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New Cultivar Developed

안토시아닌 함유 얼룩찰옥수수 ‘미현찰’

한정헌1, 류시환1, 최재근1, 김희연1, 김문종1, 용우식1, 남궁민2,*, 박기진2

Anthocyanin-containing Bicolor Waxy Corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’

JungHeon Han1, SiHwan Ryu1, JaeKeun Choi1, HeeYeon Kim1, Moonjong Kim1, Woosik Yong1, Min Namgung2,*, Kijin Park2
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2024;56(4):533-539.
Published online: December 1, 2024

1강원특별자치도농업기술원 옥수수연구소

2강원특별자치도농업기술원

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*Corresponding to Min NamgungTEL. +82-33-248-6033E-mail. ngm0623@korea.kr

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  • Here, we report on the development of a high-quality, bicolor waxy corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’, containing anthocyanin. ‘Mihyeonchal’ was produced by crossing the two inbred lines, HW18 as the seed parent and HW19 as the pollen parent. The hybrid was made in 2016 and has been evaluated for three years in Hongcheon, Yeoncheon, Cheongju, Daegu, Jinju, and Suwon in Korea since 2017. The days to silking of ‘Mihyeonchal’ was 72 days, which was three days earlier than that of the standard variety, ‘Ilmichal’. The number and weight of fresh ears of ‘Mihyeonchal’ were 112% and 96%, respectively, compared to those of ‘Ilmichal’, and the anthocyanin content was 76.8 mg/kg, which was higher than that of ‘Ilmichal’. The lodging index was 1.9, which was weaker than that of ‘Ilmichal’, but its resistance to insects and diseases was stronger than that of ‘Ilmichal’, confirming the cultivation stability of ‘Mihyeonchal’. As a result of regional yield trials that had been conducted for three years, we confirmed that ‘Mihyeonchal’ could be cultivated in all regions in Korea and was an excellence variety. The plant variety protection right of ‘Mihyeonchal’ was registered in April 2024, and its grant number is 10127.
대표적인 여름철 간식인 찰옥수수는 다른 밭작물보다 비교적 재배가 용이한 작물로 재배기간이 100일 이내로 짧아 2모작이나 2기작이 가능하다. 10a당 생산량은 2,843 kg이며 농가 총수입은 1,748,101원으로 다른 노지 식량작물보다 소득율이 높은 장점이 있어 꾸준한 재배면적을 보이고 있다(KOSIS 2022). 찰옥수수 품종 개발은 1980년대 단교잡종 옥수수 품종 보급 시스템이 정착되면서 본격적으로 이루어졌다(Baek et al. 2020). 국내 최초 찰옥수수 품종인 ‘찰옥1호’(Park et al. 1992)가 개발된 이후로 2024년 국립종자원에 보호등록중인 찰옥수수 품종은 31품종이다. 이 중 흰색찰옥수수가 15품종 유색찰옥수수가 16품종이며 재배면적의 대부분에 흰색찰옥수수가 재배되고 있다.
유색찰옥수수는 알곡의 배유나 과피에 천연색소인 카로티노이드, 안토시아닌 등이 발현되어 노란색, 검정색, 붉은색과 같이 알곡에 색이 발현되는 옥수수이다. 카로티노이드는 적색에서 황색까지의 색을 발현시키는 지용성 물질로 옥수수에는 xanthophylls 계열의 lutein 과 zeaxanthin, carotene계열의 α카로틴과 β카로틴의 형태로 존재하며 항산화, 항암, 노화로 인한 황반변성을 예방하는 등 다양한 기능을 갖는다(Corrales-Bañuelos et al. 2016). 안토시아닌은 적색부터 흑색까지 다양한 색을 나타내는 색소로 식물계에서 가장 큰 수용성 색소 그룹이다. 자연계에 존재하는 항산화 물질 중 가장 뛰어난 항산화 작용(Duan et al. 2007, Oki et al. 2002)을 보이며 항염증(Wallace & Giusti 2015), 항암(Choung et al. 2012), 항비만(Lee et al. 2016), 혈당강하(Tsuda et al. 2003) 등 다양한 기능이 보고되었다.
