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Korean. J. Breed. Sci. : Korean Journal of Breeding Science

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Development of japonica Rice Lines with Four Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes using Phenotypic and Marker-assisted Selection


Published online: May 31, 2016

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*Corresponding author (mayoe@korea.kr, +82- 63-238-5216, +82-63-238-5205)
• Received: March 1, 2016   • Accepted: April 18, 2016

© The Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Four bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, pyramid elite japonica rice lines were developed for enhancing the resistance of rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Korea. Seven doubled haploid (RDL1-7) and ten F6 lines (RPL1-10) having Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 which were derived from the cross between Ilmi, high grain quality japonica rice cultivar carrying Xa1, and Iksan575, elite line carrying Xa3+xa5+Xa21, were developed using marker-assisted selection for resistance genes and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Among resistance genes combinations in F2 population, four resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, showed the highest resistance and conferred the enhanced resistance than three genes combination, Xa3+xa5+Xa21. Four genes pyramid lines (RDL and RPL) showed broad-spectrum resistant against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates and the yield and quality of the lines did not alter by the inoculation of K3a, the most virulent race in Korea. In addition, these lines had excellent plant type and exhibited more enhanced yield than previously developed resistant cultivars. Four bacterial blight resistance genes combination, Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21, was efficient and promising combination and developed lines with four genes could be useful materials and will be applied to the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance of japonica rice against bacterial blight.
벼흰잎마름병은 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae에 의한 세균 성 병으로 벼를 재배하는 대부분의 국가에서 발생하여 많은 피해를 주는 병 중 하나이다(Mew 1987). 벼흰잎마름병 방제용 으로 몇 가지 화학약제가 개발되어 사용되고 있으나 방제효과가 낮아 저항성 품종 재배가 가장 경제적이고 효율적인 방제 수단으 로 알려져 있다(Khush et al. 1989, Shin et al. 2011).
지금까지 약 40여개의 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자가 보고되 었는데 이중 우성유전자가 26개, 열성유전자가 14개이며 이들 저항성 유전자는 9번, 10번 염색체를 제외한 10개의 염색체에 위치하며, 특히 4번 염색체 장완에 8개(Xa1, Xa2, Xa12, Xa14, Xa25, Xa30(t)(Cheema et al. 2008), Xa31(t), Xa38), 11번 염색 체 장완에 12개(Xa3/Xa26, Xa4, Xa10, Xa21, Xa22, Xa23, Xa30(t)(Jin et al. 2007), Xa32(t), Xa35(t), Xa36(t), Xa39, Xa40) 가 존재하여 두 염색체에 집중적으로 모여있다(Kim et al. 2015, Xia et al. 2012, Zhang et al. 2015). 우리나라의 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 육종사업의 초기에는 Xa1 저항성 유전자를 주로 이용하 였고, 이후 Xa3 저항성 유전자를 이용하여 많은 품종들을 개발하 였다(Park et al. 2011, Park et al. 2012, Shin et al. 2011). Xa3 유전자를 단일 저항성원으로 이용하여 개발된 우량 품종들 의 대면적 재배가 장기화됨에 따라서 병원균 레이스 집단의 변화와 새로운 변이균이 발생하여 피해가 확산되었다(Park et al. 2013, Shin et al. 2011). 한 개의 품종이 가지고 있는 두 개 또는 여러 개의 저항성 유전자는 하나의 저항성 유전자에 비해 병원균의 변이에 의한 저항성 붕괴의 확률이 낮다(Mundt 1990). 또한 병원균의 균계에 상호보완적인 저항성 범위를 가지 는 유전자들을 집적함으로써 여러 균계에 대한 광범위 저항성을 확보할 수 있으며 저항성 붕괴를 지연시킬 수 있다(Yoshimura et al. 1995).
단일저항성 유전자의 붕괴에 대비하기 위해서 여러 개의 저항 성 유전자를 하나의 품종에 집적시키는 저항성 육종사업이 다양 하게 진행되고 있다. 국제미작연구소에서 개발된 인디카 품종인 IR24 배경의 단일저항성 유전자 도입 근동질 계통 IRBB4 (Xa4), IRBB5 (xa5), IRBB13 (xa13), IRBB21 (Xa21)을 이용하여 DNA 분자표지 이용 선발법(marker-assisted selection; MAS) 으로 저항성 유전자 두 개가 집적된 IRBB50 (Xa4+xa5), IRBB51 (Xa4+xa13), IRBB52 (Xa4+Xa21), IRBB53 (xa5+xa13), IRBB54 (xa5+Xa21), IRBB55 (xa13+Xa21)와 세 개가 집적된 IRBB56 (Xa4+xa5+xa13), IRBB57 (Xa4+xa5+Xa21), IRBB58 (Xa4+xa13+Xa21), IRBB59 (xa5+xa13+Xa21) 및 네 개가 집적된 IRBB60 (Xa4+xa5+xa13+Xa21)을 육성하였다(Huang et al. 1997). 세 개의 저항성 유전자 xa5, xa13, Xa21을 인디카 품종 PR106(Singh et al. 2001)과 Samba Mahsuri(Sundaram et al. 2008)에 MAS를 이용하여 집적시켰고, Xa4를 가지고 있는 Tapaswini 품종에 xa5, xa13, Xa21을 추가로 도입하여 네 개의 저항성 유전자를 집적시켰다(Dokku et al. 2013). 부도 품종 Jalmagna에 xa5, xa13, Xa21을 (Pradhan et al. 2015), 향미 Type 3형 바스마티에 xa13Xa21을 (Rajpurohit et al. 2011), 하이브리드 품종에 Xa7Xa21을 집적(Zhang et al. 2006)하는 등 다양한 육종사업이 수행되고 있다.
우리나라 자포니카 벼에서는 분자표지를 이용하여 IRBB57 이 보유하고 있는 Xa4, xa5, Xa21 세 개의 저항성 유전자를 중만생종인 만금(Suh et al. 2013)과 조생종인 진부(Suh et al. 2015)에 집적시킨 계통을 개발하였고, Xa1을 가지고 있는 일미 품종의 유전적 배경에 화영의 목도열병 저항성유전자 Pb1유전 자를 분자표지 이용 여교배법으로 도입하는 과정 중에 Pb1과 밀접하게 연관되어 있는 Xa3를 함께 도입하여 Xa1Xa3이 집적된 새일미(Lee et al. 2015) 품종을 개발하였다. 벼흰잎마름 병 균계에 대한 저항성 검정을 통한 표현형 선발로 Xa3xa5 와 집적된 진백(2008년 개발), 신백(2010), 해품(2013), 새신, 안백 및 만백(2014) 등 6개 품종이 개발되었고, Xa3+Xa21이 집적된 조생종 계통 익산592호, Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 집적된 중만 생종 우량계통 익산575호 등이 개발되었다(Park et al. 2013, Park et al. 2015a).
벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자는 균계에 특이적인 저항성 반응 을 나타낸다(Huang et al. 1997, Park et al. 2013). 여러 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적되어 있을 경우에 저항성 유전자들의 상호 작용에 따라 저항성이 양적으로 상승하는 보완 효과 또는 저항성 수준이 높은 유전자가 저항성 수준이 낮거나 균계 특이적 이병성 을 나타내는 저항성 유전자의 효과를 숨기는 질적으로 저항성을 보완하는 경우가 있기 때문에 균계 검정을 통한 표현형 정보만을 가지고 저항성 유전자를 추정하거나 확인하기가 어렵다(Jeung et al. 2006, Park et al. 2013, Yoshimura et al. 1995). 이러한 문제는 해당 저항성 유전자를 탐지할 수 있는 DNA 분자표지의 개발과 함께 해결되고 있으며 분자표지의 개발은 저항성 유전자 의 도입여부를 초기 세대부터 확인할 수 있어 효율적인 육종이 가능하며 생물검정에 드는 노력과 어려움을 경감시켜 주고 있다 (Collard & Mackill 2008). 하지만 도입된 유전자가 실질적으로 저항성을 잘 발현하는지에 대해서는 벼흰잎마름병균 접종을 통한 생물검정이 필수적이며 개발된 저항성 유전자 집적 계통이 실용적인 재배 품종으로서의 수준을 넘어서기 위해서는 초형, 수량성, 미질 등에서 우수하여야 하기 때문에 저항성 유전자 도입과 함께 주요 농업형질 특성에 대한 표현형 선발이 뒷받침되 어야 한다.
본 연구는 자포니카 벼의 흰잎마름병 저항성 증진을 위하여 육종과정 중 분자표지 활용 선발과 표현형 선발을 병행 활용하여 약배양과 계통육종법으로 저항성 유전자가 집적된 계통을 개발 하고 이들의 저항성 성능 검증과 수량성 등 농업형질을 분석하여 저항성 육종사업에 반영하고자 수행하였다.
시험재료 및 재배방법
벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자 Xa1을 가지고 있으면서 고품질 벼 품종인 일미와 세 개의 저항성 유전자 Xa3, xa5, Xa21를 가지고 있는 HR27814-B-47-1-1 (추후에 익산575호로 명명됨) 을 교배 모본으로 이용하였다(Park et al. 2013). 인공교배된 F1 식물체를 자식하여 생성된 F2 집단의 식물체를 저항성 유전자 표지 DNA 마커를 이용하여 유전자가 집적된 개체를 선발하였고 벼흰잎마름병 균계 접종을 통해 유전자 집적 효과를 확인하였다. 저항성 유전자 집적 개체의 이삭을 채취하여 약배양을 Choi (2006)의 방법에 준하여 수행하였다. 이와 병행하여 계통육종법 으로 고정 계통을 육성하였다. 육종과정 중에서 분자표지 이용 선발과 벼흰잎마름병 생물검정 및 농업형질 조사를 통한 표현형 선발을 함께 적용하여 저항성 유전자가 집적된 계통을 선발하였 고 시험에 이용하였다(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Schematic diagram for pyramiding four R genes of bacterial blight based on marker-assisted selection (MAS) and phenotypic selection (PS).
KJBS-48-2-140_F1.gif
공시 재료를 국립식량과학원 익산 벼 시험포장에서 2015년 4월 10일 파종하여 5월 10일 재식거리 30 x 15 cm로 주당 3본씩 구당 180주를 3반복으로 이앙하여 생산력 검정시험을 수행하였다. 벼흰잎마름병 접종에 따른 수량성 및 품질 변이를 조사하기 위해 생산력 검정시험과 동일한 재료를 재식거리 30 x 15 cm로 주당 3본씩 구당 180주를 무접종구와 접종구로 나누 어 이앙하였다. 시비량은 N-P2O5-K2O를 90-45-57 kg/ha으로 질소는 기비 : 분얼비 : 수비를 50 : 20 : 30 비율로 분시하였고, 인산은 전량 기비로, 칼륨은 기비 : 수비를 70 : 30 비율로 분시하 였다. 기타 재배관리는 농촌진흥청 표준 재배법에 준하여 실시하 였다.
벼흰잎마름병 저항성 검정
저항성 유전자 조합에 따른 저항성 반응을 조사하기 위해서 F1 식물체에서 자식되어 육성된 F2 식물체 199개와 모부본을 2013년 하계에 유리온실에 40 x 10 cm로 주당 1본씩 이앙하여 분얼 중기까지 키운 후 뽑아내 줄기를 나누어 유전 조성이 같은 식물체로 2개씩 분주하여 20 x 10 cm 간격으로 재배하였다. 최고분얼기에 같은 유전 조성을 가지는 2개의 분주된 식물체에 대해서 각각 K1 (HB1013)과 K3a (HB1009 균주) 균계를 이용 하여 엽선단 3 cm 부위를 가위절엽 접종하여(Kauffman et al. 1973) 접종 후 3주 후에 가장 긴 병반을 가진 3개 엽의 병반장을 측정하여 평균한 값을 이용하였다. 2014년 하계에 목표 저항성 유전자 집적 조합에 대한 벼흰잎마름병 광범위 저항성을 조사하 기 위해 플라스틱 상자(78 × 45 × 18 cm)에 국제미작연구소에서 개발된 벼흰잎마름병 단일 저항성 유전자 근동질 계통(Ogawa et al. 1991)과 교배 모본 및 MAS를 통해 저항성 유전자가 집적된 것으로 확인된 약배양 계통을 주당 3본씩 16주 이앙하였 다. 우리나라의 우점 균주인 HB1014 (K2 균계), HB1015 (K3), HB1009 (K3a)와 Xa3 유전자를 침해하는 것으로 알려진 HB2024, HB2038, HB3055, HB3079 (K4), HB4024, HB4040, HB4044 (K5), HB4079, HB6142, HB6159과 Xa3 유전자를 침해하지 못하나 Xa21 유전자를 침해하는 HB2010, HB3011, HB4027 균주(Park et al. 2013) 등 총 16개 균주를 이용하여 광범위 저항성을 조사하였다. 플라스틱 상자에 이앙된 16 주에 한 주당 한 균주씩 엽선단 약 3 cm 부위를 가위 절엽접종 하여 접종 3주 후에 가장 긴 병반을 가진 3개 엽의 병반장을 측정하여 평균한 값을 이용하였다. 평균 병반장 길이가 1 cm 이하는 고도저항성(HR; highly resistant), 5 cm 이하는 저항성(R; resistant), 5-10 cm는 중도저항성(MR; moderately resistant), 10 cm 이상은 이병성(S; susceptible)으로 질적저항성을 구분하였 다. 2015년 하계에 생산력검정시험에 공시된 재료에 대해서 벼흰잎마름병 대표균계에 대한 저항성 반응을 HB1013 (K1 균계), HB1014, HB1015, HB1009 균주를 이용하여 조사하였 다. 접종 방법 및 질적저항성 판단은 2014년 접종시험에 준하여 실시하였다. 벼흰잎마름병 접종에 따른 수량성 및 품질 변이를 조사하기 위해 무접종구는 균을 묻히지 않고, 접종구는 병원성이 강한 HB1009 균주를 이용하여 시험구 전개체에 대해서 최고분 얼기에 엽선단 3 cm 부위를 가위 절엽접종하였다.
저항성 유전자 확인
Genomic DNA 추출은 BioSprint 96 (Qiagen Co., Düren, Germany)을 이용하였다. 샘플을 TissueLyserII (Qiagen Co., Düren, Germany)를 이용하여 마쇄한 후 BioSprint 96 DNA Plant Kit (Qiagen Co., Düren, Germany)를 이용하여 DNA를 추출하였다. 저항성 유전자를 확인하기 위하여 대상 유전자와 밀접하게 연관된 DNA 분자표지로 Xa1은 16PFXa1과 puXa1L (2015년 이용), Xa3은 BB-R, S와 puXa3U1 (2015), xa5는 10603.T.10Dw와 puXa5U (2015), Xa21은 U1/I1을 이용하였 다(Table 1). PCR은 10 ng의 DNA와 AccuPower® PCR PreMix (Bioneer Co., Daejoen, Korea)를 이용하여 My-Genie 96 Thermal block (Bioneer Co., Daejoen, Korea)에서 수행하 였다. PCR 반응 및 제한효소 처리는 2015년에 새로 이용한 puXa1L, puXa3U1 및 puXa5U를 제외한 분자표지에 대해서는 Park et al. (2013)의 방법에 준하여 실시하였다. puXa1L, puXa3U1 및 puXa5U는 95°C에서 5분간 초기변성 후 95°C 30초, 68°C 1분 30초 총 40회 반복하고, 72°C에서 20분간 반응 하였다. 증폭된 PCR 산물 5μl를 puXa1L은 EcoRV와 puXa3U1은 Pst I와 37°C에서, puXa5U는 Sml I와 55°C에서 2시간 제한효소 처리하여 전기영동에 이용하였다. 2% agarose gel에서 전기영동을 실시하여 EtBr로 염색한 후 UV transilluminator (MiniBIS Pro, DNR Bio-Imaging Systems Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel)를 이용하여 유전자형을 판정하였다.
Table 1.
Gene-specific PCR primers and functional marker primers used for the identification of bacterial blight resistance genes.
Table 1.
R-genes Chr.No. Marker name Primer sequences
Expected size (bp) Reference
Forward(5’-3’), Reverse(5’-3’)

