‘Sinhwangok2’ is a single cross maize F₁ hybrid (Zea mays L.) that was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, in 2018. This yellow high-yielding intermediate maize hybrid was obtained by crossing between two inbred lines― KS214 and KS215. After advanced yield trials over two years in Suwon, a regional yield trial for ‘Sinhwangok2’ was conducted to evaluate its growth and yield at three different locations, from 2016 to 2018. ‘Sinhwangok2’ requires 72 days for silking and its plant height is 243 cm, similar to that of ‘Jangdaok’; its ear height ratio is 49%, like that of ‘Jangdaok’, and the hybrid shows resistance to lodging. The number of ears per 100 plants was found to be 100 and the ear length of ‘Sinhwangok2’ is 19.5 cm, which is shorter than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The weight of 100 seeds of ‘Sinhwangok2’ is 30.8 g, similar to that of ‘Jangdaok’. This hybrid shows moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has moderate resistance to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (i.e., 9.41 ton/ha) of ‘Sinhwangok2’ was found to be 13%, which is higher than that of ‘Jangdaok’. Seed production of ‘Sinhwangok2’ was 2.36 ton/ha and was considered acceptable due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS214, and the pollen parent, i.e., KS215, in Yeongwol and F₁ seed yield. ‘Sinhwangok2’ can thus be a suitable cultivar for all plain areas in Korea and can possibly be cultivated via double cropping with winter forage crop because of their early maturity. (Registration No. 8963).

Cymbidium ‘Sodam’, derived from a cross between ‘Baek Un’ and ‘Lapin Rose’ in 2000, was bred by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in 2015. After artificial crossing, 120 seedlings were obtained through in vitro seed germination and seedling acclimatization in a greenhouse. On the basis of mature plant characteristics, including flower color, plant size, leaf shape, flower stalk, and vigorous growth, three lines were initially selected. The first and second trials for characteristics were conducted from 2009 to 2014, which enabled confirmation of the stability and uniformity of the three lines. Amongst these, the final line, with the code ‘00-1023-20’, was selected as ‘Wongyuo F1-58.’ After evaluating consumer preferences, the line was subsequently named ‘Sodam’. This hybrid is a small- to medium-sized cultivar with more than 10 pink flowers per stalk and an average number of 3.8 stalks. The relatively compact flower has an incurved shape with a width and length of 6.0 and 5.0 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the plants have short erect stalks and leaves (length 51.7 and 69.5 cm, respectively), showing good properties with respect to potting. The flowers have a fragrance similar to that of the female parent ‘Baek Un’. ‘Sodam’ commences flowering in early December. The proliferative ability of ‘Sodam’ is comparable to that of the control cultivar, and it is anticipated that this will facilitate mass proliferation for commercial use (Registration No. 6749).

A new interspecific hybrid cultivar, Wongam, was developed as a high-yield licorice from a Glycyrrhiza glabra×G. uralensis (G. korshinski Grig.) cross by the herbal crop team at the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Korea. The plant type is erect, and the leaf shape is oval. It has well-developed vascular bundles compared to G. uralensis as a control species. The dried root weight of ‘Wongam’ was 54.6 g per plant, and 22.7 g per plant in the control species G. uralensis. In addition, the average yield of ‘Wongam’ was 359 kg/10a, which was 127% higher than that of G. uralensis. It exhibits resistance to brown spot disease, as well as a to lodging. The glycyrrhizin and liquiritigenin content of ‘Wongam’ are 3.96% and 0.8%, respectively, which meets the Korean Pharmacopoeia Standards. This cultivar can widely adapt to most cultivation zones found in Korea, except for the Gangwon-do Province region (Registration No. 196).

Marker-assisted backcrossing is a powerful method for developing new cultivars. To develop genomic-wide markers, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) can be an efficient method. However, unrefined low-quality markers and missing data between markers can contribute to hampering the marker selection process, particularly in multi-way crosses. In this study, we aimed to calculate the recovery rate of offspring individuals and minimize errors that occur among a large number of markers. Initially, missing data were imputed by comparing samples using the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. Thereafter, low-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were corrected by applying the graphical representation method based on the k-NN algorithm in order of the SNPs in a chromosome designed for a multi-parental population. Four-way cross and double-backcrossed tomato BC₁F₁ (230 lines) and BC₂F₁ (96 lines) populations were genotyped by GBS. The genotype of samples of the BC₁F₁ and BC₂F₁ populations was determined based on the parental haplotype. Thus, the method of visualizing the genotype of offspring individuals, generated via crosses of multiple parents, not only improves estimation of the recovery rate but also facilitates easier selection in breeding programs.

