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안토시아닌 고함유 찰옥수수 ‘청춘찰’

Anthocyanin-rich Purple Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Cheongchunchal’

Ki-Jin Park1,*, Jong-Yeoul Park1, Young-Ho Seo1, Si-Hwan Ryu1, Jae-Keun Choi1, Hee-Yeon Kim2
The Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2016;48(4):541-546.
Published online: November 30, 2016

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*Corresponding author (kjp@korea.kr, +82-33-248-6911)
• Received: November 4, 2016   • Accepted: November 21, 2016

© The Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • This study was carried out to create new waxy corn variety using anthocyanins germplasm including 13 ornamental maize stocks, purple corn and two parental lines of Mibaek2. First, we made anthocyanin husk population for sustainable breeding from 13 ornamental stocks for 6 years from 2001 and then crossed purple corn with a dark purple kernel in 2007. We crossed this hybrid with two parental lines of Mibaek2, a good edible quality waxy corn, in 2007/2008 dry season nursery for additional breeding in Thailand. The anthocyanin-rich waxy lines derived from these hybrids were self-fertilized seven times and made single cross hybrids until 2011. These hybrids were evaluated on 2 or 3 places in Gangwon-do for next two years. One selected elite hybrid was named Cheongchunchal and applied for registration of new waxy corn variety in March 2014. Total anthocyanins content is zero in Mibaek2, 737 in Miheugchal, 18,809 mg/kg in Cheongchunchal. This variety is meaningful as health food and high-value industrial material.
찰옥수수는 열성유전자 wx(waxy) 유전자를 가지고 있는 옥수 수로 국내에서는 아주 오래 동안 간식으로 사랑 받아온 작물이다. 현재 국내에서 많이 재배되고 있는 간식용 풋찰옥수수 재배규모 는 14년도에 15,839ha(MAFRA 2015)로 총 농가 소득규모는 약 1,570 억원정도이다. 노지재배는 10a당 조수익이 113~153 만원 정도이며 관광지 및 브랜드화가 정착된 지역에서는 더 높은 소득이 가능하다(RDA 2015). 특히 조기 출하를 목적으로 한 경남지역의 시설재배에서는 조수익이 300만원에 이르는 등 수익성이 높은 형편이다. 재배기간도 다른 작물에 비교하여 85~110일 정도로 짧아 2모작이나 2기작이 가능하다. 찰옥수수는 비교적 손쉽게 재배할 수 있으며, 또한 고품질 우량 품종의 개발, 소비자의 웰빙식품 선호, 연중 소비의 확대, 다양한 가공품의 개발 등으로 인해 안정적인 재배면적이 지속적으로 유지되고 있다.
국내에서 찰옥수수의 육종연구가 본격적으로 진행되면서 많 은 품종들이 개발되어 생산과 소비 증진에 크게 기여하였다. 1989년 국내 최초의 찰옥수수 품종인 찰옥1호(Park et al. 1992) 를 시작으로, 연농1호(Lee et al. 1992), 일미찰(Jung et al. 2006b), 찰옥4호(Jung et al. 2006a), 얼룩찰(Lee et al. 2011), 미백2호(Park et al. 2007a), 미흑찰(Park et al. 2007b) 등이 개발되었다. 현재는 품질이 아주 우수한 미백2호, 연농1호, 미흑 찰 품종들이 전체 재배면적의 90%이상을 차지하고 있다. 국내에 서 찰옥수수 육종 연구는 상대적으로 식미가 떨어지는 미국이나 중국의 외래종을 이용하기 보다는 식미가 좋은 국내 재래종을 활용하여 수행되었다. 따라서 찰옥수수 육종소재는 상당히 제한 되어 있고 유전적 배경도 협소하여 지속적인 우량 품종개발에 장애요인으로 작용하고 있다. 