Xa1 4 16PFXa1 ACGGTTCTGAAGGTCGTCATTGCAAGAGCTCCGGTTTAAG 201,155 Shin et al.2006
Xa1 4 puXa1L ATTTGGGGAGTTCGTCAGAGCCATTGGAGCGGATTGGTTTTG 473,350 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
Xa3 11 BB-R CCACAATGCCATGTCAGGTGGCATCCCTGCAAGGTGTTGGAGGATTGGCAT 255 Hur et al.2013
xa3 11 BB-S CGGAGCGACACAGCTATCATCGTGAGGTTCCCTATGGCGATT 743 Hur et al.2013
Xa3 11 puXa3U1 CAGTATGGATTTTCGTTGCGCCGTATAGCTGGTTAAACTGTAG 383 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
xa5 5 10603.T.10Dw GCACTGCAACCATCAATGAATCCCTAGGAGAAACTAGCCGTCCA 280 Park et al.2013
xa5 5 puXa5U CAAGAAGAGCAGAGCAGAGCTCCTTTAGCAAGGTGTGTACG 496,300 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
Xa21 11 U1/I1 CGATCGGTATAACAGCAAAACATAGCAACTGATTGCTTGG 1,400 Wang et al.1996
수량 및 품질 관련 형질 조사
생산력 검정시험에 공시된 재료의 출수기를 조사하고 성숙기 에 시험구별로 10개체에 대해서 간장, 수장, 수수를 측정하였다. 출수 후 50일에 시험구별로 3주를 예취하여 등숙률 및 수당립수를 측정하였다. 수량조사는 100주를 예취하여 정조수량을 측정한 다음 이 중 1.5 kg에 대해서 수량조사현미기(LST, Gwangyang, Korea)로 제영하여 정현비율을 측정하고, 100주 정조수량에 정현비율을 곱하여 현미수량을 구하고 10a당 수량으로 환산하였 다. 제현된 현미를 가지고 현미 천립중을 측정하였다. 현미를 시험용 정미기(VP-32T, Yamamoto Co., Ltd., Yamagata, Japan)를 이용하여 도정 후 RN300 (Kett Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan)을 이용하여 백미에 대한 외관품위를 조사하였다. 백미의 단백질 및 아밀로스 함량은 Infratec 1241 Grain Analyzer (Foss Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden)을 이용하였고, 취반미의 윤기치는 식미검정기인 MA-90B (Toyo Co., Tokyo, Japan)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 벼흰잎마름병 접종에 따른 수량성 및 품질 변이를 조사하기 위해 출수 후 50일에 접종구와 대조구에서 3주 3반복을 예취하여 등숙률을 측정하고, 20주 3반복을 예취하여 정조수량 을 측정하였다. 제현기(SY88-TH, Ssangyong Ltd., Incheon, Korea)로 제영하여 현미수량을 구하고 RN300을 이용하여 현미 외관품위를 조사하였다.
통계 분석
통계분석은 SAS 프로그램(Version 9.2, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA)을 이용하였다. 농업형질에 대한 평균을 기술 통계법으로 구하였고, 평균간 비교는 PROC ANOVA로 분산분 석 후 유의성이 있을 경우 5% 유의수준에서 Duncan’s Multiple Range test (DMRT)로 분석하였으며, PROC t-test를 이용하여 균계 접종에 따른 대조구와 접종구간의 농업형질 차이를 비교하 였다.
저항성 유전자 집적 계통 육성
일미와 HR27814-B-47-1-1을 교배하여 육성한 F2 분리 집단 199개체의 유전자형을 분석한 결과 Xa1, Xa3xa5는 1 : 2 : 1의 분리비를 나타냈고 Xa21은 3 : 1의 분리비를 나타냈다 (Table 2). 분리집단에서 Xa1, Xa3xa5의 유전자형이 모두 동형접합체이고 Xa21은 동형 또는 이형접합체로 목표 저항성 유전자가 발현되는 4개체를 선발하여 약배양과 계통육종법에 이용하였다(Table 3, Fig. 2). F2에서 선발된 4개체의 47개 이삭 을 채취하여 약배양을 수행하여 8개 약배양 계통을 육성하였고 (Table 4), 분자표지 이용 선발을 통해 목표 저항성 유전자 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 집적된 7개 계통을 선발하였다. 선발된 약배양 고정계통에 대해서 벼흰잎마름병에 광범위 저항성을 조사하여 저항성 유전자 집적에 대한 성능검정을 하였고(Table 5, Fig. 3), 그 다음세대에 MAS를 통해 저항성 유전자 도입여부 를 재확인하였다(Fig. 5). 약배양 방법과 함께 계통육종법으로 MAS와 벼흰잎마름병에 대한 생물검정과 농업형질 조사 등 표현형 선발을 통해서 최종적으로 목표 저항성 유전자가 집적된 10개의 고정계통을 육성하였다. F2에서 선발된 24, 164, 172, 178번의 4개체를 F3세대에 각각 20개체씩 HR30348-24, HR30348-164, HR30348-172, HR30348-178의 4개의 개체군 으로 전개하였고, MAS를 통해 저항성 유전자가 집적된 개체를 개체군별로 각각 15, 18, 20, 20개를 선발하여 F4 세대에 계통으 로 전개하였다. F4 세대에서 벼흰잎마름병 K3a 균계에 대한 저항성 검정을 통해 이병성 개체가 나오지 않은 계통을 계통군별 로 3, 6, 20, 20 계통을 선발하였고, 이와 동시에 초형 및 숙색 등 농업형질에 대한 달관조사를 통해 이 중 2, 2, 11, 5 계통을 선발하여 간이수량과 백미의 외관품위를 조사하여 최종적으로 각 계통군에서 1, 0, 8, 1개 계통의 10계통을 선발하였다(Table 6). 선발된 10계통에서 각 1개체씩 수별 선발하여 F5 세대를 진전시켜 F6 고정계통을 육성하였고, MAS를 통해 이들 육성 계통의 저항성 유전자 집적 여부를 재확인하였다(Fig. 5).
Table 2.
Segregation ratio of resistance genes in F2 population using gene-specific DNA markers.
Table 2.
R-gene No. of F2 plants
Expected ratio x2 P-value
AAz AB BB Total