‘Hwangdaok’, a new maize F1 hybrid (Zea mays L.), was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2016. The high-yielding yellow dent hybrid named ‘Hwangdaok’ was obtained by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS203’ and ‘KS190’. After advanced yield trial in Suwon in 2012, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out to evaluate the growth and yield of ‘Hwangdaok’ at three different locations from 2014 to 2016. The number of days to silking of ‘Hwangdaok’ is 76. The plant height is 262 cm and ear height ratio is 51%, which are similar to those of ‘Jangdaok’. It has resistance to lodging. The number of ears per 100 plants is 95. The ear length is 21.3 cm and weight of 100 seeds is 34.7 g, similar to those of ‘Jangdaok’. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (10 ton/ha) of ‘Hwangdaok’ is 6% higher than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The seed production rate of ‘Hwangdaok’ is acceptable due to good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS203, and the pollen parent, KS190, in Yeongwol. F1 seed yield was 1.68 ton/ha. ‘Hwangdaok’ can be a suitable cultivar to plain areas in Korea. (Variety registration No. 7502).

‘Dacheongok’, a new maize F₁ hybrid (Zea mays L.), is developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2016. The high-yielding hybrid, named ‘Dacheongok’ was bred by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS197’ and ‘KS202’. It is a yellow dent maize hybrid. After advanced yield trial of ‘Dacheongok’ in Suwon for one year, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth and yield at four different locations from 2014 to 2016. The days to silking of ‘Dacheongok’ are 80, similar to ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The plant height of ‘Dacheongok’ is 267 cm, similar to ‘Kwangpyeongok’, and its ear height ratio is 51%, similar with that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. It has resistance to lodging. The stay-green of ‘Dacheongok’ is not different with that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The number of ear per 100 plants of ‘Dacheongok’ is 95, similar to ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The ear length of ‘Dacheongok’ is 18.6 cm, longer than that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The weight of 100 seeds of ‘Dacheongok’ is 29.8 g, similar to that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has moderate resistance to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The dry matter yield (23.69 ton/ha) of ‘Dacheongok’ was 10% higher than that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients) yield (16.11 ton/ha) of ‘Dacheongok’ was 7% higher than that of ‘Kwangpyeongok’. The seed production of ‘Dacheongok’ was acceptable due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS197, and the pollen parent, KS202, in Yeongwol and F₁ seed yield was 2.46 ton/ha. ‘Dacheongok’ would be a suitable cultivar to all plain area in Korea. (Variety registration No. 7054)

This study was conducted to breed interspecific hybrids by crossing between Asiatic hybrids for the purpose of cut flower or pot plant. According to results of reciprocal crossing between L. davidii and ‘Conception’, flower color of F1 appears nearer to that of each male parent but they seemed to be influenced by L. davidii which has side-facing flower position. The characteristic traits of F1 hybrids obtained from the cross between ‘Tresor’ and ‘Black Out’ is related to female parent ‘Tresor’. Whereas in a cross between ‘Navidad’ and ‘Hironde’, a progeny 122611-4 has the petal spot characteristic similar to the female Asiatic hybrid ‘Navidad’ and male parent ‘Gironde’ influence on the petal color. F1 hybrid cross ‘Gironde × Red Sensation’ showed parental flower color expression contribution. In addition ‘Gironde’ as parent contributed extensively in imparting flower color in the resulting hybrids. In the above statements, F1 progenies were more than 40cm in height and the plant height of their parents was over 70cm. Therefore, it is considered that their F1 progenies are not short if parents have a long plant height. In ‘Kotnali × Tiny Bee’ progenies, 112061-1 progeny expressed orange flower color similar to female while 112061-2 showed yellow flower color same as male. Plant height was 27.7cm and 22.4cm close to 35.0cm of male parent ‘Tiny Bee’. F1 hybrid of ‘Matrix × Holebibi’ expressed three flower color all of parents. It was dwarf and distinguishable as compared to parental phenotype. Therefore, it is concluded that for potted lily flower development carrying dwarf plant height and intermediate morphological traits Asiatic hybrids plays an important role such as ‘Tiny Bee’ and ‘Matrix’.