현재 카로티노이드 함량이 우수한 찰옥수수 품종으로는 ‘황미찰’(Lee et al. 2018), ‘골드찰’(Seo et al. 2018), ‘황금맛찰’(Lee et al. 2020) 등이 개발되었고 안토시아닌 고함유 품종으로는 ‘청춘찰’(Park et al. 2016), ‘미홍찰’(Han et al. 2023) 등이 육성되었다. 우수한 기능을 가진 유색찰옥수수 품종은 개발되었으나 보급에 있어서는 어려움이 있는데 유색찰옥수수를 재배하기 위해서는 흰색찰옥수수와 격리거리가 필요하다. Luna et al. (2001)에 따르면 옥수수의 꽃가루가 섞이지 않기 위한 격리거리는 300 m이다. 격리거리 이내에 유색찰옥수수와 흰색찰옥수수를 같이 심게되면 흰색찰옥수수에 유색찰옥수수의 꽃가루가 섞여 상품성이 떨어지게 된다. 따라서 유색찰옥수수를 재배하기 위해서는 격리된 단지를 조성해야 하는 어려움이 있어 재배면적은 제한적이다.
그러나 흰색찰옥수수가 주로 경작되는 재배환경은 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 최근 소비자들의 건강기능식품을 선호하는 소비트렌드에 따라 다양한 작물에서 기능성물질을 도입한 품종을 육성하고 있으며 시장이 확대됨에 따라 수요가 증가하고 있다(Lee et al. 2011).
카로티노이드와 안토시아닌과 같은 화합물은 인체에서 스스로 합성이 불가하여 음식으로 섭취해야 하는데 유색찰옥수수에는 이러한 기능성 성분을 별도의 가공없이 풋옥수수 상태로 직접 섭취가 가능한 장점이 있다. 따라서 고품질 유색찰옥수수 품종 개발은 기존의 흰색찰옥수수와 차별성을 가지며 부가가치를 지닌 재배농가의 새로운 소득자원으로 활용될 수 있어 재배면적은 점진적으로 증가할 것으로 보인다.
재배 방법
신품종 ‘미현찰(강원찰55)’의 특성 및 수량성 검정은 2018년~2020년 홍천, 연천, 수원, 청주, 대구, 진주 등 6지역에서 수행했으며 ‘일미찰’을 표준품종으로 사용하여 4반복 비교 검토하였다. 밑거름은 10a당 N-P2O5-K2O로 14.6-3-6 ㎏, 퇴비 1.5톤을 시용하였다. 하나의 시험구는 4.5 m씩 4열로 구성했으며 재식거리는 열간거리 60 ㎝, 주간거리 25 ㎝로 하여 재식밀도는 10a당 6,600주로 하였다. 파종은 지역에 따라 4월 중, 하순에 2립씩 직파했으며 본엽 3~4엽기에 솎음하여 1주 1본으로 하였다. 기타 재배법은 농촌진흥청 표준 재배법을 적용하였다.
주요 특성 조사
생육 및 수량 특성은 농촌진흥청 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 준하여 조사하였다. 간장과 착수고는 시험구별 균일한 곳에서 10주씩 조사하였다. 출사일수는 시험구의 전체 개체 중 50%이상의 개체에서 출현했을 때를 기준으로 파종일로부터 계산하였다. 수량 및 이삭특성 조사는 각 시험구의 가운데 2열에서 양쪽 끝 2주씩을 제외하고 2.5 m(10칸)범위 내에 있는 이삭을 수확하여 총 20칸에서 수확된 이삭 중 길이가 10 cm 이상인 이삭을 선별하여 조사하였다. 깨씨무늬병, 그을음무늬병과 같은 병해는 출사 이후에 포장 내 발병주수를 조사했으며 인공접종에 의한 조병나방 피해는 포장에서 옥수수 6~8엽기에 1령 유충을 접종하여 섭식에 의한 잎 피해율을 등급화 하였다.
총 안토시아닌 함량 측정
옥수수 알곡 건조분말시료 0.5 g에 1% citric acid가 함유된 60% 에탄올을 20 mL씩 첨가하고 2시간동안 균질화 하였다. 시료 20 ml는 다시 사용했던 용매 20 ml에 넣어 2시간동안 교반하여 2차 균질화 하였고 3600rpm에서 10분간 원심분리 하였다. 원심분리 후 상층액을 취하여 0.45 ㎛ membrane filter에 통과시킨 후 분광광도계(Evolution 201, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA)를 사용하여 535 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 표준물질로 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride(Sigma Chemical Co.,St, Louis, MO, USA)를 사용하여 정량곡선을 작성하고 이를 기준으로 총 안토시아닌 함량을 정량하였다(Ryu 2003).
육성경위
‘미현찰’은 기존에 육성한 고품질 검정찰옥수수 자식계통과 찰옥수수 자원에 안토시아닌이 고함유된 자원을 교잡하고 분리한 색소찰옥수수 자식계통을 교배한 신품종으로 HW18을 종자친으로 HW19화분친으로 하여 교배된 단교잡종이다.
검정찰옥수수 자원은 해외에서 수집한 자원을 2007년 S0세대 16번으로 공시하여 8회의 자식교배와 선발을 통해 2015년에 육성되었고 HW18로 계통명을 부여하였다. 안토시아닌 고함유 자원은 해외로부터 알곡이나 포엽에 자색을 가지는 자원을 수집하고 개체 및 집단선발하여 육성된 색소모집단(PurPOP)과 페루로부터 도입된 알곡에 안토시아닌 발현량이 높은 자원을 2007년 교배하여 안토시아닌 고함유 집단을 육성하였다. HW19는 안토시아닌 고함유 자원을 종자친으로 흰색찰옥수수 우량계통인 HW3을 화분친으로 하여 2번의 여교배를 통해 색소 성분이 도입된 자원을 2009년 S0세대 1번으로 공시 후 6회의 자식교배를 통해 2015년 육성되었다.
2016년 HW18와 HW19를 교배하여 교잡종을 구성하여 2017년 강원도 내 생산력검정에 ‘홍교291호’로 평가하였고 2018년부터 2020년까지 전국 6개 지역에서 ‘강원찰55호’로 전국지역적응시험에 3년간 공시하였다. 그 결과 ‘강원찰55호’는 이삭 및 품질특성이 우수하며 안토시아닌이 흑색과 붉은색의 점박이형태로 발현되는 찰옥수수로 우수성이 인정되어 2020년 강원특별자치도농업기술원 신품종선정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정하고 ‘미현찰’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