Xa1 40 107 52 199 1:2:1 2.578 0.276
Xa3 41 102 56 199 1:2:1 2.387 0.303
xa5 56 101 42 199 1:2:1 2.015 0.365
Xa21 160 39 199 3:1 3.097 0.078

zAA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Fig. 2.
Resistance reaction (A) against K1 and K3a races and genotyping using gene-specific DNA markers (B) of IR24 donor for IRBB lines, IRBB lines carrying Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21, parents consisted of Ilmi having Xa1 and HR27814-B-47-1-1 having Xa3+xa5+Xa21, F1 plants, and F2 plants for anther culture. PCR analysis of lines to confirm resistance genes using the gene specific DNA markers. Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21 were confirmed by PCR product amplified with primer, 16PFXa1(cleaved by EcoRV), BB3-R and BB3-S, 10603.T10Dw (cleaved by Rsa I), and U1/I1, respectively. White bar indicates 10cm.
KJBS-48-2-140_F2.gif
Fig. 3.
Resistance reaction of IR24 (A), IRBB1 (B), IRBB3 (C), IRBB5 (D), IRBB21 (E), Ilmi (F), Iksan575 (G), HR30348(F2)-AC1 (H), and HR30348(F2)-AC4 (I) against 16 bacterial blight isolates. 1: HB1009, 2: HB1013, 3: HB1014, 4: HB2010, 5: HB2024, 6: HB2038, 7: HB3011, 8: HB3055, 9: HB3079, 10: HB4024, 11: HB4027, 12: HB4040, 13: HB4044, 14: HB4079, 15: HB6142, 16: HB6159.
KJBS-48-2-140_F3.gif
Fig. 5.
Resistance reaction of lines against K3a race (A) and PCR analysis to confirm resistance genes using the gene specific DNA markers (B). Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21 were confirmed by PCR product amplified with primers, puXa1L (cleaved by EcoRV, a), puXa3U1 (Pst I, b), puXa5U (Sml I, c), and U1/I1 (d), respectively. The white bar indicates 10 cm. M: DNA size marker, 1: Nampyeong, 2: Jinbaek, 3: Ilmi, 4: Saeilmi, 5: Iksan575 (HR27814-B-47-1-1), 6-12: RDL1-7, 13-22: RPL1-10.
KJBS-48-2-140_F5.gif
저항성 유전자 조합에 따른 저항성 반응
분리집단인 F2 세대에서 저항성 유전자를 표지할 수 있는 분자 마커를 이용하여 발현되는 저항성 유전자들의 조합을 구분하였 고, K1과 K3a 균계 접종에 따른 각 조합의 저항성 반응을 비교 분석하였다(Table 3). 분자표지로 구분되어진 저항성 유전자 조 합은 16개로 4개의 저항성 유전자로 작성 가능한 모든 조합이 생성되었다. 분리집단의 199개체 중 발현되는 저항성 유전자가 하나도 없는 개체는 1개체로 K1과 K3a 균계 접종에 따른 병반장 이 20.5와 18.5 cm로 이병성 반응을 보였다. 하나의 저항성 유전자 가 발현되는 4개의 조합 중 Xa1은 K1에 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으나 K3a에는 이병성을 나타냈고, Xa21은 K1에 이병성을 나타냈으나 K3a에는 저항성을 나타냈다. Xa3은 K1에만 저항성 을 나타냈으며, xa5는 K1과 K3a에 저항성을 나타냈다. 두 개의 저항성 유전자 조합은 Xa1+Xa3, Xa1+xa5, Xa1+Xa21, Xa3+xa5, Xa3+Xa21, xa5+Xa21 등 6개 조합형으로, 이 중 K1에만 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타낸 Xa1+Xa3을 제외한 5개 조합들은 K1과 K3a에 모두 저항성을 나타냈다. 세 개의 저항성 유전 조합은 Xa1+Xa3+xa5, Xa1+Xa3+Xa21, Xa1+xa5+Xa21, Xa3+xa5+Xa21 등 4개 조합형으로, Xa1+Xa3+xa5Xa1+Xa3+Xa21은 K1에 매 우 강한 저항성을 K3a에는 저항성을 나타냈으며, Xa3+xa5+Xa21 은 K3a에 매우 강한 저항성을 K1에는 저항성을 나타냈고, Xa1+xa5+Xa21은 K1 및 K3a 모두에 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈다. 저항성 유전자 조합 중 네 개의 저항성 유전자 조합인 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 K1과 K3a에 가장 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈다.
Table 3.
Average lesion length of F2 plants in resistance gene combinations after inoculation with K1 and K3a races.
Table 3.
Gene combination Genotype
No. of F2 plants Lesion length (cm)
Xa1 Xa3 xa5 Xa21 K1 K3a

AAz AA AA AA/AB 4 0.1 0.3
Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 AA AB AA AA/AB 2 0.1 0.6
AB AA AA AA/AB 1 0.1 0.4
AB AB AA AA/AB 13 0.1 0.6
Xa1+Xa3+xa5 AB AB AA BB 4 0.1 2.7
AA AA AB AA/AB 2 0.2 2.6
AA AA BB AA/AB 2 0.1 1.1
AA AB AB AA/AB 7 0.2 1.9
Xa1+Xa3+Xa21 AA AB BB AA/AB 6 0.1 1.5
AB AA AB AA/AB 11 0.1 1.9
AB AA BB AA/AB 5 0.1 1.9
AB AB AB AA/AB 25 0.2 2.1
AB AB BB AA/AB 9 0.2 2.2
Xa1+xa5+Xa21 AA BB AA AA/AB 4 0.1 0.6
AB BB AA AA/AB 5 0.1 0.7
Xa3+xa5+Xa21 BB AA AA AA/AB 6 1.2 0.6
BB AB AA AA/AB 7 1.8 0.7
AA AA AB BB 1 0.2 8.7
AA AB AB BB 5 0.2 12.1
Xa1+Xa3 AA AB BB BB 1 0.2 11.8
AB AA BB BB 1 0.2 14.6
AB AB AB BB 5 0.2 13.7
AB AB BB BB 4 0.2 12.7
Xa1+xa5 AB BB AA BB 2 0.1 2.6
AA BB AB AA/AB 3 0.1 1.3
Xa1+Xa21 AA BB BB AA/AB 1 0.2 2.5
AB BB AB AA/AB 13 0.2 1.8
AB BB BB AA/AB 2 0.2 2.3
Xa3+xa5 BB AB AA BB 2 1.5 2.9
BB AA AB AA/AB 6 4.6 2.2
Xa3+Xa21 BB AA BB AA/AB 2 3.5 2.2
BB AB AB AA/AB 7 3.4 2.3
BB AB BB AA/AB 3 3.7 2.2
xa5+Xa21 BB BB AA AA/AB 4 1.4 1.3
AA BB AB BB 1 0.1 13.2
Xa1 AA BB BB BB 1 0.3 11.2
AB BB AB BB 5 0.3 13.0
AB BB BB BB 2 0.2 14.3
Xa3 BB AB AB BB 2 4.1 11.3
xa5 BB BB AA BB 2 2.6 2.2
Xa21 BB BB BB AA/AB 3 15.9 1.9
BB BB AB AA/AB 7 12.5 2.0
no gene BB BB AB BB 1 20.5 18.5
Total 199

zAA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Table 4.
Anther culture ability and doubled haploid lines derived from the cross of Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1.
Table 4.
Cross (gen.) Anther cultured (no.) Cali induced (no. and %) Plant regeneration (no. and %)z Green plants (no. and %)y Albino (no. and %)x Doubled haploid lines (no.)w

Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 (F2) 7,700 180(2.3) 21(11.7) 16(76.2) 5(23.8) 8

zPercent plant regeneration is the number of plants regenerated over number of cali plated

yPercent green is the number of green plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

xPercent albino is the number of albino plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

wDoubled haploid lines are harvested plants having fertile grain

벼흰잎마름병 저항성 성능검정
약배양 유래 목표 저항성 유전자 집적 7계통과 모부본인 일미 와 익산575호, 인디카 벼흰잎마름병 판별품종인 IR24, IRBB1, IRBB3, IRBB5, IRBB21에 대해서 16개 국내 수집 벼흰잎마름 병 균주에 대한 광범위 저항성 반응을 조사하였다(Table 5). IR24는 모든 균주에 대해서 이병성 반응을 나타냈으며, Xa1을 가지고 있는 IRBB1과 일미는 HB2010, HB3011 및 HB4027에 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈고 나머지 13개 균주에는 이병성 을 나타낸 반면, Xa21을 단독으로 가지고 있는 IRBB21은 HB2010, HB3011 및 HB4027에는 이병성을 나타내고 나머지 균주에 대해서는 저항성 반응을 나타냈다(Fig. 3 and 4). Xa3을 단독으로 가지고 있는 IRBB3은 HB1014, HB1015, HB2010, HB3011, HB4027에 중도 저항성을 나타냈으며, 나머지 균주에 는 이병성을 나타냈고, xa5을 가지고 있는 IRBB5는 평균 병반장 이 1.8 cm(범위 0.6-4.2 cm)로 모든 균주에 대해서 저항성을 나타냈다. Xa3+xa5+Xa21 세 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적된 익산 575호는 HB3011 (병반장 1.2 cm), HB4027 (1.1 cm), HB6142 (1.1 cm) 및 HB6159 (2.0 cm)에 저항성 반응을 나타냈고 나머지 균주에 대해서는 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으며, 16개 균주에 대한 평균 병반장은 0.8 cm였다. 네 개의 저항성 유전자 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 집적된 7개의 약배양 계통들은 모두 모 든 균주에 병반장 1 cm 이하의 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈 고, 평균 병반장도 0.4 cm로 다른 유전자 조합에 비해 저항성이 강하였다.
Table 5.
Resistance reaction of monogenic lines, parents for genes pyramiding, and doubled haploid lines carrying four resistance genes against each of 16 Korean Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates.
Table 5.
Isolate IR24
IRBB1
IRBB3
IRBB5
IRBB21
Ilmi
Iksan575
DH lines average
HB30348 (F2)-AC1
HB30348 (F2)-AC2
HB30348( F2)-AC3
HB30348 (F2)-AC4
HB30348 (F2)-AC5
HB30348 (F2)-AC6
HB30348(F2)-AC7
Xa18 Xa1 Xa3 xa5 Xa21 Xa1 Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21

HB1009 16.0(S) 16.3(S) 17.7(S) 1.5(R) 2.2(R) 13.0(S) 0.9(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR)(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.5(HR)
HB1014 15.3(S) 14.0(S) 7.3(MR) 1.2(R) 1.8(R) 20.0(S) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB1015 16.7(S) 13.7(S) 9.7(MR) 1.2(R) 1.2(R) 16.3(S) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB2010 16.0(S) 0.2(HR) 7.0(MR) 1.1(R) 10.7(S) 0.2(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR)
HB2024 16.3(S) 17.0(S) 15.7(S) 1.2(R) 1.5(R) 17.7(S) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB2038 16.0(S) 14.7(S) 15.7(MR) 0.8(HR) 0.2(HR) 15.3(S) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB3011 15.0(S) 0.3(HR) 8.3(S) 1.5(R) 17.3(S) 0.2(HR) 1.2(R) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR)
HB3055 19.3(S) 17.7(S) 18.7(S) 1.8(R) 4.2(R) 22.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR)
HB3079 15.0(S) 18.3(S) 18.3(S) 0.6(HR) 2.0(R) 19.0(S) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB4024 14.3(S) 15.0(S) 16.3(S) 2.3(R) 2.5(R) 14.0(S) 0.8(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.9(HR)
HB4027 15.3(S) 0.3(HR) 9.7(MR) 1.3(R) 10.2(S) 0.3(HR) 1.1(R) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB4040 17.7(S) 19.0(S) 19.0(S) 4.2(R) 5.3(R) 20.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.6(HR)
HB4044 18.0(S) 17.7(S) 18.0(S) 3.2(R) 3.7(R) 19.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.7(HR)
HB4079 18.0(S) 16.3(S) 15.3(S) 2.7(R) 2.3(R) 19.0(S) 0.7(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR)
HB6142 18.7(S) 17.7(S) 17.7(S) 2.2(R) 3.0(R) 20.0(S) 1.1(R) 0.7(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.8(HR)
HB6159 17.7(S) 19.0(S) 15.7(S) 1.5(R) 3.3(R) 19.0(S) 2.0(R) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.6(HR)
Mean ± SD 16.6±1.47 13.5±6.85 14.4±4.36 1.8±0.94 4.5±4.52 14.8±7.68 0.8±0.43 0.4±0.20 0.3±0.13 0.4±0.18 0.4±0.21 0.4±0.24 0.4±0.19 0.5±0.0.11 0.5±0.0.25
C.V. (%) 8.9 50.6 30.3 53.9 101.3 51.9 54.8 50.4 44.3 48.2 51.4 55.1 53.4 67.0 54.6

zAverage lesion length was measured using 3 leaves severely infected

yHR: Highly resistant (< 1 cm lesion length) R: Resistant (1-5 cm), MR: Moderately resistant (5-10 cm), S: Susceptible (> 10 cm)

