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Korean. J. Breed. Sci. : Korean Journal of Breeding Science

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ARTICLE

종피 박피율이 높은 군밤용 밤나무 ‘장원’

A Roasted Chestnut Cultivar ‘Jangwon’ with High Pellicle Removability

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2015;47(4):409-413.
Published online: November 30, 2015

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*Corresponding author (pym5250@korea.kr, Tel: +82-31-290-1187, Fax: +82-31-290-1050)
• Received: July 24, 2015   • Revised: December 10, 2015   • Accepted: December 11, 2015

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  • The ‘Jangwon’ chestnut (Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.) was released from Korean native chestnut trees by the Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) to develop cultivars with desirable nut characteristics such as high sweetness and easy peeling in 2010. This cultivar was first selected from a natural population in 2001, and the preliminary trials for evaluation were carried out from 2007 to 2009. The harvest time of ‘Jangwon’ was the second week of September and the total yield of an 8-year-old tree was 3.9 kg. Also, ‘Jangwon’ was a suitable cultivar for making roasted peeled products because its soluble solid content was 17.5%, kernel hardness was 9.6 kg·cm2, and pellicle removability was 98.6%, which were much higher than those of the control cultivar, Arima. Furthermore, this cultivar is suitable as a pollinator for the improvement of pellicle removability of other chestnut trees.
밤나무는 참나무과(Fagaceae) 밤나무속(Castanea)의 낙엽 활엽성 교목으로 원산지는 아시아, 유럽, 북아메리카 등 3개 대륙에 걸쳐 있으며 특히 북반구 온대지역의 야산에 널리 분 포하고 있다. 밤나무는 종에 따라 과실의 형태뿐 만 아니라 이화학적인 특성에서 많은 차이가 있으며, 주요 밤 생산국가 들은 자국의 밤 소비형태 및 용도에 따라 선발육종 및 종간 교잡육종을 통해 많은 품종을 육성하여 재배하고 있다(KFRI 2006a). 밤나무의 종류는 학자의 견해에 따라 차이가 있지만 10여종이 있으며, 이 중 과실 생산을 위해 재배되고 있는 밤 나무는 일본밤나무(C. crenata), 중국밤나무(C. mollissima), 유럽밤나무(C. sativa), 미국 밤나무(C. dentata) 등이 있다. 특 히 일본밤 계통의 품종들은 종피가 두껍고 과육과의 부착도 가 높아, 박피가 쉽지 않아 군밤용으로는 적합하지가 않다. 중 국밤나무의 경우는 종피가 잘 벗겨지고 과실 크기가 다양한 데 일본밤나무보다 비교적 과실 크기가 작은 편이다. 우리나 라에 자생하는 토종밤나무는 일본밤나무와 같은 종으로 취급 되고 있으나, 형태적인 특성에 있어 일본밤나무와 중국밤나무 간의 자연잡종으로 여겨질 정도로 중간형질들이 많이 나타나 기 때문에 일본밤나무의 변종으로 판단되고 있다. 또한 한국 밤나무(Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.)의 경우는 크기는 적당하나 박피가 어려운 특성을 가지고 있다.
우리나라의 2010년 밤 재배면적과 2014년 생산량은 각각 25,485 ha, 59,465 톤에 이르고 있어, 떫은 감 다음으로 많이 생산되고 있는 주요 임산물이다(KFS 2015). 지역별 밤 생산 량은 밤 주산단지인 경남, 충남, 전남 등 3개 지역이 우리나라 전체 밤 생산량의 88% 이상을 차지하고 있어, 지역적인 집중 화 정도가 매우 높은 특징을 가지고 있다. 주산지별 식재 품 종은 충청도의 경우 옥광, 축파 위주로 진행되었고, 경상남도 는 은기, 축파 전라도는 옥광, 대보 등이 많이 식재 되고 있다 (KREI 2015). 이와 같이 재배되고 있는 밤나무는 모두 중⋅ 만생종으로 입중이 크고 식미가 우수하여 주로 생식용으로 이용되는 품종이다. 1991년부터 현재까지 국립산림과학원에 서 개발된 최근 신품종 현황을 보면, 교잡 육종을 통해 개발 된 대립 다수확성 품종으로 대보, 대한 등이 있으며, 선발육종 으로 육성된 만생종인 미풍과 가시의 색이 성숙직전까지 붉 은색을 띠는 자홍 등을 들 수 있다. 위와 같이 개발된 품종 중 자홍을 제외하고는 모두 밤알이 크고 식미가 우수하여 생식 용으로 개발된 품종이다. 특히 최근에는 FTA에 의한 시장개 방으로 관행적으로 재배된 생밤용 품종의 경쟁력 약화가 불 가피하며 육종 수요의 다변화에 의해 소비를 증대 시킬 수 있 는 군밤용으로 특화된 신품종에 대한 요구가 증대되고 있다 (Maeng et al. 2015). 따라서 본 연구에서 밤을 구웠을 때 종 피가 잘 벗겨져 군밤용으로 주로 이용 할 수 있는 신품종 ‘장 원’을 육성하게 되었다.