실제로 Lee et al.(2002)은 찰옥수 수 육성을 위하여 한국, 중국, 미국의 교잡종들에 대한 생육비교 시험을 한 결과 중국 교잡종은 숙기가 느리고 도복에 매우 약하였 으며, 미국 교잡종은 수량성에서 우수하였고, 한국 교잡종은 맛에서 매우 우수하였다고 보고하였다. 또한 Choe et al.(1978) 는 국내에서 수집한 재래종 948점에서 43%가 마치종이었고, 나머지는 경립종으로 이중에서 6%만이 찰옥수수로 이들은 대부 분 강원도를 중심으로 북부산간지대에서 수집되었다고 하였다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해서는 고품질 후보 유전자원의 품질관련 형질들의 상세한 특성평가, 관련 육종재료의 집단개량, 새로운 고품질관련 형질의 교배를 통한 도입이나 돌연변이 육종 을 활용하는 등 다각적인 노력이 필요하다.
특히 최근에는 안토시아닌이 많이 함유된 품종이 다양한 작물 에서 개발되고 있다. 옥수수연구소가 개발한 색소1호(KSVS 2015), 색소2호(Park et al. 2016) 품종은 가장 대표적인 예라고 할 수 있는데, 색소1호는 옥수수의 포엽, 속대, 줄기, 잎에서 진한 자색을 가지는 품종으로 포엽의 안토시아닌 함량은 건조중 의 10~15%에 이를 정도로 높은 수준이다. 하지만 옥수수의 포엽은 식용 가능한 식재료로 등재되어 있지 않아 아직까지 식품 재료로 활용할 수 없고, 색소2호는 알곡의 호분층에 축적되 는 안토시아닌 함량이 낮고 가공하여 활용해야 하는 어려움이 있다. 반면에 기존의 찰옥수수를 안토시아닌이 풍부한 품종으로 개발한다면 직접 섭취가 가능한 풋옥수수 형태로 소비할 수 있고 부가가치를 높일 수 있는 장점이 있다고 할 수 있다.
따라서 본 연구에서는 안토시아닌을 많이 함유한 색소찰옥수 수 ‘청춘찰’을 개발하여 이 품종의 육성 경위와 주요 특성을 보고하고자 한다.
재배 방법
신품종 ‘청춘찰(색찰교6)’의 특성 및 수량검정 시험은 2012년 홍천, 정선, 2013년 홍천, 평창에서 지역적응시험을 수행하여 표준품종인 미백2호와 3반복으로 비교 검토하였다. 시비량은 10a당 N-P2O5-K2O로 14.6-3-6kg, 퇴비는 1.5톤을 기비로 시용 하였다. 재식거리는 열간거리 60cm, 주간거리 25cm로 평탄하게 재배하는 방식으로 3열 3.5m를 한 개의 시험구로 하여 재식밀도 는 ha당 66,000주로 하였다. 파종기는 정선(4.18), 홍천(4.24), 평창(5.15)로 2립씩 파종하여 출현 후 솎음작업하여 1주1본으로 하였다.
생육 및 수량형질, 내재해 및 병해충 조사
출사기는 시험구별 전체 개체 중 50%이상의 개체에서 수염이 출현하였을 때를 기준으로 하였으며, 간장, 착수고는 시험구별 균일한 곳에서 10주씩 조사하고, 수량 및 이삭특성조사는 시험구 내 균일한 2열에서 앞뒤 약 2주씩을 제외한 열별 10주씩 총 20주를 수확하여 조사하였다. 수확시기는 지역별로 출사기 이후 27일경에 이루어 졌으며 포엽을 제거한 이삭의 길이가 10cm 이상인 이삭만을 이삭특성조사 및 수량조사에 포함시켰다. 병해 에서 깜부기병, 깨씨무늬병, 그을음무늬병은 출사 후 풋옥수수 수확 전에, 이삭썩음병과 충해는 풋옥수수 수확시기에 피해가 발생한 이삭수를 조사하여 산출하였다.
총 안토시아닌 함량 측정
옥수수 알곡 건조분말시료 0.1 g에 1% citric acid가 함유된 60% 에탄올을 10 mL씩 첨가하고 12시간동안 상온 교반하여 2회 반복 추출하였다. 추출액을 0.45 μm membrane filter에 통과시킨 후 분광광도계(Evolution 201, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA)를 사용하여 535nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 표준 물질로 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride(Sigma Chemical Co.,St, Louis, MO, USA)를 사용하여 정량곡선을 작성하고 총 안토시아닌 함량을 정량하였다(Ryu et al. 2003).
육성경위
‘청춘찰’은 기존에 육성한 고품질 찰옥수수와 안토시아닌이 고함유된 자원과의 교잡으로 기능성이 향상된 찰옥수수로 개발 된 신품종으로 HCW1과 HCW2를 양친으로 하는 단교잡종이 다. 포엽색소 집단은 2000년 캐나다 및 미국으로부터 알곡이나 포엽에서 자색을 가지는 13종의 수집종을 이용하여 개체 및 집단선발을 통하여 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 육종모집단을 2006 년에 완성하였다. 이것과 더욱 색소함량이 높은 수집된 자원과의 교잡을 통하여 미백2호의 양친과 각각 교배되는 다른 교배친을 2007년 형성하게 되었고 ‘07/’08동계기간 태국에서 HW9, HW3과 각각 교배하여 2011년까지 계통 분리를 지속하였다. HW9와 교배되어 분리된 것은 HCW1, HW3과 교배되어 분리된 것은 HCW2로 명명되었고, 이것을 이용하여 2011년 교잡종을 구성하였고 2012년, 2013년 동안 ‘색찰교6’의 이름으로 강원지 역적응시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 ‘색찰교6’은 대한민국 최초로 안토시아닌이 많이 함유된 찰옥수수로 우수성이 인정되어 2013 년 12월 강원도농업기술원 신품종선정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정하고 ‘청춘찰’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Pedigree diagram of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