Table 6.
History of selection of four breeding families in the F3 and F4 generations.
Table 6.
Breeding family F3

F4

Marker-assisted selection
Marker-assisted selection
Phenotypic selection to
K3a inoculation
Agronomic traits
Yield and quality
No. of plants Selected plants No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines

HR30348-24 20 15 15 15 15 3 3 2 2 1
HR30348-164 20 18 18 18 18 6 6 2 2 0
HR30348-172 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 11 11 8
HR30348-178 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 5 1
Total 80 73 73 73 73 49 49 20 20 10
Fig. 4.
Radial graph of resistance reaction of monogenic lines, parents for genes pyramiding, and doubled haploid lines carrying four resistance genes against each of 16 Korean Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates.
KJBS-48-2-140_F4.gif
생산력검정시험에 공시된 재료에 대해서 벼흰잎마름병 대표 균계인 K1, K2, K3, K3a에 대해서 저항성 검정을 수행하였다 (Table 7). 표준품종 남평은 모든 균계에 이병성이었고, Xa3과 xa5 두 개의 저항성 유전자를 가지고 있는 비교품종 진백은 K1, K2, K3에는 매우 강한 저항성 반응을, K3a에는 저항성 반응을 보였다. Xa1을 가지고 있는 일미는 K1에만 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈고 나머지 균주에는 이병성이었으며, 일미 에 Xa3가 도입된 근동질 품종인 새일미는 K1, K2, K3에 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으며 K3a에는 이병성을 나타냈다. Xa3+xa5+Xa21 세 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적되어 있는 익산575 호와 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 네 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적된 약배 양 유래 7 계통 및 계통육종법 유래 10개 계통은 모든 대표 균계에 대해서 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈다. 벼흰잎마름병 접종에 따른 수량성 및 품질 변이에 대한 저항성 성능검정을 위해 K3a 균계를 접종한 결과 이병성인 남평, 일미, 새일미는 수량, 등숙률, 현미 정상립률이 대조구에 비해 유의하게 감소한 반면 진백, 익산575호 및 저항성 유전자 집적 계통인 RDL (resistant lines by doubled-haploid)과 RPL (resistant lines by pedigree method) 등 저항성 계통은 대조구와 차이가 없었다 (Table 8).
Table 7.
Pedigree and resistance genes of varieties and breeding lines and their resistance reaction to bacterial blight.
Table 7.
Var./line Cross Gen. R-genes Bacterial blight
K1 K2 K3 K3a

Nampyeong Iri390/Milyang95 - unknown Sz S S S
Jinbaek HR15204-38-3//Milyang165/Iksan438 - Xa3+xa5 HR HR HR R
Ilmi Milyang96//Milyang95/Seomjin - Xa1 HR S S S
Saeilmi Ilmi*5/Hwayeong - Xa1+Xa3 HR HR HR S
Iksan575 Iksan493//Hopum/HR24670-9-2-1 - Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL1 (HB30348(F2)-AC1-1)y Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL2 (HB30348(F2)-AC2-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL3 (HB30348(F2)-AC3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL4 (HB30348(F2)-AC4-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL5 (HB30348(F2)-AC5-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL6 (HB30348(F2)-AC6-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL7 (HB30348(F2)-AC7-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL1 (HB30348-24-17-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL2 (HB30348-172-1-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL3 (HB30348-172-2-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL4 (HB30348-172-4-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL5 (HB30348-172-6-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL6 (HB30348-172-7-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL7 (HB30348-172-9-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL8 (HB30348-172-10-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL9 (HB30348-172-11-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL10 (HB30348-178-10-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR

zHR, R, and S mean highly resistant, resistant, and susceptible to bacterial blight, respectively

yRDL and RPL mean resistant lines by doubled haploid and pedigree method, respectively

Table 8.
Comparison of the control and K3a inoculation about rice yield, ratio of ripened grain, and perfect kernel of brown rice.
Table 8.
Var./line Control
K3a inoculation
Rough rice yield (g) Brown rice yield (g) Ratio of ripened grain (%) Perfect kernel of brown rice (%) Rough rice yield (g) Brown rice yield (g) Ratio of ripened grain (%) Perfect kernel of brown rice (%)

Nampyeong 621 475 94.3 88.4 542**z 406** 85.5** 80.5**
Jinbaek 562 434 96.3 93.0 550 ns 424 ns 96.1 ns 93.2ns
Ilmi 630 489 97 88.5 530** 412** 84.5** 81.2**
Saeilmi 602 473 96.8 89.2 500** 386** 83.2** 81.4**
Iksan575 599 468 95.6 91.2 590ns 460ns 94.4ns 90.5ns
RDL1 639 501 94.5 86.6 633ns 500ns 94ns 85.3ns
RDL2 606 473 95.1 87.6 600ns 469ns 95ns 86.2ns
RDL3 614 482 95.6 84.7 610ns 478ns 94.9ns 82.8ns
RDL4 631 494 95.4 88.9 625ns 485ns 94.4ns 86.5ns
RDL5 614 482 95.9 87.0 602ns 471ns 95.8ns 86.4ns
RDL6 602 470 95.8 87.4 602ns 468ns 93.4ns 85.3ns
RDL7 620 484 96.5 89.1 619ns 483ns 94.4ns 88.2ns
RPL1 590 468 96.9 82.2 576ns 452ns 97.0ns 81.4ns
RPL2 685 537 96.6 88.1 680ns 529ns 95.5ns 87.9ns
RPL3 612 473 95.4 86.3 610ns 470ns 95.6ns 86.6ns
RPL4 689 543 97.5 88.4 688ns 542ns 96.9ns 88.2ns
RPL5 627 490 95.5 89.3 615ns 478ns 95.2ns 89.0ns
RPL6 612 476 96.0 87.9 605ns 470ns 95.9ns 88.1ns
RPL7 638 495 95.9 89.0 632ns 492ns 95.8ns 88.9ns
RPL8 632 498 96.0 89.2 625ns 497ns 96.1ns 88.8ns
RPL9 654 513 97.5 88.4 625ns 508ns 96.8ns 86.8ns
RPL10 590 453 96.1 90.4 583ns 448ns 95.0ns 89.7ns

zns

**mean no significant, significant at p < 0.01 by t-test, respectively

육성계통의 농업형질 특성
저항성 유전자 집적 계통과 교배 모부본, 표준 및 비교품종의 농업형질 특성을 비교 분석하였다(Table 9). 출수기는 진백(113 DAS; days after seeding)이 가장 늦었고 이후 익산575호(110 DAS), RPL10 (106 DAS) 순이었고 남평(103 DAS), 일미(102 DAS), 새일미(102 DAS)와 RDL 7계통과 RPL 계통 중 RPL10 (106 DAS)과 출수가 빠른 RPL1 (95 DAS)을 제외한 계통들 (102-103 DAS)은 출수가 비슷한 경향이었다. 간장은 진백(63 cm), 익산575호(65 cm), RPL10 (65 cm), RPL1 (66 cm)은 작은 편이었으며, RPL4 (77 cm), RPL8 (76 cm), RPL9 (76 cm)은 큰 편에 속하였고 나머지 품종 및 계통은 68-74 cm 범위에 서 비슷한 경향이었다. 수장은 RPL이 평균 24 cm로 가장 길었고 RDL이 평균 23 cm였고 나머지 품종 및 계통은 20-21 cm 범위에서 비슷한 수준이었으며, RPL 계통들이 수수는 적고 수당 립수가 많은 편이었다. 현미천립중은 일미(22.8 g), 새일미(22.4 g), RPL (22.3 g), 익산575호(22.2 g)가 RDL (21.4 g), 남평(21.2 g), 진백(21.1 g)보다 무거운 편이었다. 등숙률은 새일미 (96.7%), 일미(96.5%), 진백(96.2%), RPL (96.1%)이 높은 편 이었고 이후 RDL (95.1%), 익산575호(95.0%), 남평(93.9%) 순이었으며, 정현비율은 남평(79.8%)과 진백(80.7%)이 낮은 편이었다. 정조 및 현미 수량은 RPL (713, 579 kg/10a)이 가장 높았고 이후 남평(704, 562 kg/10a), 일미(695, 565 kg/10a), RDL (695, 564 kg/10a), 새일미(673, 547 kg/10a), 익산575호 (663, 539 kg/10a), 진백(637, 514 kg/10a) 순이었으며, RPL 중 RPL4 (남평 대비 현미수량 110%), RPL9 (108%), RPL2 (107%), RPL7 (106%)는 표준품종인 남평에 비해 수량성이 5% 이상으로 다수성을 나타냈다.
Table 9.
Yield-related traits of rice varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.
Table 9.
Var./line Heading date (DAS)z Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicles per hill No. of spikelets per panicle Ratio of ripened grain (%) 1,000 grains weight of brwon rice (g) Rough rice yield (kg/10a) Brown/rough rice ratio (%) Brown rice yield (kg/10a) Index of brown rice yield (%)y

Nampyeong 103dCx 71defA 20ghB 14aA 96dB 93.9eB 21.2eC 704cAB 79.8eC 562cAB 100
Jinbaek 113aA 63hC 20hB 13abA 99dB 96.2bA 21.1efC 637eC 80.7cdB 514eC 91
Ilmi 102deC 70efA 21gB 13bAB 98dB 96.5bA 22.8bA 695cAB 81.3abcA 565cAB 101
Saeilmi 102deC 68fgAB 21gB 13bAB 95dB 96.7bA 22.4bcA 673cdB 81.2abcA 547cdB 97
Iksan575 110bB 65hBC 21ghB 13abA 95dB 95.0cdAB 22.2cAB 663cdeBC 81.2abcA 539cdeBC 96
RDL1 103d 72deg 23def 13b 105cd 94.3de 21.8cd 714bc 81.2abc 581bc 103
RDL2 103d 69fg 22f 13b 99d 95.1cd 21.0f 698c 81.2abc 567c 101
RDL3 103d 71def 23cdef 12c 106cd 95.2cd 21.3e 682cd 81.0abcd 552cd 98
RDL4 103d 73bcde 23cde 13b 106cd 95.4c 21.3e 697c 81.2abc 566c 101
RDL5 103d 72def 23ef 13ab 102d 95.8bc 21.7d 701c 81.4abc 571c 102
RDL6 103d 72def 24cde 13b 107bcd 94.6d 21.4de 699c 81.0abcd 566c 101
RDL7 103d 72cde 23cdef 13ab 96d 95.4c 21.6d 677cd 81.0abcd 548cd 98
Mean of RDL 103C 71A 23AB 13A 103B 95.1AB 21.4BC 695AB 81.2A 564AB 100
C.V.(%) 0.2 2.2 3.1 4.6 5.5 1.4 1.5 4.5 0.5 4.8
RPL1 95e 66gh 23cdef 12c 100d 97.0a 23.5a 661cde 81.6a 539cde 96
RPL2 102de 72def 23cde 13bc 124a 96.0b 22.0cd 744ab 81.0abcd 603ab 107
RPL3 102de 74bcd 24bc 11d 127a 95.6bc 22.1c 680cd 80.5d 548cd 97
RPL4 103d 77a 25a 12c 121ab 97.2a 22.7b 764a 81.3abc 621a 110
RPL5 102de 73bcde 24cd 12c 122a 94.6d 22.8b 714bc 81.0abcd 579bc 103
RPL6 102de 73bcde 23cde 12c 107bcd 95.7bc 22.1c 706c 80.8bcd 571c 102
RPL7 102de 73bcd 24cd 12cd 128a 95.4c 21.2e 729b 81.5ab 594ab 106
RPL8 102de 76ab 25ab 11d 121ab 96.6b 22.2c 719b 81.2abc 584b 104
RPL9 103d 76abc 24cde 12cd 120abc 97.1a 21.4de 745ab 81.4abc 606ab 108
RPL10 106c 65h 21g 13bc 101d 96.1b 22.7b 668cd 81.1abcd 542cd 96
Mean of RPL 102C 72A 24A 12B 117A 96.1A 22.3AB 713A 81.1A 579A 103
C.V.(%) 2.9 5.8 5.1 6.7 10.9 1.1 3.3 6.3 0.5 6.1

zDays after seeding

yBrown rice yield of Nampyeong as a standard

xMeans with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.

