In common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the protein content and glutenin protein composition are the key quality-determining parameters. Allelic variations, especially in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs), affect bread quality significantly. The HMW-GS Glu-1 locus consists of two tightly linked genes encoding x- and y-type subunits that exhibit highly variable frequencies. In this study, we evaluated Glu-B1 alleles using allele-specific PCR markers in 44 domestic wheat cultivars. The composition of Glu-1Bx7+Glu-1By8 in the 24 cultivars was either Glu-1Bx7+Glu-1By8, Glu-1Bx7*+ Glu-1By8, or Glu-1Bx7*+Glu-1Bx8*. In addition, the two cultivars initially identified Glu- 1Bx7+Glu-1By8* were corrected to Glu-1Bx7*+Glu-1By8*. Seven cultivars previously classified as having Glu-1Bx7+Glu-1By9 composition contained Glu-1Bx7*+ Glu-1Bx9. The allele composition of the cultivar was identified as Glu-1Bx20+Glu-1By20 instead of Glu-1By20. The HMW-GSs of 21 wheat varieties were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results will be helpful for evaluating the composition of Glu-B1 alleles in domestic wheat and accurately assessing the quality of domestic wheat flour.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes yield reduction, quality deterioration, and mycotoxin contamination in wheat, highlighting the need for resistant wheat varieties. In this study, we evaluated FHB resistance genes and infection rates in 44 domestic wheat varieties. Among them, 42 had the Type I resistance gene Fhb4, 37 had Fhb5, and 35 possessed both. For Type II resistance, 14 had Fhb1, 11 had Fhb2, and five had both. Twenty cultivars had both type I and type II resistance genes, and among them, Chungkye, Dahong, Gobun, Namhae, and Ol had all of the Fhb1, Fhb2, Fhb4, and Fhb5 genes. The average infection rate over three years was 42.6% in cases with both Type I and Type II resistance genes and 44.3% in cases without Type II resistance genes. The infection rate was very high in 2020 and very low in 2021, complicating the analysis of the three-year average. However, when the infection rate was evenly distributed in 2019, there was a tendency for increased resistance among the varieties carrying Type II resistance genes. This suggested that external factors may influence infection rates, emphasizing the need for a precise evaluation system suitable for selecting additional resistance genes. In addition, it is necessary to develop resistant varieties suited to the domestic environment through additional resistance gene selection and integration of resistance genes. This study contributes to understanding FHB resistance genes in domestic wheat varieties and developing resistant domestic wheat varieties.

To stably produce domestic wheat under water-scarce environmental conditions due to climate change, root characteristics with excellent water utilization rates are crucial. In this study, we analyzed the root and grain phenotypes of 37 domestic wheat varieties over a two-year period by combining the results of genetic mutations related to semi-dwarfing and grain size. Root length was positively correlated with maximum root depth (r=0.76**) and total seminal root length (r=0.54**), whereas it was negatively correlated with the number of roots (r=-0.33**) and root angles (r=-0.51**). The thousand-kernel weight was positively correlated with embryo width (r=0.34**) and embryo area (r=0.33**) but was not correlated with other root traits. Embryo length was positively correlated with the number of roots (r=0.34**) and coleoptile length (r=0.42**). Phenotypic analyses of roots and grains, along with genotypic analyses of semi-dwarfing (Rht-B1 and Rht-D1) and grain size (TaCWI-4A, TaCWI-5D, TaGW2-6A, TaSus2-2B) genes, revealed that the Rht-D1b genotype led to reduced root depth, increased root angles, and reduced coleoptile length. TaCwi-A1, TaCWI-5D, TaSus2-2B, and TaGW2-6A, possessing the alleles TaCwi-A1a, Hap-5D-C, Hap-L, and Hap-6A-G associated with a larger grain size, resulted in an increased number of roots and root depth. Domestic wheat varieties were categorized into three clusters based on root, grain, and coleoptile trait characteristics, with 15 varieties in Cluster I, 9 in Cluster II, and 13 in Cluster III. The results of this study can be utilized in basic research to develop varieties that can produce stable domestic wheat by selecting resources with excellent root growth and seed characteristics.