고유특성
‘미현찰’은 ‘일미찰’과 동일한 단교잡종이며, 엽초의 안토시아닌 색소는 ‘일미찰’보다 약하게 발현되었다. 영 기부에 안토시아닌 색소가 없는 ‘일미찰’과 달리 ‘미현찰’은 약한 자색을 보이는 특성이 있다. 수염의 안토시아닌 색소는 ‘일미찰’보다 다소 강하였으며 과피색은 붉은색과 흑색이 혼합 발현되며 과피와 호분층에 안토시아닌이 발현되는 품종이다(Table 1, Fig. 2).
주요 생육 및 이삭관련 특성
'미현찰'의 출사일수는 72일로 표준품종인 '일미찰' 대비 3일 빨랐고, 간장은 224 cm 착수고율은 53%로 ‘일미찰’(212 cm, 52%)과 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. ‘미현찰’의 이삭 길이, 폭 등 이삭 특성도 ‘일미찰’과 비슷한 수준이며 안토시아닌 함량은 76.8 mg/kg으로 측정되었다(Table 2).
병해충 및 내재해성
‘미현찰’의 도복지수는 ‘일미찰’(1.2)보다 높은 1.9로 상대적으로 간장, 착수고가 높아 다소 쓰러짐에 약하였으나 자연조건에서 그을음무늬병(1.0), 깨씨무늬병(0.1)의 발병지수를 보여 내병성이 우수하였다. 인공접종을 통한 조명나방 발병지수는 ‘미현찰’이 3.8로 ‘일미찰’(6.3)보다 저항성을 보였다(Table 3). 따라서 ‘미현찰’의 병해충 저항성은 ‘일미찰’ 대비 강하였고, 도복은 상대적으로 약하였다.
수량성 분석
전국 5개 지역에서 2018년부터 2020년까지 실시한 전국지역적응시험 결과, ‘미현찰’의 평균 이삭수는 6,580개/10a, 평균 이삭중은 1,203 ㎏/10a로 ‘일미찰’ 대비 각각 112%, 96% 수준으로 이삭수는 상대적으로 많았으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며 이삭중은 비슷한 수준이였다(Tables 4, 5).
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
‘미현찰’은 전국지역적응시험을 통해 우수성을 인정받은 교잡종으로 전국 어디에서나 재배가 가능하고, 잡종강세를 이용한 단교잡종이므로 매년 갱신된 종자를 이용해야 한다. 열성인자(wx)를 보유한 찰옥수수 이므로 일반 옥수수와 200 m 이상 격리재배가 필요하며 흰색 찰옥수수와도 200 m 이상 격리가 필요하다. 옥수수는 습해에 약한 특성이 있어 과습한 토양에서는 객토하여 토양 물리성을 개선해주어야 하며 지형상 강우 및 강풍 발생이 많은 지역에서는 도복이 우려되므로 배수관리에 유의해야 한다.
‘미현찰’은 강원도특별자치도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 개발한 단교잡종이다. 이삭 및 품질 특성이 우수하며 과피에 붉은색과 흑색이 혼합발현되는 기능성 찰옥수수로 자식계통 HW18을 종자친, HW19를 화분친으로 한다. 출사일수는 ‘일미찰’ 대비 3일 빠르며 간장, 착수고율은 ‘일미찰’ 대비 다소 높아 상대적으로 도복에 약하였다. 수량성은 ‘일미찰’ 대비 이삭수, 이삭중이 각각 112%, 96%로 우수하였고 자연상태에서 그을음무늬병, 깨씨무늬병에 내병성을 보여 재배 안정성을 확인하였다. 또한 ‘미현찰’의 안토시아닌 함량은 76.8 ㎎/㎏으로 ‘일미찰’ 보다 높은 함량을 보였다. ‘미현찰’은 수량성이 우수하며 안토시아닌이 발현되는 고품질 기능성 얼룩찰옥수수로 웰빙푸드를 선호하는 소비트렌드에 맞춰 수요가 증가할 것으로 보이며 고부가가치를 지닌 새로운 소득작목으로 활용되어 재배면적이 점차 확대될 것으로 사료된다(품종등록 번호: 제10127호).
본 연구는 강원특별자치도농업기술원 기본과제(LP001817)의 지원으로 수행되었습니다.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
kjbs-56-4-533-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Anthocyanin containing bicolor waxy corn hybrid, ‘Mihyeonchal’.
kjbs-56-4-533-f2.jpg
Table 1
Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
Table 1
Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Leaf sheath Base of glume Besides base of glume Silks
Mihyeonchal Single cross Weak Weak Very weak Strong Bicolor
(black and red)
Ilmichal Single cross Medium Very weak Very weak Medium White
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
Table 2
Hybrid Days
to silking		 Plant height
(㎝)		 Ear height ratio (%) Ear characteristics
Length
(㎝)		 Kernel setting rate(%) Diameter
(㎝)		 Anthocyanin
(mg/kg)
Mihyeonchal 72 224 53 18.8 98 4.2 76.8
Ilmichal 75 212 52 19.8 98 4.5 -
tsz 1.71ns 1.37ns 1.10ns 2.42ns 0.44ns 2.40ns -