생산력검정시험의 백미를 이용하여 외관품위 및 품질 특성을 비교 분석하였다(Table 10). 외관품위 조사에서 저항성 유전자 집적계통인 RDL (94.7%)과 RPL (94.9%), 익산575호(94.6%) 는 정상립이 다른 공시 재료(평균 96.3%)에 비해 낮은 편이었다. 모본으로 이용된 익산575호는 쇄미(4.3%)가 많이 나타났고, RDL은 쇄미(3.7%)와 피해립(1.0%)이 많았으며, RPL은 쇄미 (3.3%)와 분상질립(1.2%)이 많아 외관품위가 좋지 않은 경향이 었다. 단백질 함량은 진백(5.4%)이 가장 낮았고 RDL (5.5%), 익산575호(5.7%), 일미(5.7%), 새일미(5.7%), RPL (5.8%), 남 평(5.9%) 순으로 높았으며, 아밀로스 함량은 남평(18.5%)이 가장 낮았고 일미(18.9%), 새일미(19.0%), RPL (19.4%), 익산 575호(20.2%), RDL (20.3%), 진백(20.7%) 순으로 높았다. 취 반미의 기계적 윤기치는 진백(91.4), 남평(89.5), 익산575호 (87.3), 일미(87.2), RDL (85.0), RPL (80.9)로 저항성 유전자 집적 계통들이 다른 공시 재료에 비해 윤기치가 낮았다.
Table 10.
Quality-related traits of milled rice of varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.
Table 10.
Var./line Head rice (%) Opaque rice (%) Damaged rice (%) Broken rice (%) Colored rice (%) Protein content (%) Amylose content (%) Glossiness (TOYO value)

Nampyeong 97.0aA 0.4dAB 0.5cBC 2.0fBC 0.1cA 5.9bA 18.5hE 89.5abAB
Jinbaek 96.9aA 0.5cdAB 0.9bA 1.5gC 0.1cA 5.4dD 20.7aA 91.4aA
Ilmi 95.7bAB 0.4dAB 0.3dC 3.5cA 0.1cA 5.7bcB 18.9gD 87.2bcAB
Saeilmi 96.3abAB 0.4dAB 0.3dC 2.9dAB 0.1cA 5.7bcB 19.0fgD 85.9cB
Iksan575 94.6cdB 0.2dB 0.6cB 4.3bA 0.2bA 5.7bcBC 20.2cB 87.3bcAB
RDL1 93.6e 0.8cd 1.2a 4.4b 0.1c 5.5cd 20.2bc 79.9de
RDL2 95.4b 0.4d 1.1a 3.0d 0.1c 5.5cd 20.5ab 88.9ab
RDL3 93.3e 0.5cd 1.0ab 5.1a 0.2b 5.5cd 20.2bc 83.6cd
RDL4 94.8c 0.5cd 1.0ab 3.6c 0.1c 5.5cd 20.2bc 86.8bc
RDL5 94.8c 0.5cd 1.0ab 3.7c 0.1c 5.6c 20.4abc 86.7bc
RDL6 95.5b 0.4d 0.8b 3.2cd 0.1bc 5.5cd 20.1c 87.0bc
RDL7 95.5b 0.3d 1.0ab 3.2cd 0.1c 5.6c 20.3bc 82.0d
Mean of RDL 94.7B 0.5AB 1.0A 3.7A 0.1A 5.5CD 20.3B 85.0B
C.V. (%) 1.2 40.0 30.0 24.3 100.0 2.0 1.0 4.8
RPL1 94.6cd 0.5cd 0.4cd 4.4b 0.2ab 6.2a 18.7gh 77.7e
RPL2 95.5b 1.6b 0.5c 2.5e 0.0d 5.7bc 19.3ef 84.0cd
RPL3 94.6cd 1.6b 0.6c 3.2cd 0.1c 5.7bc 19.0fg 78.0e
RPL4 92.9f 2.9a 0.4cd 3.6c 0.1c 5.7bc 19.5de 84.4cd
RPL5 95.3b 0.8cd 0.7bc 3.0d 0.2b 5.7bc 19.5de 83.2cd
RPL6 95.8b 1.1bc 0.6c 2.5e 0.1c 5.9b 19.4de 76.2f
RPL7 96.4ab 0.7cd 0.6c 2.2f 0.1cd 5.8b 19.3de 78.6e
RPL8 95.2b 1.7b 0.5c 2.6e 0.1c 5.8b 19.3de 79.7de
RPL9 94.7c 0.7cd 0.7bc 3.7c 0.2b 5.8b 19.6d 79.3de
RPL10 94.1d 0.2d 0.5c 4.9ab 0.3a 5.8b 20.1c 88.0abc
Mean of RPL 94.9B 1.2A 0.5CB 3.3AB 0.1A 5.8AB 19.4C 80.9C
C.V. (%) 1.6 75.0 40.0 39.4 100.0 3.8 2.2 6.9

zMeans with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.

