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색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대한 형태적 특성 연구

김해리1, 사규진1, 박기진2, 남궁민2, 모창연3, 이주경1,*

Morphological Characteristics of Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize

Hae Ri Kim1, Kyu Jin Sa1, Ki Jin Park2, Min Nam-Gung2, Chang Yeun Mo3, Ju Kyong Lee1,*
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2020;52(4):419-425.
Published online: December 1, 2020

1강원대학교 식물자원응용과학

2강원도 농업기술원

3강원대학교 바이오시스템기계공학

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: jukyonglee@kangwon.ac.kr, Tel: +82-33-250-6415, Fax: +82-33-255-5558)
• Received: October 30, 2020   • Revised: October 30, 2020   • Accepted: November 2, 2020

Copyright © 2020 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • In this study, 14 agricultural and phenotypic traits were used to analyze morphological variations among 10 near-isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize and 2 parental lines (HW3 and HW9) of the hybrid cultivar “Mibaek 2.” The results of principal component analysis indicated that on the first principal component axis, seed coat color, R value, V value, days of tasseling, L* value, and days of silking greatly contributed to the positive direction, whereas anthesis–silking interval and leaf width greatly contributed to the negative direction. On the second principal component axis, kernel row number and tassel color contributed to the positive direction, whereas setted ear length, ear length, and 100-kernel weight contributed to the negative direction. Thus, the morphological characteristics that greatly contributed to the first and second principal components might be useful for discrimination among the 10 NILs and 2 parental lines of “Mibaek 2.” Of the 10 NILs analyzed, 16CLP26 and 16CLP16 were considered useful breeding material for the development of colored waxy maize varieties with relatively high amounts of yield and anthocyanin. Collectively, these results are expected to provide useful information for the development and selection of lines for breeding colored waxy corn varieties at the Maize Research Institute, Gangwon-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services.
옥수수(Zea mays L.)는 벼, 밀과 함께 세계 3대 작물 중 하나로, 전 세계적으로 식용, 사료용, 공업용 및 바이오에너지 등으로 다양하게 이용되는 중요한 작물이다. 옥수수는 종자에서 배유의 전분 구성 함량에 따라 종실용 옥수수(normal maize)와 찰옥수수(waxy maize)로 구분된다. 종실용 옥수수는 배유 전분의 75%가 amylopectin이고, 25%가 amylose로 구성되어 있고, 반면에 찰옥수수는 배유 전분의 99% 이상이 amylopectin으로 구성되어 있다(Sprague et al. 1943, Nelson & Rines 1962). 사료용 옥수수는 전 세계적으로 재배되고 있으나, 찰옥수수는 주로 동아시아 지역, 특히 한국과 중국 그리고 동남아시아 지역의 일부 국가들에서 식용 및 간식용으로 재배되고 있다. 최근 국민소득이 증가하고 웰빙(건강)에 대한 관심이 급증함에 따라 고품질 및 기능성 작물 개발이 요구되고 있다. 오늘날 벼와 콩 등의 작물에서 흑미, 검은콩 등은 웰빙 식품으로 각광을 받고 있는데, 이것은 기능성 물질 중 안토시아닌(anthocyanin) 색소에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있기 때문이다. 지금까지의 연구에서 안토시아닌 색소는 자연 착색제, 항산화제, 항당뇨병제, 항암제로서 기능을 가진 것으로 알려졌다(Hagiwara et al. 2001, Yoshimoto et al. 2001, Cevallos-Casals & Cisneros-Zevallos 2004, Li et al. 2012). 따라서, 안토시아닌 색소 함량이 높은 고품질의 찰옥수수 품종을 개발하는 것은 국내에서 찰옥수수의 소비 촉진 및 수요 증대를 위하여 매우 필요하다.