육성경위
2001년부터 2003년까지 강원, 경기, 전남, 경남, 경북 등 5 개도 24지역에서 일본품종이 도입되기 이전 수령이 60년생 이상인 노거수를 대상으로 현지 청문조사를 실시하여 보존가 치가 있는 후보목 237본을 선정하였다. 이렇게 선발된 후보 목의 수확량과 과실특성을 조사하여 13개체의 우량개체를 선 발접목 증식하여 2003년에 13클론의 클론검정림을 조성하였 다. 이렇게 조성된 클론검정림을 대상으로 2003년에서 2007 년까지 5년간 결실된 13클론을 대상으로 주요 과실특성인 입 중, 당도, 경도 등을 조사한 결과 당도 14% 이상, 경도 9 kg/cm2 이상, 종피 박피성 85% 이상, 다배율 및 열과율 5% 이하로 선발된 5클론을 대상으로 2007년부터 2009년까지 3 년간 과실특성에 대한 안전성 검정을 수행하였다.
특성 조사
육성된 ‘장원’ 품종의 결실 및 과실 특성조사는 정상적인 개화결실이 가능한 6년생 공시목 5개체를 대상으로 8년생이 될 때까지 3년간(2007 ~ 2009) 실시하였다. 결실 및 과실 특 성의 안전성 검정을 위해 경기도 화성에 클론보존원을 조성하 여 주요 개량대상 형질인 당도, 경도, 열과율, 다배율 및 종피 박피성 등을 ‘밤나무 특성조사요령지침서(KFRI 2006b)에 준 하여 조사하였다. 대조 품종은 일본에서 도입된 대립 다수확 성 품종으로 오랜 기간 동안 국내에서 주로 재배되고 있는 중 생종인 ‘유마(Arima)’ 품종을 이용하였다. 결실 특성의 경우 개화시기인 6월 중순 경에 나무당 20개의 결과지를 선정하여 결과지당 수꽃, 암꽃 수를 세어 평균값을 산출하였다. 또한 각 품종의 수확시기에 맞추어 9월 중순경에 나무당 결과모지를 임의로 20개 선정하여 결과모지당 결과지 수와 착구수를 조사 하여 평균값을 산출하였다. 과실 특성의 경우, 밤 수확기인 9 월 중순에 한 나무당 건전과 20 립씩을 채취하여 혼합한 다음 최종적으로 30개의 밤 과실을 임의로 추출하여 입중, 당도 및 경도를 조사하였다. 입중은 정밀 전자저울(MW-600N)을 이 용하여 조사하였으며, 당도는 과육 중앙부를 채취하여 즙을 낸 후 Refractometer (RA-510, Kyoto Electronics MFG. Co., Japan)를 사용하여 낙과 후 48시간 이내에 측정하였다. 과육경도는 건전한 측과의 외피를 제거한 후 과실의 배면을 아래로 두고 상단부를 3 mm 내외의 두께로 수평으로 자른 후 Material Tester (Ez-Test/CE, Shimadzu Co., Japan)로 측정 하였다. 열과율은 수확 직후 건전과 100개를 임의로 선정하여 과정부, 측면부 및 좌면부 등에 외피가 자연적으로 터져 열과 가 나타난 과실을 백분율로 환산하여 산출하였다. 다배율은 건전과 100개를 임의로 선정하여 횡축방향으로 절단한 후 다 배과(쌍밤)의 수를 조사하여 백분율로 환산하여 나타내었다. 또한 종피 박피성을 계량화하기 위해 수확 직후 건전과 50여 개를 임의로 선정하여 좌면의 길이방향 둘레에 칼금을 넣은 다음 고온(380℃, 10 ~ 15분)에서 구워낸 후 박피등급에 따른 종피 박피성을 다음과 같이 환산하였다(Tanaka 1981).
- 박피등급 : 칼로 과피와 종피를 제거하는데 소요되는 시 간을 기준
0 : 과피, 종피 동시 제거 가능
1 : 1분 이내 종피 제거 가능
2 : 1~5분 이내 종피 제거 가능
3 : 5분 이상 소요
- 종피 박피성(Pellicle removability)
P. R. (%) = (N0+N1/N0+N1+N2+N3) × 100
N0, N1, N2, N3 : 각각 0, 1, 2, 3 등급에 속하는 과실 수
나무 관리는 과실 형질 등 품종 고유의 특성이 잘 발현될 수 있도록 집약재배 수준에서 솎음전정과 절단전정을 통한 저수고 수형관리를 하였으며, 시비관리(유박비료 10 kg/본) 및 병해충 방제를 관행적으로 실시하였다.
통계 분석
시험성적은 통계분석용 프로그램인 SPSS Package(SPSS Institute v18.0)를 이용하여 품종간 유의성이 있는지를 알아 보기 위해 t-검정을 통해 비교하였다.
주요 특성
수형은 반직립형으로 수세가 강하며 동아는 흑적색으로 끝 모양은 둔두형이다. 개엽시기는 4월 중⋅하순경으로 대조 품 종인 유마에 비해 빠른 편이며, 수확시기는 9월 둘째주로 대 조 품종과 다르게 조⋅중생종이다(Table 1). 또한 신초지의 정단부에 안토시아닌 착색이 있으며 잎 모양은 폭이 좁은 피 침형으로 엽거치는 미철형이다. 과실의 형태는 편원형으로 어 깨부까지 털이 있으며, 암갈색으로 광택이 우수하다. 수확량 의 경우는 8년생 나무당 3년간 평균 3.9 kg이며 유마 품종의 5.8 kg에 비해 비교적 적은 값을 보이는데, 이는 유목기에 영 양생장이 왕성하고 연차 별 기상환경에 따라 수확량 변동이 컸기 때문으로 판단된다(Table 1). 결실특성으로는 결과지당 암꽃의 수가 평균 2.2개이며 결과모지당 밤송이수는 6.3개로 대조 품종인 유마보다 많았다(Table 2). ‘장원’은 수세가 안정 화되는 6년생 이상부터 비교적 결실량이 많고 안정적인 결실 특성을 보이며 향후 최종 성목기에 도달하게 되면 안정된 수 확량을 보일 것으로 판단된다. 3년간 과실 품질을 조사한 결 과, 평균 입중은 13.0 g 내외의 중ㆍ소립종이며, 함과수가 1 ~ 2개로 적어 밤알이 큰 편이었다. 당도는 17.5%, 경도는 9.6 ㎏/㎠로 단맛이 많고 과육이 비교적 단단하여 식미가 우수하 였다. 특히 열과가 거의 없고 다배율이 0.1%로 낮아 과실 품 질이 뛰어나며, 용도면에서는 대조 품종에 비해 종피 박피성 이 98.6%로 뛰어나 군밤용으로 적합한 품종으로 판단된다 (Table 3, Table 4). Fig .1
Table 1.
The comparison of yield and phenological characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).
Table 1.
Cultivar Yield (kg/tree) Time of bud burst Harvest time