‘Sinhwangok’, a new maize F₁ hybrid (Zea mays L.), is developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2015. The high-yielding hybrid, named ‘Sinhwangok’ was bred by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS178’ and ‘KS145’. It is a yellow dent maize hybrid. After advanced yield trial of ‘Sinhwangok’ in Suwon for two years, regional yield trial was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth and yield at three different locations from 2012 to 2015. The days to silking of ‘Sinhwangok’ are 74. The plant height of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 241cm, similar to ‘Jangdaok’, and its ear height ratio is 51%, similar with that of ‘Jangdaok’. It has resistance to lodging. The number of ear per 100 plants is 96. The ear length of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 17cm, shorter than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The weight of 100 seeds of ‘Sinhwangok’ is 34.1g, similar to that of ‘Jangdaok’. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has moderate resistance to European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The grain yield (8.9 ton/ha) of ‘Sinhwangok’ was 15% higher than that of ‘Jangdaok’. The seed production of ‘Sinhwangok’ was acceptable due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS178, and the pollen parent, KS145, in Yeongwol and F₁ seed yield was 2.3 ton/ha. ‘Sinhwangok’ would be a suitable cultivar to all plain area in Korea.

‘Daanok’, a new maize F₁ hybrid (Zea mays L.), is developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2013. The high-yielding hybrid, named ‘Daanok’ was bred by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS174’ and ‘KS175’. It is a yellow semi-flint maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Daanok in Suwon for two years, regional yield trial of that was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth and yield at three different locations from 2011 to 2013. The silking date of Daanok is earlier than that of the check hybrid, ‘Jangdaok’. The plant height of Daanok is 229cm, similar to Jangdaok, and its ear height ratio is similar with that of Jangdaok.It has resistance to lodging. There are much of the No. of ear per 100 plants. The ear length of Daanok is similar with that of Jangdaok. The weight of 100 seeds of Daanok is the same with that of Jangdaok. It has strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) and southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has strong resistance to ear lot. It has moderate resistance to corn borer. The grain yield (7.34 ton/ha) of Daanok was 23% higher than that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Daanok has gone well due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS174, and the pollen parent, KS175, in Yeongwol and F1 seed yield was 2.38 ton/ha. Daanok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain area in Korea.

‘Dapyeongok’, a new maize F₁ hybrid (Zea mays L.), is developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2010. The high-yielding hybrid, named ‘Dapyeongok’ was bred by crossing between two inbred lines, ‘KS158’ and ‘KS155’. It is a yellow dent maize hybrid (Zea mays L.). After preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Dapyeongok in Suwon for two years, regional yield trial of that was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth and yield at three different locations from 2008 to 2010. The silking date of Dapyeongok is the same with that of the check hybrid, ‘Jangdaok’. The plant height of Dapyeongok is similar to Jangdaok, and its ear height ratio is the same with that of Jangdaok. It has resistance to lodging. The ear length of Dapyeongok is shorter than that of Jangdaok. The weight of 100 seeds of Dapyeongok is lighter than that of Jangdaok. It has strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum) and southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis). It has moderate resistance to black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot and corn borer. The grain yield (8.6 ton/ha) of Dapyeongok was 8% higher than that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Dapyeongok has gone well due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent, KS158, and the pollen parent, KS155, in Yeongwol and F₁ seed yield was 2.8 ton/ha. Dapyeongok would be a suitable cultivar to all plain area in Korea.

Cheongdaok, a new single maize (Zea mays L.) variety, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA in 2010. This high-yielding hybrid was produced by crossing two inbred lines, KS159 and KS155. KS159 is the seed parent and KS155 is the pollen parent of Cheongdaok. It is a yellow dent maize hybrid. After the preliminary yield trial and advanced yield trial of Cheongdaok in Suwon for two years, the regional yield trial was subsequently carried out for evaluation of its growth characteristics and yield at four different locations from 2008 to 2010. The silking date of Cheongdaok is one day earlier than that of the check hybrid, Kwangpyeongok. Compared to Kwangpyeongok, the Cheongdaok show short in plant height and low in ear height ratio. It has resistance to lodging. The stay-green degree and the ear ratio of Cheongdaok are similar to Kwangpyeongok. It has moderate resistance to southern leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) and strong resistance to northern leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum). It has moderate resistance to black streaked dwarf virus (BSDV), ear lot, and corn borer. The dry matter yield 20.24 ton/ha and the total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield (13.80 ton/ha) of Cheongdaok were similar to Kwangpyeongok. The grain yield (8.51 ton/ha) of Cheongdaok was higher than that of Jangdaok. The seed production of Cheongdaok was well processed due to a good synchronization of flowering period during crossing between the seed parent KS159 and the pollen parent KS155, and the F1 seed yield was 1.8 ton/ha in Yeongwol.