A new winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar “Hwanggeumal” was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) Rular Development Administration (RDA) in 2019. Its heading date was April 20, and its maturity date was June 1, which was similar to that of Jokyung. “Hwanggeumal” had a shorter culm length (75 cm) and spike length (7.1 cm). However, it had lower spikes per m² (699) and 1,000-grain weight (44.2 g) than “Jokyung” (78 cm, 8.2 cm, 776, 46.6 g, respectively). “Hwanggeumal” displayed stronger winter hardiness than “Jokyung”, and was susceptible to powdery mildew (PM) and fusarium head blight (FHB). The average grain yield in the advanced yield trial (AYT) was 6.20 MT/ha, which was 11% more than “Jokyung”. In the regional yield trial (RYT) it was 5.13 MT/ha in upland and 4.77 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 16% and 13% less than “Jokyung”, respectively. “Hwanggeumal”s flour yield (71.4%) and flour lightness (91.82) was similar to that of “Jokyung”, while the protein content (14.0%), gluten content (10.3%), and SDS-sedimentation volume (60.3 ml) were higher than that of “Jokyung”. These results display that the “Hwanggeumal” dough strength of flour is stronger than “Jokyung”. High molecular weight gluten subunit (HMW-GS) composition is Glu-D1d (5+10), the granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) composition are Wx-A1a, Wx-B1b, and Wx-D1a, and the composition of puroindolines are Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1b (Registration No. 9173).

To fit the market demands for functional rice such as black and red color rice, ‘Sugary’a high free sugar content line was backcrossed to the black rice ‘Milyang152. The pedigree method was adapted in selection and generation advance. A high polyphenol content line, YR19646-3-2-1-1-2-2 showing red pericarp was selected and designed as ‘Milyang234’ followed by variety name ‘Geonganghongmi’ in 2010. Heading date of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was Aug. 19, medium-late maturing cultivar. ‘Geonganghongmi’ showed resistance to leaf blast and rice stripe virus while susceptible to major diseases and insects. The total polyphenol content of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was high as much as 24.2mg/g compare to that of 4.9mg/g of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 17.2mg/g of a red pericarp rice ‘Jeogjinju’ at 70% ethanol extraction conditions. In local adaptability tests, yield of ‘Geonganghongmi’ was 4.5MT/ha about 86% of ‘Nampyeongbyeo’ and 102% of ‘Jeogjinju’, respectively. ‘Geonganghongmi’ is suitable for southern and middle plain area of Korea.

Nunkeunheugchal (registration No. 01-0001-2014-4), a black waxy giant embryo rice cultivar, was developed by the rice breeding team of National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2012. This cultivar was derived from the cross between ge^t and Josaengheugchal in 2004/2005 winter season, and selected by a promising line, YR25277-B-B-314-2, was selected and designated as the line of Milyang263 in 2009. The local adaptability test of Milyang263 was carried out at four locations from 2010 to 2012 and it was named as Nunkeunheugchal. This variety is a early maturity cultivar. It has 65 cm in culm length and 72 spikelets per panicle, and 1,000 grain-weight of brown rice is 17.8 g which is less than that of Josaengheugchal. This variety is resistant to leaf blast, but susceptible to bacterial blight, neck blast, virus disease and insect pest. The yield potential of Nunkeunheugchal was about 3.54 MT/ha as brown rice at ordinary fertilizer level in local adaptability test for three years. Nunkeunheugchal possesses benefits to rice consumers because of high amounts of GABA, anthocyanin, calcium and iron. This variety would be adaptable to the paddy field of middle and southern plain region of Korea.

A rice variety ‘Daebo’ is a japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) with good eating quality, lodging tolerance, and resistance to rice stripe virus (RSV) and blight bacterial disease (BB). It is developed by the rice breeding team of Yeongdeog Substation, National Institute Crop Science, RDA in 2011. This variety derived from a cross between ‘YR21247-68-1’ with good plant type and ‘Yeongdeog35’ with good eating quality conducted in 2002 summer season. A promising line, YR23940-B-17-1-2, selected by bulk and pedigree breeding method was designated as the name of ‘Yeongdeog51’ in 2008. After the local adaptability test was carried out at seven locations from 2009 to 2011, ‘Yeongdeog51’ was released as the name of ‘Daebo’ in 2011. ‘Daebo’ is short culm length as 63 cm and medium-growth duration. This variety is resistant to races, K₁, K₂, and K₃ of bacterial blight and stripe virus and moderately resistant to leaf blast disease resistance. ‘Daebo’ has translucent and clear milled rice kernel without white core and belly rice, and good eating quality as a result of panel test. The yield potential of ‘Daebo’ in milled rice is about 5.93 MT/ha at ordinary fertilizer level of local adaptability test. This cultivar would be adaptable to middle plain, south plain, mid-west costal area, and south mid-mountainous area.