KJBS-48-4-541_F1.gif
고유특성
‘청춘찰’은 미백2호와 동일하게 교잡유형은 단교잡종이며, 부위별 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 미백2호와 달리 진한 자색을 보이는 특성이 있다. 전체 웅수 및 수염색은 자색이 매우 강하고, 약의 색은 미백2호와 비슷하게 매우 약하게 표현되며, 과피색은 진한 자색이 너무 강하여 검정색으로 보인다(Fig. 2, Table 1).
Fig. 2.
A new anthocyanin waxy corn hybrid, ‘Cheongchunchal(C.C.C)’.
KJBS-48-4-541_F2.gif
Table 1.
Inherited characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 1.
Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Base of glume of tassel Glumes excluding base of tassel Anthers of tassel Silks
Cheongchunchal Single cross Very strong Very strong Absent or very weak Very strong Purple
Mibaek2 Single cross Weak Weak Absent or very weak Weak White
주요 생육 및 품질관련 특성
‘청춘찰’은 미백2호 대비 출사기는 5일정도 늦은 71일이고, 간장은 216cm로 다소 컸으며, 착수고율은 51%로 다소 낮았다. 이삭의 특성은 비슷하였지만 100주당 이삭수는 미백2호 보다 다소 작았다. 과피두께는 32.6μm, 아밀로펙틴함량 89.5%로 미백 2호 대비 낮은 수준이었고 식미 관능평가는 미백2호 대비 다소 낮은 경향이었다(Table 2, 4).
Table 2.
Agronomic characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 2.
Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Ratio ear height of plant height (%) Ear characteristics No. of ear per 100 plants
Length (cm) Kernel setting rate(%) Diameter (cm)
Cheongchunchal 71 216 51 14.9 90 3.9 75
Mibaek2 66 200 53 15.0 94 3.9 89
Table 4.
Grain qualities and panel test response of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 4.
Hybrid Pericarp thickness (µm) Amylopectin content (%) Panel testing(1: very bad ~9: very good)
Appearance Tenderness Sweetness Intergrated
Cheongchunchal 32.6 89.5 4.5 5.0 5.9 5.3
Mibaek2 18.3 92.1 5.0 6.5 6.2 6.0
병해충 및 내재해성
‘청춘찰’의 도복은 1.8정도로 미백2호(1.4) 보다는 도복에 약하였으나 강한 편에 속하며, 자연조건에서 깜부기병, 깨씨무늬 병은 미백2호와 비슷하였고 그을음무늬병과 이삭썩음병은 다소 약하였다. 충해의 발생 정도는 미백2호와 비슷하게 발생이 적었 다(Table 3).
Table 3.
Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 3.
Hybrid Lodging (1~9)z Disease degree(0-9) Insect damage (0-9)
Corn smut (U. maydis) y Southern leaf blight x (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blight x (Excerohilum turcicum) Ear rotw (Fusarium species) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) v
Cheongchunchal 1.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.1 0.3
Mibaek2 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.2