zStudent's t-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 3
Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
Table 3
Hybrid Lodging
(1~9)z 		Disease degree
(0-9)		 Insect damage
(0-9)
Southern leaf blighty (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blighty (Excerohilum turcicum) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)x
Mihyeonchal 1.9 0.1 1.0 3.8
Ilmichal 1.2 1.7 1.0 6.3

z1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging)

Rate (%)=(lodging plant/total plants)×100

y0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%

Rate (%)=(disease area/total area of leaf)×100

x0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1%

Rate (%)=(damaged plant/total plants)×100

Table 4
Fresh ear number of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.
Table 4
Location Mihyeonchal(no. of ear/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Ilmichal (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2018 2019 2020 Mean 2018 2019 2020 Mean
Suwon 6,410 6,239 6,581 6,410 114 5,983 6,239 4,530 5,584
Yeoncheon 5,333 6,333 6,222 5,963 107 4,952 6,222 5,444 5,539
Hongcheon 6,600 6,600 6,600 6,600 119 6,820 6,490 3,300 5,537
Cheongju 6,209 6,990 10,486 7,895 112 6,144 7,014 7,986 7,048
Daegu 6,209 6,458 5,694 6,120 111 5,425 6,250 4,722 5,466
Jinju 6,429 6,556 6,493 6,493 104 6,378 6,336 5,972 6,229
Mean 6,198 6,529 7,013 6,580 112 5,950 6,425 5,326 5,900
tsz=1.94ns