작물의 육종 연구를 성공적으로 수행하기 위해서는 먼저 그 작물에 대한 유전자원의 탐색 및 수집 그리고 수집된 유전자원들에 대한 유전적 변이의 다양성을 평가하고 이해하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 특히 옥수수 육종 연구에서 수집된 유전자원 및 육성 계통들에 대한 유전적 다양성(genetic diversity) 및 계통유연관계(genetic relationship)에 대한 정보는 신품종 개량을 위한 자식계통(inbred line) 육성 및 발굴 그리고 교배조합(cross combination) 구성 등에 효율적으로 이용될 수 있다(Hallauer et al. 1988, Pejic et al. 1998). 한편 작물의 수집된 유전자원이나 육성된 계통들에 대한 유전적 변이 및 다양성을 평가하는 방법들 중에서 다변량 분석법(multivariate analysis)은 형태적 특성에 기초하여 작물 집단 및 계통들 사이에서 유전변이(genetic variation)를 분석하는데 효과적인 분석 방법 중 하나이다(Nielsen & Munck 2003). 그 중에서 주성분 분석법(principal component analysis)은 양적 및 질적 형질인 형태학적 특성을 이용하여 수집된 식물 집단의 유전자원 분류 그리고 육성된 계통들에 대한 분류 등에 많이 이용되고 있는 분석법으로 알려져 있다(Lee & Ohnishi 2001, Bočanski et al. 2009, Khorasani et al. 2011). 예를 들면 Chang et al. (2013)은 79개의 튀김용 옥수수 자식계통들을 대상으로 웅수색, 간장, 착립장, 발아율 등 13개의 농업형질을 이용하여 주성분 분석을 실시하였으며, Park et al. (2014)은 156개의 종실용 옥수수 자식계통들을 대상으로 백립중, 간장, 출사일수, 웅수색 등 14개의 양적 및 질적 형질을 이용하여 주성분 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 최근에 Kim et al. (2016)은 종실용 옥수수 194계통들에 대하여 8개의 양적 형질을 이용한 주성분 분석을 수행하여 이들 계통들을 식별하는데 유용한 농업형질을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 고품질 찰옥수수 신품종 개발을 위하여 육성한 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 종실 특성과 관련된 양적 및 질적 형질들에 대하여 형태적 변이를 분석한 연구결과를 보고하고자 한다.
실험 재료
본 연구에서 분석에 이용한 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통(NILs)들의 육성 내력에 대한 기본 정보는 Table 1에 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 분석에 이용한 색소찰 근동질 계통들은 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 종실용 옥수수인 ‘색소옥수수 No. 1’ 품종을 1회친으로, 그리고 찰옥수수인 ‘미백2호’ 품종의 양친 계통(HW3, HW9)들을 반복친으로 하여 3회 여교배(backcross)를 통하여 육성하였다. 즉 2009년에 색소옥수수 품종과 미백2호 양친 계통들을 각각 교배하여 F1 개체를 생산하였다. 2010년에는 F1 개체를 반복친인 미백2호 양친 계통들과 여교배하여 BC1F1 개체를 만들었으며, 그 다음해(2011년)에 BC1F1 개체를 반복친인 미백2호 양친 계통들과 여교배하여 BC2F1 개체를 만들었고, 그 다음해인 2012년에 BC2F1 개체를 동일 방법으로 교배하여 BC3F1 개체를 만들었다. 그 후 2013년부터 2018년까지 자식(selfing) 및 계통 분리를 통하여 BC3F6 세대의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통을 육성하였다(Table 1).
농업적 형질 특성 조사
미백2호 양친 계통들과 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 형태적 변이를 측정하기 위해서 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소 시험포장에서 2019년에 각 10개의 근동질 계통들과 미백2호 양친 계통들에 대하여 각 계통 별로 10립씩 종자를 파종하여 10개체를 심었으며, 개체간 거리는 25 cm, 계통 간 거리는 70 cm로 하여 일반 관행 재배법으로 2반복 실험을 수행하였다. 농업적 특성 조사는 각 계통 별로 10개체씩 생육시기별로 수행하였으며, 조사한 형질들은 출사일수(DS), 출웅일수(DT), 출웅기-출사기 간격(Anthesis-silking interval, ASI), 이삭열수(KRN), 백립중(100 KW), 이삭경(EW), 이삭장(EL), 착립장(SEL)과 같은 8개의 양적 형질과 자수색(SC), 웅수색(TC), 종피색(SCC) 등 3개의 질적 형질들에 대하여 조사하였다(Table 2).
초분광 색상(color) 영상 측정
미백2호 품종의 양친 계통들과 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 종자의 종피색 색상 정보를 이용하여 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 계통들을 판별하기 위해서 가시광과 근적외선의 초분광 영상을 측정하였다(Fig. 1). 영상 분석은 Pathare et al. (2013)의 방법에 따라 수행하였는데, 가시광선의 초분광 영상 측정은 400~1,000 nm 영역의 스팩트럼 정보를 이용하였으며, 근적외선의 초분광 영상 측정은 1,000~7,000 nm 영역의 스팩트럼 정보를 이용하여 종자의 종피에서 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 계통을 판별하였다. 종피색 영상 측정은 DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) 카메라를 이용하여 미백2호 양친 계통 및 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 각 계통 별로 20립씩 종자의 전체 표면(앞면, 뒷면, 옆면)에 대하여 RGB 색 공간의 R값(R, Red color value of RGB color space), CIELAB 색 공간의 L*값(L*, L* value of CIELAB color space), 그리고 HSV 색 공간의 V값(V, V value of HSV color space)을 각각 측정하였다(Fig. 1).
통계 분석
