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국내 밀 유전자원 주요 형질 유전자 변이 분석과 군집특성 비교

김선숙1,†, 홍수민1,†, 최명구2, 최창현2, 강천식2, 김경민2,*, 박철수1,*

Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2025;57(3):231-249.
Published online: September 1, 2025

1전북대학교 작물생명과학과

2농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 맥류작물과

1Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea

2National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea

*Corresponding to Chul Soo ParkTEL. +82-63-270-2533E-mail. pcs89@jbnu.ac.kr *Co-corresponding to Kyeong-Min KimTEL. +82-63-238-5243E-mail. raiders87@korea.kr

Author Contributions Seon Suk Kim and Sumin Hong contributed equally.

• Received: July 1, 2025   • Revised: July 16, 2025   • Accepted: July 22, 2025

Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • GWAS identifies major loci for agronomic and yield-related traits in wheat through cross-population validation
    Sumin Hong, Jae-Han Son, Chon-Sik Kang, Changhyun Choi, Youngjun Mo, Jae Yoon Kim, Dae Yeon Kim, Kyeong-Min Kim, Chul Soo Park
    Journal of Integrative Agriculture.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Inter‐annual and regional variability of agronomic and grain quality traits of major Korean wheat cultivars under multi‐environmental conditions
    Goeun Lee, Jinhee Park, Kyeong‐Min Kim, Chon‐Sik Kang, Sookjin Kim, Jeong‐Heui Lee, Hyun‐jin Jung
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef

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Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(3):231-249.   Published online September 1, 2025
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Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2025;57(3):231-249.   Published online September 1, 2025
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Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Distribution of five agronomic traits among 515 Korean wheat germplasms. (A) Days to heading, (B) Culm length, (C) Spike length, (D) Kernel hardness, and (E) Grain weight. Distributions are shown separately for cultivars (black), experimental lines (gray), and landraces (white). Superscript letters indicate significant differences among groups (p<0.05).
Fig. 2 Relationships among key agronomic traits in 515 Korean wheat germplasms.(A) Days to heading vs. culm length, (B) Culm length vs. spike length, (C) Culm length vs. grain weight, (D) Kernel hardness vs. grain weight. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) and sample sizes (n) are shown in each panel.
Fig. 3 Amplification profiles of alleles of major genes and genotyping results in Korean wheat germplasms. (A) Vrn-A1 and Vrn-B1 (Ol, Uri, Jokyung, Joa, Iksan340, IT159748, HTRI14977); (B) Ppd-A1, Ppd-B1, and Ppd-D1 (Namhae, Alchan, Iksan313, IT151052, Chosun57, IT140777, IT140821); (C) TaCwi-A1, TaGW2-6A, and TaSus2-2B (Baekkang, Jokyung, Iksan365, IT159787, Alchan, Olgeuru, Uri, Suwon239); (D) Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 (Suan, Suwon205, Iksan311, Milyang8, Seuyuk44, IT166460, Keumkang, Suwon2599); (E) Pina-D1 (Chunggye, Suge185, Chosun30, Eunpa, Suwon92-1, IT159775, IT161214, Sukang, Suwon213, IT166464); (F) TaWAPO-A1 (Dajoong, Suge86, Suwon249, Suwon230, Seuseon7, Suwon205); (G) Genotyping clustering patterns of functional KASP markers for Vrn-A1 copy number variation (CNV), Pinb-D1, and TaWAPO-A1. M, molecular size marker. Lane numbers and corresponding germplasm names are indicated in each panel.
Fig. 4 Differences in heading date associated with vernalization and photoperiod-related loci in 515 Korean wheat germplasms.(A) Vrn-A1 copy number variation and Vrn-B1 genotype combinations, (B) Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1 genotype combinations, (C) Combined effects of Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Ppd-B1, and Ppd-D1 genotypes. At the Vrn-A1 locus, 1 and 2 indicate copy number variations; at the Vrn-B1 locus, s and w indicate spring (Vrn-B1a) and winter (vrn-B1) alleles, respectively. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05).
Fig. 5 Differences in culm length based on combinations of Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 (A), spike length according to WAPO-A1 (B), and kernel hardness based on Pin-D1 combinations (C) in 515 Korean wheat germplasms. Different letters indicate significant differences at p<0.05.
Fig. 6 Differences in grain weight according to allele combinations of grain weight-related genes in 515 Korean wheat germplasms.(A) TaCwi-A1 and TaGW2-6A, (B) TaCwi-A1 and TaSus2-2B, (C) TaGW2-6A and TaSus2-2B, (D) TaCwi-A1, TaGW2-6A, and TaSus2-2B. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05).
Fig. 7 Phenotypic clustering and key genetic determinants in Korean wheat germplasm. (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) based on five agronomic traits. Dotted lines delineate three clusters (I-III) defined by k-means clustering. (B) Boxplots showing variation in trait values among clusters. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05). (C) Importance scores of genetic markers for cluster classification using the Random Forest algorithm, measured by mean decrease in accuracy (MDA) and mean decrease in Gini index (MDG). (D) Allele frequencies of the top-ranked markers from (C) across the three clusters.
Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits

Mean squares for days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness, and grain weight in 515 Korean wheat germplasms evaluated over two years.

Traits Mean squaresz Variation (%)y


Genotype (G) Year (Y) G×Y G Y G×Y
Days to heading 159.8***x 10644.1*** 12.2*** 82.6 10.7 6.3
Culm length 2647.2*** 29135.6*** 1011.1*** 66.5 1.4 25.2
Spike length 37.7*** 50.8*** 18.2*** 59.8 0.2 28.9
Kernel hardness 546.4 28011.5 42.8 85.0 8.5 6.5
Grain weight 87.2 1604.3 5.7 90.8 3.3 5.9

Mean values for days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness, and grain weight in 515 Korean wheat germplasms evaluated over two years.

Trait Germplasm Observation Year BLUP Range

2022 2023
Days to heading
(days)
Total 515 184az 181a 185±5 174-202
Cultivar 49 180a 176a 181±5 174-194
Line 123 184a 181a 181±4 174-194
Landrace 343 186a 183a 186±4 180-202

Culm length
(cm)
Total 515 81.0a 84.4a 81.0±7.2 63.8-101.4
Cultivar 49 70.7a 72.5a 74.1±5.9 65.7-89.6
Line 123 74.8a 78.8a 77.3±5.9 63.8-98.6
Landrace 343 84.7a 88.1a 83.3±6.6 68.5-101.4

Spike length
(cm)
Total 515 8.6a 8.4a 8.6±0.7 6.6-10.8
Cultivar 49 8.6a 7.9a 8.4±0.6 6.9-10.5
Line 123 8.6a 8.5a 8.6±0.6 6.9-10.8
Landrace 343 8.5a 8.5a 8.6±0.8 6.6-10.7

Kernel
hardness
Total 515 33.0a 43.4a 33.0±15.3 2.2-79.5
Cultivar 49 41.9a 55.1a 42.5±15.3 7.6-66.9
Line 123 34.7a 50.3a 37.0±14.7 4.8-67.3
Landrace 343 31.1a 39.3a 30.2±14.6 2.2-79.5

Grain weight
(mg)
Total 515 39.9a 37.4a 39.9±6.2 26.2-56.6
Cultivar 49 45.0a 41.6a 44.3±4.8 35.2-55.0
Line 123 45.7a 41.5a 44.5±4.8 34.8-56.6
Landrace 343 37.1a 35.4a 37.7±5.5 26.2-54.9

Allele frequency at loci associated with agronomic and grain traits among 515 Korean wheat germplasmz.

Locus Allele Total (515) Cultivar (49) Experimental Line (123) Landrace (343)
Vrn-A1 vrn-A1 (CNV=1) 207 (40.2) 35 (71.4) 81 (65.9) 91 (26.5)
vrn-A1 (CNV≥2) 308 (59.8) 14 (28.6) 42 (34.1) 252 (73.5)

Vrn-B1 Vrn-B1a 59 (11.5) 7 (14.3) 23 (18.7) 29 (8.5)
vrn-B1 456 (88.5) 42 (85.7) 100 (81.3) 314 (91.5)

Ppd-A1 a 515 (100.0) 49 (100.0) 123 (100.0) 343 (100.0)

Ppd-B1 a 29 (5.6) 3 (6.1) 18 (14.6) 8 (2.3)
b 486 (94.4) 46 (93.9) 105 (85.4) 335 (97.7)

Ppd-D1 a 393 (76.3) 45 (91.8) 119 (96.7) 229 (66.8)
b 122 (23.7) 4 (8.2) 4 (3.3) 114 (33.2)

Rht-B1 a 391 (75.9) 31 (63.3) 89 (72.4) 271 (79.0)
b 124 (24.1) 18 (36.7) 34 (27.6) 72 (21.0)

Rht-D1 a 395 (76.7) 35 (71.4) 87 (70.7) 273 (79.6)
b 120 (23.3) 14 (28.6) 36 (29.3) 70 (20.4)