벼흰잎마름병에 대한 피해를 가장 적극적으로 대처하는 방법 은 저항성 품종을 개발하고 이를 재배하는 것이다(Park et al. 2013). 저항성 품종 개발을 위한 육종사업은 효과적인 저항성원 을 확보하고 저항성 검정을 통해 이를 우량 품종으로 도입하는 일련의 과정을 거친다. 우리나라의 벼흰잎마름병균은 밀양23호, 청청, 풍산, 한강찰, 밀양42호를 판별품종으로 이용하여 저항성 반응에 따라 K1, K2, K3, K4, K5로 분류하여 이용하여 왔다 (Yun et al. 1985). 분류된 균계 중에 주로 K1, K2, K3에 대한 저항성 검정을 통하여 저항성 육종사업을 수행해 오다가 2001년 에 기존의 저항성 품종인 화영의 이병엽에서 K3보다는 병원성이 강하지만 K4보다 병원성이 약한 새로운 균계가 보고(Noh et al. 2003)되었고, 새로운 균계의 발생으로 기존의 저항성 품종들 이 급속히 이병화되어 큰 피해가 발생함에 따라 K3a균계를 추가 로 하여 K1, K2, K3, K3a 네 개를 대표 균계로 하여 저항성 검정을 수행하고 있다. 농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원에서 1975년 부터 2015년까지 개발한 자포니카 벼 품종은 330품종으로 이들 중 대표 균계인 K1, K2, K3, K3a에 모두 이병성인 품종은 178품종(53.9%)이고 K1에만 저항성은 35품종(10.6%), K1과 K2에 저항성은 1품종(0.3%), K1, K2, K3에 저항성은 109품종 (33.0%), K1, K2, K3, K3a 모두에 저항성인 품종인 7품종 (2.1%)이 개발되었다(Fig. 6). 시대별로 보면 1970년대에는 저 항성 품종이 없었고, 1982년에 최초의 저항성 품종인 섬진이 개발되어 1980년대에 K1에 저항성인 품종 7개 품종이 개발되었 다. 1991년에 K1, K2, K3에 저항성인 화영과 안중이 개발된 이후에 특히 화영을 저항성원으로 하여 지금까지 많은 품종이 개발되었다. 화영을 이용하여 개발된 신동진, 주남, 동진1호 등 Xa3를 보유하고 있는 우량 품종들의 대면적 재배가 장기화 됨에 따라서 새로운 균계인 K3a 균계의 발생 및 전파로 인한 피해가 확대되었다(Shin et al. 2011). 이러한 시점에서 방글라데시 Aus 품종 DV85의 xa5를 우량 계통 수원345호 배경으로 도입한 근동질 계통이 육성되었고 실질적인 품종 개발로 이어져 강백 (2006년 개발)이 육성되었고 이를 활용하여 Xa3xa5가 결합된 진백(2008), 해품(2013), 안백(2014)이 개발되어 변이균인 K3a 에 대응한 방안을 마련하였다(Kim et al. 2009, Shin et al. 2011). 또한 IRBB57의 Xa4+xa5+Xa21 유전자를 만금에 집적시 킨 SR30075 계통(Suh et al. 2013)을 이용하여 Xa3xa5가 집적된 만백(2014년 개발)을 개발하였고, 수원345호 배경에 Xa4, xa5, Xa21이 도입된 단일저항성 근동질 계통이 육성되었고 (Kim et al. 2011), 이들 이용하여 Xa3xa5가 결합된 신백 (2010)과 새신(2014)이 개발되었고, 세 개의 저항성 유전자 Xa3+xa5+Xa21가 집적된 익산575호(Park et al. 2013)를 개발하 였다(Fig. 7).
Fig. 6.
Number and rate of japonica rice varieties with resistant to bacterial blight developed at National Institute of Crop Science during the indicated period.
KJBS-48-2-140_F6.gif
Fig. 7.
Genealogical relationship of resistant varieties to K3a race. Grey, blue, yellow, and red boxes indicate the susceptible varieties to K1, K2, K3, and K3a races, resistant varieties to K1 race, resistant varieties to K1, K2, and K3 races, and resistant varieties to K1, K2, K3, and K3a races, respectively.
KJBS-48-2-140_F7.gif
Xa1 저항성 유전자는 4번 염색체 장완에 위치하는데 이 위치 에는 8개의 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자가 군집을 이뤄 집중적 으로 존재(Bhasin et al. 2012, Xia et al. 2012) 할 만큼 이 위치는 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 기작에 있어서 중요한 부위이다. Xa1은 우리나라의 벼흰잎마름병 K1 균계에 높은 수준의 균계 특이적 저항성을 나타나며 이를 이용하여 일미(1995년 개발) 등 많은 우량 품종이 개발되었으며, K1 균계에 저항성을 나타내 는 품종들은 대부분 Xa1을 가지고 있는 것으로 추정된다(Park et al. 2011). 본 연구는 Xa3, Xa21(11번 염색체 장완 위치), xa5(5번 염색체 단완)가 집적된 익산575호와 Xa1을 가지고 있는 일미를 이용하여 네 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적된 계통을 개발하 기 위해서 수행되었다. 저항성 유전자의 도입여부를 확인하기 위해서 저항성 유전자와 밀접하게 연관된 분자표지를 이용하였 다. 이용된 분자표지들은 공우성 마커로 분리집단에서 이형접합 체의 구분이 가능하나 본 실험에서 Xa21의 유전자형은 이형접합 체가 판단되지 않았는데, 이는 Xa21을 표지하는 U1/I1 마커를 확인하는 과정에서 전기영동을 아크릴아마이드 젤이 아닌 아가 로스 젤에서 확인하여 이형접합체의 명확한 구분이 되지 않은 것에 기인한 것으로 생각된다(Table 2, Fig. 2).
MAS를 통해 F2 분리집단에서 발현되는 저항성 유전자들의 조합을 구분한 결과 네 개의 저항성 유전자로 작성 가능한 모든 조합인 16개 조합이 생성되었고, 네 개의 저항성 유전자가 모두 발현되는 조합들은 K1 및 K3a에 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으며 다른 저항성 유전자 조합에 비해서 저항성 정도도 강하였다 (Table 3). 네 개의 저항성 유전자 조합 중에서 Xa1, Xa3, xa5가 저항성을 발현하는 동형접합체 유전자형이고 Xa21의 유전자형 이 Xa21Xa21, Xa21xa21로 저항성이 발현되는 4개체를 선발 (Fig. 2)하여 약배양과 계통육종법의 두 가지 육종방법을 병행하 며 분자표지와 표현형 선발법을 적용하여 저항성 유전자 집적 계통을 육성하였다(Fig. 1). 선발된 4개체의 49개 이삭에서 7,700개의 약을 채취하여 약배양을 수행하였으나 생성된 캘러스 가 180개체(2.3%)로 낮은 캘러스 형성률을 나타냈고, 재분화 식물체가 21개(11.7%)로 이중 녹색체가 16개(76.2%)며 종실을 맺은 이배체 고정계통은 8개 밖에 생성되지 않아 매우 낮은 약배양 효율을 나타냈다(Table 4). 이 약배양 효율은 기존의 자포니카 품종 간 교잡 F1을 약배양했을 때의 효율에 비해 상대적 으로 낮았다(Park et al. 2014, Park et al. 2015b). xa5는 5번 염색체 단완에서 RFLP 분자마커 RG207과 밀접하게 연관 (Yoshimura et al. 1995)되어 있는데, RG207 영역에서 소수의 불임에 관련하는 QTL인 QSs5가 발견되었으며 이 지역은 아종 혹은 생태형 특이적인 염색체 지역의 하나로 아종간 분리집단에 서 잡종 불임에 관여하여 segregation distortion에 영향을 미친 다(Chin et al. 2007, Li et al. 1997). Xa21은 11번 염색체의 장완에서 분자마커 CDO534와 RZ537 사의의 8.3 cM 범위에 존재(Ronald et al. 1992)하는데, RZ537은 잡종 불임과 관련된 유전자인 S3와 연관되어 있어 분리집단에서의 segregation distortion에 관여한다(Xu et al. 1997). 약배양 효율은 인디카가 자포니카에 비해 저조한 것으로 알려져 있어 생태형별로 다르며 (Grewal et al. 2011), 불임 관련 유전자들의 작용에 의해 특정 유전자형의 소멸 또는 약배양 효율이 높은 배우체 유전자형의 선택적 수정으로 인하여 segregation distortion이 발생하는 것으 로 알려져 있다(Park et al. 2014, Xu et al. 1997). 본 연구에서도 자포니카인 일미/익산575호 조합 후대 F2 개체를 약배양에 이용 하였지만 이들 양친이 보유한 xa5Xa21은 자포니카가 아닌 Aus형 DV85와 인디카 IRBB21에서 유래하였고, 이들 저항성 유전자가 불임과 관련된 유전자와 연관되어 있기 때문에 xa5Xa21을 포함하여 목표 저항성 유전자가 집적된 F2 개체를 약배양 하였을 때 효율이 저조하였던 것으로 생각된다.
MAS를 통해서 8개 약배양 계통 중 네 개의 저항성 유전자 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21가 집적된 7개 고정계통을 선발하였고, 벼 흰잎마름병에 대한 광범위 저항성을 조사하였다(Table 5, Fig. 3 and 4). Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 유전자 집적 계통은 모든 균주에 대해서 병반장 1 cm 이하의 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으며, HB3011, HB4027, HB6142, HB6159 균주에 대해서 Xa3+xa5+Xa21과 비교하여 Xa1 도입에 따른 향상된 저항성 반응을 나타내어 네 개의 저항성 유전자 조합의 저항성 증진 효과를 확인하였다. 약배양과 함께 계통육종법을 이용하여 분자 표지 선발과 벼흰잎마름병 생물검정과 농업형질 조사 등 표현형 선발을 이용하여 목표 저항성 유전자가 집적된 10개의 고정계통 을 육성하였다(Table 6). 기존의 저항성 품종인 진백과 모본으로 이용된 익산575호가 수량성이 낮은 편이기 때문에 F4 세대에서 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 도입여부와 함께 농업형질 특성 특히 수량 을 중점으로 선발을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 개발된 RPL은 평균 수량이 579 kg/10a로 남평(562 kg/10a) 대비 현미수량 103%였 으며 특히 RPL4 (110%), RPL9 (108%), RPL2 (107%), RPL7 (106%)은 남평에 비해 수량성이 5% 이상으로 다수성을 나타내 수량성 측면에서 이전의 저항성 품종들보다 개선된 특성을 나타 냈다. 약배양과 계통육종법을 이용해 개발된 저항성 유전자 집적 계통들은 벼흰잎마름병 대표 균계인 K1, K2, K3, K3a에 매우 강한 저항성 반응을 나타냈으며(Table 7), K3a 균계 접종에 따른 수량성 및 품질 변이에 대한 저항성 성능검정에서도 접종구 와 대조구와의 차이가 없어(Table 8) 벼흰잎마름병에 대한 효과 적인 저항성원으로 판단되었다. 하지만 RDL 및 RPL의 일부 계통들의 백미 품질에 있어서 정상립이 다른 공시 재료에 비해 낮은 편이었고 쇄미, 피해립, 분상질립이 많은 등 외관품위가 다소 좋지 않았고, 취반미의 기계적 윤기치가 낮은 등 품질 특성 이 낮은 경향(Table 10)으로 실용적인 재배품종으로 활용되기 위해서는 이에 대한 개선이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.
벼흰잎마름병 저항성 유전자를 정밀하게 표지할 수 있는 분자 표지의 개발과 분석에 드는 비용의 절감 및 선발의 효율화는 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 육종사업에서 분자육종의 활용을 가속화 시키고 있다. 분자표지를 이용한 선발법은 저항성 생물검정에 드는 노력을 경감시킬 수 있으며 환경변이 등에 따른 검정 결과의 변이에 영향을 덜 받는다. 또한 초기세대부터 저항성 유전자가 도입된 개체를 선발할 수 있으며, 생물검정을 통한 표현형 선발로 는 구분이 어려운 저항성 유전자의 집적 여부도 확인이 가능하게 되어 목표 저항성 유전자의 도입과 집적에 정확성, 신속성 및 효율성을 부여하고 있다. 하지만 도입·집적된 유전자가 실질적 으로 저항성을 잘 발현하는지에 대해서는 최종적으로 벼흰잎마 름병균 접종을 통한 생물검정이 필수적이며 개발된 저항성 유전 자 집적 계통이 실용적인 재배품종으로서의 수준을 넘어서기 위해서는 초형, 수량성, 미질 등에서 우수하여야 하기 때문에 육종과정에서 표현형 선발을 통해 다양한 농업형질의 종합적인 고려가 뒷받침되어야 한다. 이를 위해 분자표지 선발과 표현형 선발의 적절한 조화와 활용이 필요할 것이며 이를 통해 우수한 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 품종 개발이 가능할 것이다.
우리나라 자포니카 벼 품종의 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 증진을 위하여 네 개의 저항성 유전자 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 집적된 우량 계통을 개발하였다. Xa1을 가지고 있는 일미와 Xa3+xa5+Xa21이 집적된 익산575호를 교배모본으로 하였고 저항성 유전자 연관 분자표지 선발과 벼흰잎마름병 저항성 생물 검정 및 농업형질에 대한 표현형 선발을 함께 적용하여 네 개의 저항성 유전자가 집적된 약배양 유래 7 계통과 계통육종법 유래 10 계통을 개발하였다. 분리집단인 F2 집단의 저항성 유전자 조합 중에서 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 조합이 가장 강한 저항성 반응 을 나타냈으며 Xa3+xa5+Xa21에 비해 향상된 저항성 반응을 나타내 저항성 유전자 집적에 따른 저항성 증진 효과를 확인하였 다. 네 개의 저항성 유전자 집적 계통들은 16개 국내 수집 벼흰잎 마름병 균주에 대해서 광범위 저항성을 나타냈으며, 병원성이 강한 K3a 균계 접종에 의해서도 수량성 감소 및 품질 저하가 없었다. 게다가 이들 계통들은 초형이 양호하고 이전의 저항성 품종들에 비해서 증가된 수량성을 나타냈다. 네 개의 저항성 유전자 집적 조합 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21은 효율적이고 유망한 저항성 유전자 집적 조합으로 판단되었고, 개발된 저항성 유전자 집적 계통들은 자포니카 벼의 흰잎마름병 저항성 증진을 위한 유용한 육종소재로서 저항성 육종사업에 활용될 것이다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 연구사업(과제번호: PJ00871006)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Development of japonica Rice Lines with Four Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes using Phenotypic and Marker-assisted Selection
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. ;48(2):140-158.   Published online June 30, 2016
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Development of japonica Rice Lines with Four Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes using Phenotypic and Marker-assisted Selection
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. ;48(2):140-158.   Published online June 30, 2016
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Development of japonica Rice Lines with Four Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes using Phenotypic and Marker-assisted Selection
Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram for pyramiding four R genes of bacterial blight based on marker-assisted selection (MAS) and phenotypic selection (PS).
Fig. 2. Resistance reaction (A) against K1 and K3a races and genotyping using gene-specific DNA markers (B) of IR24 donor for IRBB lines, IRBB lines carrying Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21, parents consisted of Ilmi having Xa1 and HR27814-B-47-1-1 having Xa3+xa5+Xa21, F1 plants, and F2 plants for anther culture. PCR analysis of lines to confirm resistance genes using the gene specific DNA markers. Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21 were confirmed by PCR product amplified with primer, 16PFXa1(cleaved by EcoRV), BB3-R and BB3-S, 10603.T10Dw (cleaved by Rsa I), and U1/I1, respectively. White bar indicates 10cm.
Fig. 3. Resistance reaction of IR24 (A), IRBB1 (B), IRBB3 (C), IRBB5 (D), IRBB21 (E), Ilmi (F), Iksan575 (G), HR30348(F2)-AC1 (H), and HR30348(F2)-AC4 (I) against 16 bacterial blight isolates. 1: HB1009, 2: HB1013, 3: HB1014, 4: HB2010, 5: HB2024, 6: HB2038, 7: HB3011, 8: HB3055, 9: HB3079, 10: HB4024, 11: HB4027, 12: HB4040, 13: HB4044, 14: HB4079, 15: HB6142, 16: HB6159.
Fig. 5. Resistance reaction of lines against K3a race (A) and PCR analysis to confirm resistance genes using the gene specific DNA markers (B). Xa1, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21 were confirmed by PCR product amplified with primers, puXa1L (cleaved by EcoRV, a), puXa3U1 (Pst I, b), puXa5U (Sml I, c), and U1/I1 (d), respectively. The white bar indicates 10 cm. M: DNA size marker, 1: Nampyeong, 2: Jinbaek, 3: Ilmi, 4: Saeilmi, 5: Iksan575 (HR27814-B-47-1-1), 6-12: RDL1-7, 13-22: RPL1-10.
Fig. 4. Radial graph of resistance reaction of monogenic lines, parents for genes pyramiding, and doubled haploid lines carrying four resistance genes against each of 16 Korean Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates.
Fig. 6. Number and rate of japonica rice varieties with resistant to bacterial blight developed at National Institute of Crop Science during the indicated period.
Fig. 7. Genealogical relationship of resistant varieties to K3a race. Grey, blue, yellow, and red boxes indicate the susceptible varieties to K1, K2, K3, and K3a races, resistant varieties to K1 race, resistant varieties to K1, K2, and K3 races, and resistant varieties to K1, K2, K3, and K3a races, respectively.
Development of japonica Rice Lines with Four Bacterial Blight Resistance Genes using Phenotypic and Marker-assisted Selection

Gene-specific PCR primers and functional marker primers used for the identification of bacterial blight resistance genes.

