에 한발 피해를 받기 쉬우므로 관수가 잘 되는 곳에서 재배하는 것이 유리하다.
열대 적응형 조숙 다수성 단교잡종인 ‘케이엠3’는 열대지역 수출을 위해 육성한 옥수수 품종이다. 2014년에 육성한 자식계통 ‘14K26’을 종자친(모본)으로 하고 2015년에 육성된 자식계통 ‘15VL027’을 화분친(부본)으로 하여 교잡한 ‘케이엠3’는 2016년 캄보디아에서 생산력검정시험을 실시한 결과 농업 형질이 우수하여 ‘아세13호’로 교잡계명을 부였다. 2016년 하반기와 2017년 상반기에 캄보디아와 인도네시아에서 ‘아세13호’의 국가별 적응성시험을 실시하였다. ‘케이엠3’는 이삭색이 황오렌지인 Flint-Like 타입이며, 캄보디아 서북부 지역 적응력이 우수하고 사료용과 식가공용으로 적합한 품종이다. 출사일수는 캄보디아 선도 품종 ‘CP888’ 보다 2일 빠르며, 착수고율은 54%로 다소 낮다. 동남아시아 지역에서 문제가 되는 깨씨무늬병과 노균병에 비교적 강하고, 도복에도 강한 편이다. 종실 수량은 913 kg/10a로 ‘CP888’ 대비 26% 증수하는 다수성 품종이다.
본 논문은 농림축산식품부⋅해양수산부⋅농촌진흥청⋅산림청의 재원으로 농림식품기술기획평가원 Golden Seed Project 사업의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(213009-05-5-CG700, PJ012649012021).
Fig. 1
Breeding procedure of ‘KM3’.
kjbs-56-2-139-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Plant type and ear appearance of ‘KM3’ and CP888.
kjbs-56-2-139-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Comparison of grain yields between ‘KM3’ and the leading cultivar (CP888) in Cambodia during the country adaptability trials of 2016-2017. Error bar represents the standard deviation (n=6). Bracket, ( ) indicates the grain yield index of ‘KM3’ compared to that of ‘CP888’. ‘**’ indicates a statistically significant difference with a p<0.01 as determined by Student's t-test.
kjbs-56-2-139-f3.jpg
Table 1
Inherent characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2017, Cambodia).
Table 1
Hybrid Color of silk Color of tassel Color of coat Type of grain
KM3 Purple Light purple Yellow orange Flint-like
CP888 Dark purple Purple Yellow orange Flint-like
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2016~2017, Cambodia).
Table 2
Hybrid Day to silking
(days)		 Plant height
(cm)		 Ear height
ratio
(%)		 Ear characteristics
Length
(cm)		 Width
(cm)		 Tip-fill
(%)
KM3 51 217 54 19.5 5.1 90
CP888 53 220 60 17.9 4.4 90
t-valueZ 1.76ns 0.44ns 5.48*** 2.68* 13.4*** 0.06ns

z‘ns’, ‘*’, ‘**’, and ‘***” indicate not significant, significantly different at p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively.

Table 3
Disease and lodging occurrence of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2016~2017, Cambodia and Indonesia).
Table 3
Hybrid Cambodia Indonesia
Southern

leaf blightz 		Downy mildewy Lodgingx Southern

leaf blight		 Downy mildew Lodging
KM3 1 0 1 1 1 1
CP888 1 0 1 - - -
P21 - - - 1 0 1

zPercent of lesion area (%) = (Lesion area/whole leaf area) x 100, 0; no occurrence, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%

yDisease incidence (%) = (Number of diseased plants/Total number of plants investigated) x 100, 0; no occurrence, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~30%, 7; 31~50%, 9; over 51%

xLodging rate (%) = (Number of lodged plants/Total number of plants) x 100, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~30%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~70%, 9; over 81%~