zStudent's t-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 5
Fresh ear weight of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.
Table 5
Location Mihyeonchal(㎏/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Ilmichal (㎏/10a)(B)
2018 2019 2020 Mean 2018 2019 2020 Mean
Suwon 1,184 705, 1,117 1,002 93 1,178 1,115 914 1,069
Yeoncheon 980 1,093 972 1,015 89 1,025 1,303 1,055 1,128
Hongcheon 722 1,031 975 909 97 911 1,326 553 930
Cheongju 1,304 1,951 2,568 1,941 107 1,352 2,025 2,039 1,805
Daegu 1,241 1,228 1,043 1,171 101 1,127 1,360 989 1,159
Jinju 1,154 1,165 1,229 1,183 86 1,296 1,371 1,426 1,364
Mean 1,098 1,196 1,317 1,203 96 1,148 1,417 1,163 1,243
tsz=0.29ns

zStudent's t-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

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Anthocyanin-containing Bicolor Waxy Corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2024;56(4):533-539.   Published online December 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2024.56.4.533
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Anthocyanin-containing Bicolor Waxy Corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2024;56(4):533-539.   Published online December 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2024.56.4.533
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Anthocyanin-containing Bicolor Waxy Corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
Fig. 2 Anthocyanin containing bicolor waxy corn hybrid, ‘Mihyeonchal’.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Anthocyanin-containing Bicolor Waxy Corn, ‘Mihyeonchal’

Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.

Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Leaf sheath Base of glume Besides base of glume Silks
Mihyeonchal Single cross Weak Weak Very weak Strong Bicolor
(black and red)
Ilmichal Single cross Medium Very weak Very weak Medium White

Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.

Hybrid Days
to silking		 Plant height
(㎝)		 Ear height ratio (%) Ear characteristics
Length
(㎝)		 Kernel setting rate(%) Diameter
(㎝)		 Anthocyanin
(mg/kg)
Mihyeonchal 72 224 53 18.8 98 4.2 76.8
Ilmichal 75 212 52 19.8 98 4.5 -
tsz 1.71ns 1.37ns 1.10ns 2.42ns 0.44ns 2.40ns -

Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Mihyeonchal’.

Hybrid Lodging
(1~9)z		 Disease degree
(0-9)		 Insect damage
(0-9)
Southern leaf blighty (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blighty (Excerohilum turcicum) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)x
Mihyeonchal 1.9 0.1 1.0 3.8
Ilmichal 1.2 1.7 1.0 6.3

Fresh ear number of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.

Location Mihyeonchal(no. of ear/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Ilmichal (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2018 2019 2020 Mean 2018 2019 2020 Mean
Suwon 6,410 6,239 6,581 6,410 114 5,983 6,239 4,530 5,584
Yeoncheon 5,333 6,333 6,222 5,963 107 4,952 6,222 5,444 5,539
Hongcheon 6,600 6,600 6,600 6,600 119 6,820 6,490 3,300 5,537
Cheongju 6,209 6,990 10,486 7,895 112 6,144 7,014 7,986 7,048
Daegu 6,209 6,458 5,694 6,120 111 5,425 6,250 4,722 5,466
Jinju 6,429 6,556 6,493 6,493 104 6,378 6,336 5,972 6,229
Mean 6,198 6,529 7,013 6,580 112 5,950 6,425 5,326 5,900
tsz=1.94ns

Fresh ear weight of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.

Location Mihyeonchal(㎏/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Ilmichal (㎏/10a)(B)
2018 2019 2020 Mean 2018 2019 2020 Mean
Suwon 1,184 705, 1,117 1,002 93 1,178 1,115 914 1,069
Yeoncheon 980 1,093 972 1,015 89 1,025 1,303 1,055 1,128
Hongcheon 722 1,031 975 909 97 911 1,326 553 930
Cheongju 1,304 1,951 2,568 1,941 107 1,352 2,025 2,039 1,805
Daegu 1,241 1,228 1,043 1,171 101 1,127 1,360 989 1,159
Jinju 1,154 1,165 1,229 1,183 86 1,296 1,371 1,426 1,364
Mean 1,098 1,196 1,317 1,203 96 1,148 1,417 1,163 1,243
tsz=0.29ns
Table 1 Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihyeonchal’.

zStudent's t-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 3 Resistance to lodging, disease and insect of ‘Mihyeonchal’.

z1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging)

Rate (%)=(lodging plant/total plants)×100

y0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%

Rate (%)=(disease area/total area of leaf)×100

x0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1%

Rate (%)=(damaged plant/total plants)×100

Table 4 Fresh ear number of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.

zStudent's t-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 5 Fresh ear weight of ‘Mihyeonchal’ in regional yield trials for 3 years.

zStudent's t-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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