R-genes Chr.No. Marker name Primer sequences
Expected size (bp) Reference
Forward(5’-3’), Reverse(5’-3’)

Xa1 4 16PFXa1 ACGGTTCTGAAGGTCGTCATTGCAAGAGCTCCGGTTTAAG 201,155 Shin et al.2006
Xa1 4 puXa1L ATTTGGGGAGTTCGTCAGAGCCATTGGAGCGGATTGGTTTTG 473,350 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
Xa3 11 BB-R CCACAATGCCATGTCAGGTGGCATCCCTGCAAGGTGTTGGAGGATTGGCAT 255 Hur et al.2013
xa3 11 BB-S CGGAGCGACACAGCTATCATCGTGAGGTTCCCTATGGCGATT 743 Hur et al.2013
Xa3 11 puXa3U1 CAGTATGGATTTTCGTTGCGCCGTATAGCTGGTTAAACTGTAG 383 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
xa5 5 10603.T.10Dw GCACTGCAACCATCAATGAATCCCTAGGAGAAACTAGCCGTCCA 280 Park et al.2013
xa5 5 puXa5U CAAGAAGAGCAGAGCAGAGCTCCTTTAGCAAGGTGTGTACG 496,300 Jeung et al.(unpublished)
Xa21 11 U1/I1 CGATCGGTATAACAGCAAAACATAGCAACTGATTGCTTGG 1,400 Wang et al.1996

Segregation ratio of resistance genes in F2 population using gene-specific DNA markers.

R-gene No. of F2 plants
Expected ratio x2 P-value
AAz AB BB Total

Xa1 40 107 52 199 1:2:1 2.578 0.276
Xa3 41 102 56 199 1:2:1 2.387 0.303
xa5 56 101 42 199 1:2:1 2.015 0.365
Xa21 160 39 199 3:1 3.097 0.078

AA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Average lesion length of F2 plants in resistance gene combinations after inoculation with K1 and K3a races.

Gene combination Genotype
No. of F2 plants Lesion length (cm)
Xa1 Xa3 xa5 Xa21 K1 K3a

AAz AA AA AA/AB 4 0.1 0.3
Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 AA AB AA AA/AB 2 0.1 0.6
AB AA AA AA/AB 1 0.1 0.4
AB AB AA AA/AB 13 0.1 0.6
Xa1+Xa3+xa5 AB AB AA BB 4 0.1 2.7
AA AA AB AA/AB 2 0.2 2.6
AA AA BB AA/AB 2 0.1 1.1
AA AB AB AA/AB 7 0.2 1.9
Xa1+Xa3+Xa21 AA AB BB AA/AB 6 0.1 1.5
AB AA AB AA/AB 11 0.1 1.9
AB AA BB AA/AB 5 0.1 1.9
AB AB AB AA/AB 25 0.2 2.1
AB AB BB AA/AB 9 0.2 2.2
Xa1+xa5+Xa21 AA BB AA AA/AB 4 0.1 0.6
AB BB AA AA/AB 5 0.1 0.7
Xa3+xa5+Xa21 BB AA AA AA/AB 6 1.2 0.6
BB AB AA AA/AB 7 1.8 0.7
AA AA AB BB 1 0.2 8.7
AA AB AB BB 5 0.2 12.1
Xa1+Xa3 AA AB BB BB 1 0.2 11.8
AB AA BB BB 1 0.2 14.6
AB AB AB BB 5 0.2 13.7
AB AB BB BB 4 0.2 12.7
Xa1+xa5 AB BB AA BB 2 0.1 2.6
AA BB AB AA/AB 3 0.1 1.3
Xa1+Xa21 AA BB BB AA/AB 1 0.2 2.5
AB BB AB AA/AB 13 0.2 1.8
AB BB BB AA/AB 2 0.2 2.3
Xa3+xa5 BB AB AA BB 2 1.5 2.9
BB AA AB AA/AB 6 4.6 2.2
Xa3+Xa21 BB AA BB AA/AB 2 3.5 2.2
BB AB AB AA/AB 7 3.4 2.3
BB AB BB AA/AB 3 3.7 2.2
xa5+Xa21 BB BB AA AA/AB 4 1.4 1.3
AA BB AB BB 1 0.1 13.2
Xa1 AA BB BB BB 1 0.3 11.2
AB BB AB BB 5 0.3 13.0
AB BB BB BB 2 0.2 14.3
Xa3 BB AB AB BB 2 4.1 11.3
xa5 BB BB AA BB 2 2.6 2.2
Xa21 BB BB BB AA/AB 3 15.9 1.9
BB BB AB AA/AB 7 12.5 2.0
no gene BB BB AB BB 1 20.5 18.5
Total 199

AA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Anther culture ability and doubled haploid lines derived from the cross of Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1.

Cross (gen.) Anther cultured (no.) Cali induced (no. and %) Plant regeneration (no. and %)z Green plants (no. and %)y Albino (no. and %)x Doubled haploid lines (no.)w

Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 (F2) 7,700 180(2.3) 21(11.7) 16(76.2) 5(23.8) 8

Percent plant regeneration is the number of plants regenerated over number of cali plated

Percent green is the number of green plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

Percent albino is the number of albino plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

Doubled haploid lines are harvested plants having fertile grain

Resistance reaction of monogenic lines, parents for genes pyramiding, and doubled haploid lines carrying four resistance genes against each of 16 Korean Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates.

Isolate IR24
IRBB1
IRBB3
IRBB5
IRBB21
Ilmi
Iksan575
DH lines average
HB30348 (F2)-AC1
HB30348 (F2)-AC2
HB30348( F2)-AC3
HB30348 (F2)-AC4
HB30348 (F2)-AC5
HB30348 (F2)-AC6
HB30348(F2)-AC7
Xa18 Xa1 Xa3 xa5 Xa21 Xa1 Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21

HB1009 16.0(S) 16.3(S) 17.7(S) 1.5(R) 2.2(R) 13.0(S) 0.9(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR)(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.5(HR)
HB1014 15.3(S) 14.0(S) 7.3(MR) 1.2(R) 1.8(R) 20.0(S) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB1015 16.7(S) 13.7(S) 9.7(MR) 1.2(R) 1.2(R) 16.3(S) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB2010 16.0(S) 0.2(HR) 7.0(MR) 1.1(R) 10.7(S) 0.2(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR)
HB2024 16.3(S) 17.0(S) 15.7(S) 1.2(R) 1.5(R) 17.7(S) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB2038 16.0(S) 14.7(S) 15.7(MR) 0.8(HR) 0.2(HR) 15.3(S) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB3011 15.0(S) 0.3(HR) 8.3(S) 1.5(R) 17.3(S) 0.2(HR) 1.2(R) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.1(HR) 0.1(HR)
HB3055 19.3(S) 17.7(S) 18.7(S) 1.8(R) 4.2(R) 22.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR)
HB3079 15.0(S) 18.3(S) 18.3(S) 0.6(HR) 2.0(R) 19.0(S) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.4(HR)
HB4024 14.3(S) 15.0(S) 16.3(S) 2.3(R) 2.5(R) 14.0(S) 0.8(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.9(HR)
HB4027 15.3(S) 0.3(HR) 9.7(MR) 1.3(R) 10.2(S) 0.3(HR) 1.1(R) 0.3(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR) 0.2(HR)
HB4040 17.7(S) 19.0(S) 19.0(S) 4.2(R) 5.3(R) 20.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.6(HR)
HB4044 18.0(S) 17.7(S) 18.0(S) 3.2(R) 3.7(R) 19.7(S) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.7(HR)
HB4079 18.0(S) 16.3(S) 15.3(S) 2.7(R) 2.3(R) 19.0(S) 0.7(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.8(HR) 0.6(HR)
HB6142 18.7(S) 17.7(S) 17.7(S) 2.2(R) 3.0(R) 20.0(S) 1.1(R) 0.7(HR) 0.5(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.8(HR)
HB6159 17.7(S) 19.0(S) 15.7(S) 1.5(R) 3.3(R) 19.0(S) 2.0(R) 0.6(HR) 0.4(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.7(HR) 0.6(HR) 0.9(HR) 0.6(HR)
Mean ± SD 16.6±1.47 13.5±6.85 14.4±4.36 1.8±0.94 4.5±4.52 14.8±7.68 0.8±0.43 0.4±0.20 0.3±0.13 0.4±0.18 0.4±0.21 0.4±0.24 0.4±0.19 0.5±0.0.11 0.5±0.0.25
C.V. (%) 8.9 50.6 30.3 53.9 101.3 51.9 54.8 50.4 44.3 48.2 51.4 55.1 53.4 67.0 54.6

Average lesion length was measured using 3 leaves severely infected

HR: Highly resistant (< 1 cm lesion length) R: Resistant (1-5 cm), MR: Moderately resistant (5-10 cm), S: Susceptible (> 10 cm)

History of selection of four breeding families in the F3 and F4 generations.

Breeding family F3

F4

Marker-assisted selection
Marker-assisted selection
Phenotypic selection to
K3a inoculation
Agronomic traits
Yield and quality
No. of plants Selected plants No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines No. of lines Selected lines

HR30348-24 20 15 15 15 15 3 3 2 2 1
HR30348-164 20 18 18 18 18 6 6 2 2 0
HR30348-172 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 11 11 8
HR30348-178 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 5 5 1
Total 80 73 73 73 73 49 49 20 20 10

Pedigree and resistance genes of varieties and breeding lines and their resistance reaction to bacterial blight.

Var./line Cross Gen. R-genes Bacterial blight
K1 K2 K3 K3a

Nampyeong Iri390/Milyang95 - unknown Sz S S S
Jinbaek HR15204-38-3//Milyang165/Iksan438 - Xa3+xa5 HR HR HR R
Ilmi Milyang96//Milyang95/Seomjin - Xa1 HR S S S
Saeilmi Ilmi*5/Hwayeong - Xa1+Xa3 HR HR HR S
Iksan575 Iksan493//Hopum/HR24670-9-2-1 - Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL1 (HB30348(F2)-AC1-1)y Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL2 (HB30348(F2)-AC2-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL3 (HB30348(F2)-AC3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL4 (HB30348(F2)-AC4-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL5 (HB30348(F2)-AC5-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL6 (HB30348(F2)-AC6-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RDL7 (HB30348(F2)-AC7-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 AC2 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL1 (HB30348-24-17-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL2 (HB30348-172-1-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL3 (HB30348-172-2-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL4 (HB30348-172-4-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL5 (HB30348-172-6-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL6 (HB30348-172-7-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL7 (HB30348-172-9-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL8 (HB30348-172-10-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL9 (HB30348-172-11-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR
RPL10 (HB30348-178-10-3-1) Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1 F6 Xa1+Xa3+xa5+Xa21 HR HR HR HR

HR, R, and S mean highly resistant, resistant, and susceptible to bacterial blight, respectively

RDL and RPL mean resistant lines by doubled haploid and pedigree method, respectively

Comparison of the control and K3a inoculation about rice yield, ratio of ripened grain, and perfect kernel of brown rice.