Table 4
Crude protein, total starch, and fatty acid composition in the grain of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2017, NICS).
Table 4
Hybrid Protein (%) Starch (%) Fatty acid composition (%)
Saturated Unsaturated
KM3 10.9 66.0 20.4 79.6
CP888 10.2 63.2 22.2 77.8
  • 1. Bae HH, Shin SH, Go YS, Ha JY, Choi YC, Son JH, Jung TW, Baek SB, Kim JY, Lee JS, Son BY, Kim KY. 2021. KM2: A tropical single cross corn hybrid with early mature and high grain yield. Korean J Breed Sci 53: 140-144.
  • 2. Baek SB, Son BY, Kim JT, Lee JS, Bae HH, Kim SG, Lee SK, Lee BM, Seo MJ, Park CH, Lee JH, Park BY. 2015. Maize production and constraints to increasing productivity in Indonesia. J Korean Soc Int Agric 27: 609-613.
  • 3. Baek SB, Son BY, Kim JT, Lee JS, Bae HH, Shin SH, Song HS, Kim SG, Kim BJ, Lee SK, Go YS, Kim SL. 2019. Tropical single cross corn hybrid 'KM1' with early maturity, lodging tolerance, and high yield. Korean J Breed Sci 51: 99-104.
  • 4. Garcés R., M. Mancha.. 1993. One-step lipid extraction and fatty acid methyl esters preparation from fresh plant tissues. Anal Biochem 211: 139-143.
  • 5. Gerpacio RV, Pingali PL. 2007. Tropical and subtropical Maize in Asia: Production systems, constraints, and research priorities. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
  • 6. Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI).2023. Agricultural outlook 2023 Korea. pp. 485-531.
  • 7. Korea Seed Variety Service (KSVS). 2019. KSVS on-line database. http://www.seed.go.kr/seed/270/subview.do. Accessed February 28, 2019
  • 8. Ministry of Agriculture.Food.Rural Affairs (MAFRA).2023. 3rd seed industry development plan (2023~2027).
  • 9. National Institute of Crop Science(NICS).2019. 2019 Guide book of upland crops varieties.
  • 10. OECD/FAO.2023. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023-2032. Grain. OECD, United States.
  • 11. Rural Development Administration(RDA).2012. Agricultural science technology standards for investigation of research. pp. 366-385.
  • 12. Sudjono MS. In: Dalam Subandi, M. Syam, dan A. Widjono. 1988. Penyakit jagung dan pengendaliannya. (Eds). Jagung. (Eds.). Puslitbangtan Bogor.
  • 13. White DG. 1999. Compendium of corn diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, pp. 26.

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‘KM3’: A Tropical Early-Maturing and High Grain Yield Single Cross Corn Hybrid
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2024;56(2):139-145.   Published online June 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2024.56.2.139
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Include:
‘KM3’: A Tropical Early-Maturing and High Grain Yield Single Cross Corn Hybrid
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2024;56(2):139-145.   Published online June 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2024.56.2.139
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‘KM3’: A Tropical Early-Maturing and High Grain Yield Single Cross Corn Hybrid
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Breeding procedure of ‘KM3’.
Fig. 2 Plant type and ear appearance of ‘KM3’ and CP888.
Fig. 3 Comparison of grain yields between ‘KM3’ and the leading cultivar (CP888) in Cambodia during the country adaptability trials of 2016-2017. Error bar represents the standard deviation (n=6). Bracket, ( ) indicates the grain yield index of ‘KM3’ compared to that of ‘CP888’. ‘**’ indicates a statistically significant difference with a p<0.01 as determined by Student's t-test.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

‘KM3’: A Tropical Early-Maturing and High Grain Yield Single Cross Corn Hybrid

Inherent characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2017, Cambodia).

Hybrid Color of silk Color of tassel Color of coat Type of grain
KM3 Purple Light purple Yellow orange Flint-like
CP888 Dark purple Purple Yellow orange Flint-like

Agronomic characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2016~2017, Cambodia).

Hybrid Day to silking
(days)		 Plant height
(cm)		 Ear height
ratio
(%)		 Ear characteristics
Length
(cm)		 Width
(cm)		 Tip-fill
(%)
KM3 51 217 54 19.5 5.1 90
CP888 53 220 60 17.9 4.4 90
t-valueZ 1.76ns 0.44ns 5.48*** 2.68* 13.4*** 0.06ns

Disease and lodging occurrence of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2016~2017, Cambodia and Indonesia).

Hybrid Cambodia Indonesia
Southern

leaf blightz		 Downy mildewy Lodgingx Southern

leaf blight		 Downy mildew Lodging
KM3 1 0 1 1 1 1
CP888 1 0 1 - - -
P21 - - - 1 0 1

Crude protein, total starch, and fatty acid composition in the grain of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2017, NICS).

Hybrid Protein (%) Starch (%) Fatty acid composition (%)
Saturated Unsaturated
KM3 10.9 66.0 20.4 79.6
CP888 10.2 63.2 22.2 77.8
Table 1 Inherent characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2017, Cambodia).
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of ‘KM3’ (2016~2017, Cambodia).

z‘ns’, ‘*’, ‘**’, and ‘***” indicate not significant, significantly different at p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively.

Table 3 Disease and lodging occurrence of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2016~2017, Cambodia and Indonesia).

zPercent of lesion area (%) = (Lesion area/whole leaf area) x 100, 0; no occurrence, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%

yDisease incidence (%) = (Number of diseased plants/Total number of plants investigated) x 100, 0; no occurrence, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~30%, 7; 31~50%, 9; over 51%

xLodging rate (%) = (Number of lodged plants/Total number of plants) x 100, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~30%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~70%, 9; over 81%~

Table 4 Crude protein, total starch, and fatty acid composition in the grain of ‘KM3’ in country adaptability trials (2017, NICS).

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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