Jangwon 3.9±1.1az 3rd week of April Second week of September
Arima 5.8±1.9b 4th week of April 4th week of September

zMeans ± SD (n=5) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years

Table 2.
The comparison of fructification characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the flowering season or harvest season (2007~2009).
Table 2.
Cultivar No. of pistillate flowers per bearing branch No. of staminate flowers per bearing branch No. of bearing branch per bearing mother branch No. of total burr per bearing mother branch

Jangwon 2.2±0.3az 9.7±0.7a 3.0±0.4a 6.3±0.9a
Arima 1.4±0.5b 10.8±0.3b 2.7±0.4a 3.5±0.9b

zMeans ± SD (n=20) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

Table 3.
The comparison of nut characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the harvest season (2007~2009).
Table 3.
Cultivar Year Nut Weight (g) Soluble solid content (%) Kernel hardness (kg·cm2) Pericarp split rate (%) Occurrence of polyembryonic nuts (%)

Jangwon 2007 12.6 17.0 9.4 0.0 0.1
2008 14.0 20.0 9.5 0.0 0.3
2009 13.1 16.7 9.6 0.0 0.0
Average 13.0±0.7az 17.5±1.8a 9.6±0.1a 0.0±0.0a 0.1±0.2a
Arima 2007 19.1 11.2 8.0 3.5 0.2
2008 17.1 15.7 8.2 0.6 1.3
2009 16.5 17.3 8.7 1.7 0.0
Average 17.3±1.4b 15.3±3.2b 8.3±0.4b 1.9±1.5b 0.5±0.7b

zMeans±SD (n=30) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

Table 4.
The comparison of pellicle removability between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).
Table 4.
Cultivar Year Pellicle removal index Pellicle removability (%)y