z1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging) Rate(%) = (lodging plant/total plants) × 100

y0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~5%, 5; 6~10%, 7; 11~20%, 9; over 21% Rate(%) = (disease plant/20 plants) × 100

x0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41% Rate(%) = (disease area/total area of leaf) × 100

w0; None, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~20%, 5; 21~40%, 7; 41~60%, 9; over 61% Rate(%) = (disease ear/20 ears) × 100

v0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1% Rate(%) = (damage plant/100 plants) × 100

수량성 및 안토시아닌 함량 분석
2012~2013년, 2년간 3개지역에서 실시한 강원지역적응시험 결과, ‘청춘찰’의 평균 이삭수는 5,285개/10a, 평균 이삭중은 502kg/10a로 미백2호 대비 유의하게 낮은 수준이었다. 하지만 ‘청춘찰’의 안토시아닌 함량은 18,809mg/kg으로 기존의 검정색 찰옥수수 미흑찰의 737mg/kg 보다 대단히 높았다(Table 5, 6).
Table 5.
Fresh ear yield of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.
Table 5.
Location Cheongchunchal (no. of ear/10a)(A) Index (%) A/B Mibaek2 (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2012 2013 Mean 2012 2013 Mean
Hongcheon 6,766 3,285 5,026 92 6,299 4,571 5,436
Pyungchang - 5,285 5,285 86 - 6,112 6,112
Jeongseon 5,803 - 5,803 96 6,035 - 6,035
Mean 6,285 4,285 5,285 92 6,167 5,342 5,754
Table 6.
Fresh ear weight of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.
Table 6.
Location Cheongchunchal(kg/10a)(A) Index (%) A/B Mibaek2 (kg/10a)(B)
2012 2013 Mean 2012 2013 Mean
Hongcheon 633 213 423 79 661 408 535
Pyungchang - 477 477 76 - 625 625
Jeongseon 686 - 686 97 709 - 709
Mean 660 345 502 84 685 517 601
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
‘청춘찰’은 지역적응시험 수행지역이 강원도로 한정되어 강 원도에서만 재배가 가능하고 1대 교잡종이므로 매년 갱신된 종자를 이용해야 한다. 질소성분 시용이 많은 경우 이삭끝에 웅수 모양이 발생할 수 있으며 찰옥수수를 제외한 다른 옥수수와 200m이상 격리재배가 필요하다. 강풍을 동반하고 강수가 많은 경우에는 쓰러짐 예방을 위하여 밭 배수관리에 유의하여야 한다.
‘청춘찰’은 강원도농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 개발한 단교 잡종으로 안토시아닌 함량이 대단히 높은 찰옥수수로서 자식계 통 HCW1을 종자친으로 하고 HCW2를 화분친으로 한다. 출사 일수는 미백2호 대비 약 5일 늦었으며, 생육 및 이삭특성은 미백2호와 비슷한 수준이었으나 수량성은 유의하게 낮았다. 하 지만 안토시아닌 함량은 미백2호가 전혀 없고 미흑찰이 737인것
에 비하여 ‘청춘찰’은 18,809 mg/kg으로 현재까지 육성된 찰옥수 수 중 최고의 함량을 보였다. 농업적 형질이나 품질특성은 아직 소비자의 기호를 만족시킬 정도는 아니지만 향후 지속적인 품질 및 농업형질 개량으로 우량한 품종을 개발할 기반을 마련하였다.
품종등록 번호 : 제6278호
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 차세대바이오그린21사업(식물분자육 종사업단, PJ011776022016) 의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
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Anthocyanin-rich Purple Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Cheongchunchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2016;48(4):541-546.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2016.48.4.541
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Anthocyanin-rich Purple Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Cheongchunchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2016;48(4):541-546.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2016.48.4.541
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Anthocyanin-rich Purple Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Cheongchunchal’
Image Image
Fig. 1. Pedigree diagram of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Fig. 2. A new anthocyanin waxy corn hybrid, ‘Cheongchunchal(C.C.C)’.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Anthocyanin-rich Purple Waxy Corn Single Cross Hybrid ‘Cheongchunchal’

Inherited characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.

Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Base of glume of tassel Glumes excluding base of tassel Anthers of tassel Silks
Cheongchunchal Single cross Very strong Very strong Absent or very weak Very strong Purple
Mibaek2 Single cross Weak Weak Absent or very weak Weak White

Agronomic characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.

Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Ratio ear height of plant height (%) Ear characteristics No. of ear per 100 plants
Length (cm) Kernel setting rate(%) Diameter (cm)
Cheongchunchal 71 216 51 14.9 90 3.9 75
Mibaek2 66 200 53 15.0 94 3.9 89

Grain qualities and panel test response of ‘Cheongchunchal’.

Hybrid Pericarp thickness (µm) Amylopectin content (%) Panel testing(1: very bad ~9: very good)
Appearance Tenderness Sweetness Intergrated
Cheongchunchal 32.6 89.5 4.5 5.0 5.9 5.3
Mibaek2 18.3 92.1 5.0 6.5 6.2 6.0

Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Cheongchunchal’.

Hybrid Lodging (1~9)z Disease degree(0-9) Insect damage (0-9)
Corn smut (U. maydis) y Southern leaf blight x (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blight x (Excerohilum turcicum) Ear rotw (Fusarium species) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) v
Cheongchunchal 1.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.1 0.3
Mibaek2 1.4 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.2

1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging) Rate(%) = (lodging plant/total plants) × 100

0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~5%, 5; 6~10%, 7; 11~20%, 9; over 21% Rate(%) = (disease plant/20 plants) × 100

0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41% Rate(%) = (disease area/total area of leaf) × 100

0; None, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~20%, 5; 21~40%, 7; 41~60%, 9; over 61% Rate(%) = (disease ear/20 ears) × 100

0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1% Rate(%) = (damage plant/100 plants) × 100

Fresh ear yield of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.

Location Cheongchunchal (no. of ear/10a)(A) Index (%) A/B Mibaek2 (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2012 2013 Mean 2012 2013 Mean
Hongcheon 6,766 3,285 5,026 92 6,299 4,571 5,436
Pyungchang - 5,285 5,285 86 - 6,112 6,112
Jeongseon 5,803 - 5,803 96 6,035 - 6,035
Mean 6,285 4,285 5,285 92 6,167 5,342 5,754

Fresh ear weight of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.

Location Cheongchunchal(kg/10a)(A) Index (%) A/B Mibaek2 (kg/10a)(B)
2012 2013 Mean 2012 2013 Mean
Hongcheon 633 213 423 79 661 408 535
Pyungchang - 477 477 76 - 625 625
Jeongseon 686 - 686 97 709 - 709
Mean 660 345 502 84 685 517 601
Table 1. Inherited characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 2. Agronomic characteristics of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 4. Grain qualities and panel test response of ‘Cheongchunchal’.
Table 3. Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Cheongchunchal’.

1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging) Rate(%) = (lodging plant/total plants) × 100

0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~5%, 5; 6~10%, 7; 11~20%, 9; over 21% Rate(%) = (disease plant/20 plants) × 100

0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41% Rate(%) = (disease area/total area of leaf) × 100

0; None, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~20%, 5; 21~40%, 7; 41~60%, 9; over 61% Rate(%) = (disease ear/20 ears) × 100

0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1% Rate(%) = (damage plant/100 plants) × 100

Table 5. Fresh ear yield of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.
Table 6. Fresh ear weight of ‘Cheongchunchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 2 years.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Table 4.

Table 3.

Table 5.

Table 6.

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