Var./line Control
K3a inoculation
Rough rice yield (g) Brown rice yield (g) Ratio of ripened grain (%) Perfect kernel of brown rice (%) Rough rice yield (g) Brown rice yield (g) Ratio of ripened grain (%) Perfect kernel of brown rice (%)

Nampyeong 621 475 94.3 88.4 542**z 406** 85.5** 80.5**
Jinbaek 562 434 96.3 93.0 550 ns 424 ns 96.1 ns 93.2ns
Ilmi 630 489 97 88.5 530** 412** 84.5** 81.2**
Saeilmi 602 473 96.8 89.2 500** 386** 83.2** 81.4**
Iksan575 599 468 95.6 91.2 590ns 460ns 94.4ns 90.5ns
RDL1 639 501 94.5 86.6 633ns 500ns 94ns 85.3ns
RDL2 606 473 95.1 87.6 600ns 469ns 95ns 86.2ns
RDL3 614 482 95.6 84.7 610ns 478ns 94.9ns 82.8ns
RDL4 631 494 95.4 88.9 625ns 485ns 94.4ns 86.5ns
RDL5 614 482 95.9 87.0 602ns 471ns 95.8ns 86.4ns
RDL6 602 470 95.8 87.4 602ns 468ns 93.4ns 85.3ns
RDL7 620 484 96.5 89.1 619ns 483ns 94.4ns 88.2ns
RPL1 590 468 96.9 82.2 576ns 452ns 97.0ns 81.4ns
RPL2 685 537 96.6 88.1 680ns 529ns 95.5ns 87.9ns
RPL3 612 473 95.4 86.3 610ns 470ns 95.6ns 86.6ns
RPL4 689 543 97.5 88.4 688ns 542ns 96.9ns 88.2ns
RPL5 627 490 95.5 89.3 615ns 478ns 95.2ns 89.0ns
RPL6 612 476 96.0 87.9 605ns 470ns 95.9ns 88.1ns
RPL7 638 495 95.9 89.0 632ns 492ns 95.8ns 88.9ns
RPL8 632 498 96.0 89.2 625ns 497ns 96.1ns 88.8ns
RPL9 654 513 97.5 88.4 625ns 508ns 96.8ns 86.8ns
RPL10 590 453 96.1 90.4 583ns 448ns 95.0ns 89.7ns

ns

mean no significant, significant at p < 0.01 by t-test, respectively

Yield-related traits of rice varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.

Var./line Heading date (DAS)z Culm length (cm) Panicle length (cm) No. of panicles per hill No. of spikelets per panicle Ratio of ripened grain (%) 1,000 grains weight of brwon rice (g) Rough rice yield (kg/10a) Brown/rough rice ratio (%) Brown rice yield (kg/10a) Index of brown rice yield (%)y

Nampyeong 103dCx 71defA 20ghB 14aA 96dB 93.9eB 21.2eC 704cAB 79.8eC 562cAB 100
Jinbaek 113aA 63hC 20hB 13abA 99dB 96.2bA 21.1efC 637eC 80.7cdB 514eC 91
Ilmi 102deC 70efA 21gB 13bAB 98dB 96.5bA 22.8bA 695cAB 81.3abcA 565cAB 101
Saeilmi 102deC 68fgAB 21gB 13bAB 95dB 96.7bA 22.4bcA 673cdB 81.2abcA 547cdB 97
Iksan575 110bB 65hBC 21ghB 13abA 95dB 95.0cdAB 22.2cAB 663cdeBC 81.2abcA 539cdeBC 96
RDL1 103d 72deg 23def 13b 105cd 94.3de 21.8cd 714bc 81.2abc 581bc 103
RDL2 103d 69fg 22f 13b 99d 95.1cd 21.0f 698c 81.2abc 567c 101
RDL3 103d 71def 23cdef 12c 106cd 95.2cd 21.3e 682cd 81.0abcd 552cd 98
RDL4 103d 73bcde 23cde 13b 106cd 95.4c 21.3e 697c 81.2abc 566c 101
RDL5 103d 72def 23ef 13ab 102d 95.8bc 21.7d 701c 81.4abc 571c 102
RDL6 103d 72def 24cde 13b 107bcd 94.6d 21.4de 699c 81.0abcd 566c 101
RDL7 103d 72cde 23cdef 13ab 96d 95.4c 21.6d 677cd 81.0abcd 548cd 98
Mean of RDL 103C 71A 23AB 13A 103B 95.1AB 21.4BC 695AB 81.2A 564AB 100
C.V.(%) 0.2 2.2 3.1 4.6 5.5 1.4 1.5 4.5 0.5 4.8
RPL1 95e 66gh 23cdef 12c 100d 97.0a 23.5a 661cde 81.6a 539cde 96
RPL2 102de 72def 23cde 13bc 124a 96.0b 22.0cd 744ab 81.0abcd 603ab 107
RPL3 102de 74bcd 24bc 11d 127a 95.6bc 22.1c 680cd 80.5d 548cd 97
RPL4 103d 77a 25a 12c 121ab 97.2a 22.7b 764a 81.3abc 621a 110
RPL5 102de 73bcde 24cd 12c 122a 94.6d 22.8b 714bc 81.0abcd 579bc 103
RPL6 102de 73bcde 23cde 12c 107bcd 95.7bc 22.1c 706c 80.8bcd 571c 102
RPL7 102de 73bcd 24cd 12cd 128a 95.4c 21.2e 729b 81.5ab 594ab 106
RPL8 102de 76ab 25ab 11d 121ab 96.6b 22.2c 719b 81.2abc 584b 104
RPL9 103d 76abc 24cde 12cd 120abc 97.1a 21.4de 745ab 81.4abc 606ab 108
RPL10 106c 65h 21g 13bc 101d 96.1b 22.7b 668cd 81.1abcd 542cd 96
Mean of RPL 102C 72A 24A 12B 117A 96.1A 22.3AB 713A 81.1A 579A 103
C.V.(%) 2.9 5.8 5.1 6.7 10.9 1.1 3.3 6.3 0.5 6.1

Days after seeding

Brown rice yield of Nampyeong as a standard

Means with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.

Quality-related traits of milled rice of varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.

Var./line Head rice (%) Opaque rice (%) Damaged rice (%) Broken rice (%) Colored rice (%) Protein content (%) Amylose content (%) Glossiness (TOYO value)

Nampyeong 97.0aA 0.4dAB 0.5cBC 2.0fBC 0.1cA 5.9bA 18.5hE 89.5abAB
Jinbaek 96.9aA 0.5cdAB 0.9bA 1.5gC 0.1cA 5.4dD 20.7aA 91.4aA
Ilmi 95.7bAB 0.4dAB 0.3dC 3.5cA 0.1cA 5.7bcB 18.9gD 87.2bcAB
Saeilmi 96.3abAB 0.4dAB 0.3dC 2.9dAB 0.1cA 5.7bcB 19.0fgD 85.9cB
Iksan575 94.6cdB 0.2dB 0.6cB 4.3bA 0.2bA 5.7bcBC 20.2cB 87.3bcAB
RDL1 93.6e 0.8cd 1.2a 4.4b 0.1c 5.5cd 20.2bc 79.9de
RDL2 95.4b 0.4d 1.1a 3.0d 0.1c 5.5cd 20.5ab 88.9ab
RDL3 93.3e 0.5cd 1.0ab 5.1a 0.2b 5.5cd 20.2bc 83.6cd
RDL4 94.8c 0.5cd 1.0ab 3.6c 0.1c 5.5cd 20.2bc 86.8bc
RDL5 94.8c 0.5cd 1.0ab 3.7c 0.1c 5.6c 20.4abc 86.7bc
RDL6 95.5b 0.4d 0.8b 3.2cd 0.1bc 5.5cd 20.1c 87.0bc
RDL7 95.5b 0.3d 1.0ab 3.2cd 0.1c 5.6c 20.3bc 82.0d
Mean of RDL 94.7B 0.5AB 1.0A 3.7A 0.1A 5.5CD 20.3B 85.0B
C.V. (%) 1.2 40.0 30.0 24.3 100.0 2.0 1.0 4.8
RPL1 94.6cd 0.5cd 0.4cd 4.4b 0.2ab 6.2a 18.7gh 77.7e
RPL2 95.5b 1.6b 0.5c 2.5e 0.0d 5.7bc 19.3ef 84.0cd
RPL3 94.6cd 1.6b 0.6c 3.2cd 0.1c 5.7bc 19.0fg 78.0e
RPL4 92.9f 2.9a 0.4cd 3.6c 0.1c 5.7bc 19.5de 84.4cd
RPL5 95.3b 0.8cd 0.7bc 3.0d 0.2b 5.7bc 19.5de 83.2cd
RPL6 95.8b 1.1bc 0.6c 2.5e 0.1c 5.9b 19.4de 76.2f
RPL7 96.4ab 0.7cd 0.6c 2.2f 0.1cd 5.8b 19.3de 78.6e
RPL8 95.2b 1.7b 0.5c 2.6e 0.1c 5.8b 19.3de 79.7de
RPL9 94.7c 0.7cd 0.7bc 3.7c 0.2b 5.8b 19.6d 79.3de
RPL10 94.1d 0.2d 0.5c 4.9ab 0.3a 5.8b 20.1c 88.0abc
Mean of RPL 94.9B 1.2A 0.5CB 3.3AB 0.1A 5.8AB 19.4C 80.9C
C.V. (%) 1.6 75.0 40.0 39.4 100.0 3.8 2.2 6.9

Means with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.

Table 1. Gene-specific PCR primers and functional marker primers used for the identification of bacterial blight resistance genes.
Table 2. Segregation ratio of resistance genes in F2 population using gene-specific DNA markers.

AA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Table 3. Average lesion length of F2 plants in resistance gene combinations after inoculation with K1 and K3a races.

AA: homozygote for resistance gene, AB: heterozygote, BB: homozygote for susceptible gene, AA/AB: homo for resistance or heterozygote for Xa21

Table 4. Anther culture ability and doubled haploid lines derived from the cross of Ilmi/HR27814-B-47-1-1.

Percent plant regeneration is the number of plants regenerated over number of cali plated

Percent green is the number of green plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

Percent albino is the number of albino plants regenerated over total plants regenerated

Doubled haploid lines are harvested plants having fertile grain

Table 5. Resistance reaction of monogenic lines, parents for genes pyramiding, and doubled haploid lines carrying four resistance genes against each of 16 Korean Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates.

Average lesion length was measured using 3 leaves severely infected

HR: Highly resistant (< 1 cm lesion length) R: Resistant (1-5 cm), MR: Moderately resistant (5-10 cm), S: Susceptible (> 10 cm)

Table 6. History of selection of four breeding families in the F3 and F4 generations.
Table 7. Pedigree and resistance genes of varieties and breeding lines and their resistance reaction to bacterial blight.

HR, R, and S mean highly resistant, resistant, and susceptible to bacterial blight, respectively

RDL and RPL mean resistant lines by doubled haploid and pedigree method, respectively

Table 8. Comparison of the control and K3a inoculation about rice yield, ratio of ripened grain, and perfect kernel of brown rice.

ns

mean no significant, significant at p < 0.01 by t-test, respectively

Table 9. Yield-related traits of rice varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.

Days after seeding

Brown rice yield of Nampyeong as a standard

Means with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.

Table 10. Quality-related traits of milled rice of varieties and breeding lines at yield trial.

Means with the same letters in a column are not significantly different at p < 0.05 (ANOVA followed by DMRT). Small and capital letters indicate statistic difference between lines and breeding methods, respectively.