N0Z N1 N2 N3

Jangwon 2007 47 1 0 0 100
2008 32 14 2 0 95.8
2009 47 1 0 0 100
Average 42.7 5.3 0.7 0.0 98.6
Arima 2007 7 11 20 10 37.5
2008 6 13 19 10 39.6
2009 5 19 14 10 50.0
Average 6.0 14.3 17.7 10.0 51.4

zN0: The pericarp and pellicle could be removed immediately

N1: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed in 1 minute

N2: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed 1 to 5 minutes

N3: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed for 5 more minutes

yPellicle removability = (N0+N1/N0+N1+N2+N3) × 100

Fig. 1.
Appearance of fructification and fruit of ‘Jangwon’.
A: Appearance of fructification in mid-August
B: Appearance of bur and nut in the second week of September
C: Appearance of nut in the second week of September
D: Appearance of nut without pellicle in the second week of September
KJBS-47-409_F1.gif
적응지역 및 재배상 유의점
밤나무줄기마름병에는 강하나 밤나무혹벌에는 약한 편이 며 유목기에는 영양생장이 왕성하여 과실이 작고 결실량도 적으나 식재 후 6 ~ 7년이 경과하여 수세가 안정화되는 성목 기에 도달하게 되면 결실량이 증가하고 과실 크기가 커지면 서 균일해지고 안정적인 수확량을 보이게 된다. 기존의 대립 밤 계통의 품종보다 밤알이 작아 수확 시 채취효율성이 다소 떨어지므로 한계농지 등에 조방재배에 적합하며 과실의 종피 박피성은 화분수의 영향을 받으므로 과실품질 향상을 위한 다른 품종의 화분수 품종으로도 적합하다(Mckay & Crane 1939, Serdar et al. 2011, Takada et al. 2010, Takada et al. 2012).
유용성
종자산업법에 의하여 2010년 3월에 품종보호출원(출원번 호: 2010-08)하였고, 3년간(2012 ~ 2014년)의 재배심사를 통 해, 2014년 2월에 식물신품종 보호법 제43조 1항에 의해 품 종 보호등록(제49호)이 완료되어 농가에 보급할 예정이다.
‘장원’은 국립산림과학원에서 당도가 높으면서 종피가 잘 벗겨지는 과실 특성을 가진 품종을 육성하기 위해 수령 60년 생 이상의 노거수를 대상으로 선발하여 개발한 품종이다. 이 품종은 2001년에 처음으로 선발되었고 2007 ~ 2009년까지 과실 특성에 대한 안전성 검정을 수행하였다. 특히 이 품종의 수확시기는 9월 둘째주이며, 8년생을 기준으로 나무당 수확 량은 약 3.9 kg이다. 이 품종은 과실 특성으로 당도 17.5%, 경도 9.6 kg/cm2, 종피 박피율 98.6%로 대조 품종인 유마 보 다 과실품질이 우수하여 군밤용으로 특화되어 이용 될 수 있 다. 또한 다른 품종의 종피 박피율 향상을 위한 수분수로도 활용 가능성이 크다.
  • 1. Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI)Chestnut cultivars in Korea. 2006a. 7-13.
  • 2. Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI)UPOV Test Guide for chestnut. 2006b. 2-5.
  • 3. Korea Forest Service (KFS)Statistical yearbook forestry. 2015. 238-296.
  • 4. Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI)The observation of forestry. http://www.krei.re.kr 2015.
  • 5. Maeng JH, Ahn SY, Choi SJ, Gwon SB, Kim BS. A mid-late maturing potato variety ‘Oryun’ with high starch. Korean J. Breed. Sci 2015. 47: 92-95.
  • 6. Mckay JW, Crane HL. Xenia in the chestnut. Science 1939. 89: 348-349.
  • 7. Serdar U, Demirsoy H, Demirsoy L. A morphological and phenological comparison of chestnut (Castanea) cultivars ‘Serdar’ and ‘Marigoule’. Aust. J. Crop Sci 2011. 5: 1311-1317.
  • 8. Takada N, Nishio S, Yamada M, Sawamura Y, Sato A, Hirabayashi T, Saito T. Inheritance of the Easy-peeling Pellicle Trait of Japanese Chestnut Cultivar ‘Porotan’. HortScience 2012. 47: 845-847.
  • 9. Takada N, Sawamura Y, Nishio S, Saito T. Influence of pollen parents on removability of pellicle and fruit weight of chestnut cultivar ‘Porotan’. Acta Hort 2010. 866: 239-242.
  • 10. Tanaka K, Kotobuki K, Kakiuchi N. Numerization of peeling easiness and role of phenolic compounds of the pellicle in the adhesion between the pellicle and embryo in comparison of Japanese (Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc.) and Chinese embryo (Castanea mollissima Blume) chestnuts. J. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci 1981. 50: 363-371.