WAPO-A1 a 105 (20.4) 25 (51.0) 57 (46.3) 23 (6.7)
b 405 (78.6) 24 (49.0) 64 (52.0) 317 (92.4)
c&d 5 (1.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.6) 3 (0.9)

Pina-D1 a 474 (92.0) 42 (85.7) 101 (82.1) 331 (96.5)
b 41 (8.0) 7 (14.3) 22 (17.9) 12 (3.5)

Pinb-D1 a 423 (82.1) 30 (61.2) 84 (68.3) 309 (90.1)
b 92 (17.9) 19 (38.8) 39 (31.7) 34 (9.9)

TaCwi-A1 a 104 (20.2) 14 (28.6) 50 (40.7) 40 (11.7)
b 411 (79.8) 35 (71.4) 73 (59.3) 303 (88.3)

TaGW2-6A Hap-6A-A 216 (41.9) 32 (65.3) 81 (65.9) 103 (30.0)
Hap-6A-G 299 (58.1) 17 (34.7) 42 (34.1) 240 (70.0)

TaSus2-2B Hap-H 374 (72.6) 41 (83.7) 90 (73.2) 243 (70.8)
Hap-L 141 (27.4) 8 (16.3) 33 (26.8) 100 (29.2)

Differences in days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness and grain weight of 515 Korean wheat germplasmscarrying different genotypesz.

Allele Days to
heading
Culm length
(cm)
Spike length
(cm)
Kernel
hardness
Grain weight
(mg)
Vrn-A1 (CNV=1) 180b 79.8b 8.5a 41.4a 40.4a
Vrn-A1 (CNV≥2) 185a 84.7a 8.5a 36.1b 37.5b

vrn-B1 183a 83.0a 8.5a 37.9a 38.3b
Vrn-B1a 181b 80.3b 8.5a 40.6a 41.5a

Ppd-B1a 180b 77.2b 8.5a 41.7a 39.1a
Ppd-B1b 183a 83.1a 8.5a 38.0a 38.7a

Ppd-D1a 182b 81.2b 8.4b 39.8a 40.0a
Ppd-D1b 186a 87.6a 8.7a 33.2b 34.4b

Rht-B1a 183a 83.2a 8.5a 36.5b 37.6b
Rht-B1b 182a 81.1b 8.5a 43.5a 42.1a

Rht-D1a 183a 83.8a 8.5a 38.9a 38.7a
Rht-D1b 182b 79.1b 8.4a 36.1a 38.8a

WAPO-A1a 180c 80.7c 8.7a 44.1a 44.2a
WAPO-A1b 183b 83.1b 8.5b 36.6b 37.2b
WAPO-A1c&d 189a 92.3a 8.5ab 48.4ab 39.5ab

Pina-D1a 183a 83.1a 8.5a 36.3b 38.2b
Pina-D1b 178b 78.1b 8.6a 60.5a 43.9a

Pinb-D1a 183a 83.1a 8.5a 34.9b 37.8b
Pinb-D1b 182a 81.1b 8.6a 53.3a 42.7a

TaCwi-A1a 181b 80.0b 8.6a 47.2a 42.6a
TaCwi-A1b 183a 83.4a 8.5a 35.9b 37.7b

TaGW2-6A-A 181b 80.2b 8.4a 39.2a 39.7a
TaGW2-6A-G 184a 84.5a 8.5a 37.5a 38.0b

TaSus2-2B-H 182b 82.3b 8.4b 36.9b 37.8b
TaSus2-2B-L 184a 84.0a 8.6a 41.6a 41.0a
Table 1 Mean squares for days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness, and grain weight in 515 Korean wheat germplasms evaluated over two years.

zMean squares from analysis of variance for genotype (G), year (Y), and genotype×year.

yPercentage of total variation explained by each source of variation.

x*** is significant at p=0.001.

Table 2 Mean values for days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness, and grain weight in 515 Korean wheat germplasms evaluated over two years.

zValues followed by the same letter within each agronomic trait are not significantly different at p<0.05.

Table 3 Allele frequency at loci associated with agronomic and grain traits among 515 Korean wheat germplasmz.

zFrequency of allele in wheat germplasm accessions is indicated in parentheses.

Table 4 Differences in days to heading, culm length, spike length, kernel hardness and grain weight of 515 Korean wheat germplasmscarrying different genotypesz.

zValues followed by the same letter within each genotype are not significantly different at p<0.05.