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A Roasted Chestnut Cultivar ‘Jangwon’ with High Pellicle Removability
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(4):409-413.   Published online December 31, 2015
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A Roasted Chestnut Cultivar ‘Jangwon’ with High Pellicle Removability
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2015;47(4):409-413.   Published online December 31, 2015
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A Roasted Chestnut Cultivar ‘Jangwon’ with High Pellicle Removability
Image
Fig. 1. Appearance of fructification and fruit of ‘Jangwon’. A: Appearance of fructification in mid-August B: Appearance of bur and nut in the second week of September C: Appearance of nut in the second week of September D: Appearance of nut without pellicle in the second week of September
A Roasted Chestnut Cultivar ‘Jangwon’ with High Pellicle Removability

The comparison of yield and phenological characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).

Cultivar Yield (kg/tree) Time of bud burst Harvest time

Jangwon 3.9±1.1az 3rd week of April Second week of September
Arima 5.8±1.9b 4th week of April 4th week of September

zMeans ± SD (n=5) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years

The comparison of fructification characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the flowering season or harvest season (2007~2009).

Cultivar No. of pistillate flowers per bearing branch No. of staminate flowers per bearing branch No. of bearing branch per bearing mother branch No. of total burr per bearing mother branch

Jangwon 2.2±0.3az 9.7±0.7a 3.0±0.4a 6.3±0.9a
Arima 1.4±0.5b 10.8±0.3b 2.7±0.4a 3.5±0.9b

zMeans ± SD (n=20) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

The comparison of nut characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the harvest season (2007~2009).

Cultivar Year Nut Weight (g) Soluble solid content (%) Kernel hardness (kg·cm2) Pericarp split rate (%) Occurrence of polyembryonic nuts (%)

Jangwon 2007 12.6 17.0 9.4 0.0 0.1
2008 14.0 20.0 9.5 0.0 0.3
2009 13.1 16.7 9.6 0.0 0.0
Average 13.0±0.7az 17.5±1.8a 9.6±0.1a 0.0±0.0a 0.1±0.2a
Arima 2007 19.1 11.2 8.0 3.5 0.2
2008 17.1 15.7 8.2 0.6 1.3
2009 16.5 17.3 8.7 1.7 0.0
Average 17.3±1.4b 15.3±3.2b 8.3±0.4b 1.9±1.5b 0.5±0.7b

zMeans±SD (n=30) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

The comparison of pellicle removability between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).

Cultivar Year Pellicle removal index Pellicle removability (%)y

N0Z N1 N2 N3

Jangwon 2007 47 1 0 0 100
2008 32 14 2 0 95.8
2009 47 1 0 0 100
Average 42.7 5.3 0.7 0.0 98.6
Arima 2007 7 11 20 10 37.5
2008 6 13 19 10 39.6
2009 5 19 14 10 50.0
Average 6.0 14.3 17.7 10.0 51.4

zN0: The pericarp and pellicle could be removed immediately

N1: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed in 1 minute

N2: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed 1 to 5 minutes

N3: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed for 5 more minutes

yPellicle removability = (N0+N1/N0+N1+N2+N3) × 100

Table 1. The comparison of yield and phenological characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).

Means ± SD (n=5) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years

Table 2. The comparison of fructification characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the flowering season or harvest season (2007~2009).

Means ± SD (n=20) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

Table 3. The comparison of nut characteristics between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar at the harvest season (2007~2009).

Means±SD (n=30) done by Student’s t test at P = 0.05 on five plants per cultivar over 3 years; similar letters within a column indicate no significant difference

Table 4. The comparison of pellicle removability between ‘Jangwon’ and prevailing cultivar (2007~2009).

N0: The pericarp and pellicle could be removed immediately

N1: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed in 1 minute

N2: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed 1 to 5 minutes

N3: Pericarp and pellicle could be removed for 5 more minutes

Pellicle removability = (N0+N1/N0+N1+N2+N3) × 100