미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 조사한 14개의 질적 및 양적 형질들에 대한 통계 분석은 Microsoft Excel 통계 프로그램 및 NTSYS 2.1 프로그램을 사용하여 수행하였다. 통계 분석은 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에서 측정한 형질들에 대하여 평균 및 편차 등 각 계통들에 대한 형질 별 변이 분포를 조사하였다. 그리고 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 계통들 사이에서의 형태적 변이를 이해하기 위해서 14개의 질적 및 양적 형질들을 이용하여 주성분 분석을 수행하였다.
색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들의 형태적 변이
본 연구에서 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 11개의 농업적(양적 및 질적) 형질을 조사한 결과는 Table 3에 나타내었다. 그 결과, 전체 계통들에서 출웅일수는 64~85일 범위로 평균 78.7±6.5일의 값을 나타내었고, 출사일수는 71~88일 범위로 평균 82.1±4.7일을 나타내었다. 따라서 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 출웅일수와 출사일수가 모두 늦은 것으로 나타났다. 출웅기-출사기 간격은 전체 계통들에서 2~8일 범위로 평균 3.4±1.9일을 나타내었는데, 미백2호 양친 계통(7~8일)들보다 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통(2~4일)들이 비교적 짧은 출웅기-출사기 간격을 나타내었다. 일반적으로 종실의 수량성과 관련 있는 형질들 중에서 출웅일수와 출사일수는 간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다(Zheng et al. 2012). 옥수수의 일대잡종(F1 hybrid) 종자 채종에서 교배 양친들 사이에 출웅기-출사기 간격이 짧으면 종자 생산에 유리하므로 이들 근동질 계통들은 앞으로 색소찰옥수수 품종 개발을 위한 유용한 육종 소재로 생각되었다. 또한 종실 수량과 관련된 형질들 중 이삭열수는 전체 계통들에서 11~14열 범위로 평균 12.4±0.8열을 보였는데, 본 연구에서 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 사이에서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 백립중은 전체 계통들에서 25~69 g 범위로 평균 43.6±10.8 g을 나타내었는데, 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 중에서 특히 16CLP39, 16CLP41 및 16CLP47 계통들은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 낮은 백립중을 나타냈었고, 반면에 16CLP16 계통은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 높은 백립중을 나타내었다. 이삭경은 전체 계통들에서 2.7~3.4 cm 범위로 평균 3.1±0.2 cm를 나타내었는데, 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 사이에서 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이삭장의 경우에는 전체 계통들에서 4~13.7 cm 범위로, 평균 10.1±2.4 cm를 나타내었는데, 근동질 1계통(16CLP16)을 제외한 9개의 근동질 계통들은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 짧은 것으로 관찰되었다. 착립장은 전체 계통들에서 평균 9.3±2.8 cm 범위로, 최소 3.5 cm에서 최대 14.5 cm 범위를 나타내었는데, 특히 16CLP30, 16CLP32, 16CLP34, 16CLP39, 16CLP41 및 16CLP47 근동질 계통들은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 낮은 착립장을 나타내었고, 반면에 16CLP16과 16CLP23 근동질 계통들은 미백2호 양친 계통들보다 높게 관찰되었다(Table 3). 일반적으로 작물의 수량과 관련 형질들 중에서 간경, 착수고 및 착립장 등은 내도복성을 결정하는 중요한 형질들로 알려져 있다(Remison & Akinyele 1978, Kashiwagi et al. 2008). 따라서 본 연구에서 비교적 착립장이 낮은 근동질 계통들은 앞으로 내도복성이 강한 색소찰옥수수 품종을 육성하는데 유용한 육종 재료인 것으로 생각되었다.
한편, 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 3개의 질적 형질인 자수색, 웅수색, 종피색을 조사한 결과, 자수색의 경우 연한 자주색(2)을 나타내는 것이 4계통, 진한 자주색(4)을 나타내는 것이 5계통, 검은색(5)을 나타내는 것이 3계통으로 각각 관찰되어 평균 3.6값을 나타내었다. 웅수색은 흰색(1)을 나타내는 것이 1계통, 연한 자주색(2)을 나타내는 것이 1계통, 진한 자주색(4)을 나타내는 것이 1계통, 나머지 9계통들은 모두 매우 진한 자주색(5)을 나타내어 평균 4.3값을 나타내었다. 종피색의 경우는 미백2호 양친 계통들은 모두 흰색(1)을 나타내었고, 10개의 근동질 계통들은 연한 자주색(2)부터 매우 진한 자주색(5)까지 다양하게 나타나 평균 3.2값을 나타내었다(Table 3).
색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들의 종피색 변이
본 연구에서는 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들의 종자에서 종피색에 대하여 보다 정확한 분석을 위해 가시광 및 근적외선의 초분광 영상을 측정하였으며(Fig. 1), 각 계통들에서 측정된 분석 결과는 Table 3에 제시하였다. 그 결과 R값은 각 계통들에서 17.8~170.8 범위로, 78.1±54.4의 평균값을 나타내었으며, L*값은 각 계통들에서 5.72~66.5 범위로, 26.3±22.3의 평균값을 보였다. V값은 각 계통들에서 최소 0.07에서 최대 0.67의 범위로, 0.31±0.21의 평균값을 나타내었다(Table 3, Fig. 2). 이상의 결과에 의하면, 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대한 초분광 영상 분석에서 자주색 색소 함량에 따라 크게 5개의 계통군으로 분류되었다. 즉 자주색 색소가 가장 많은 계통군(I)에는 16CLP39, 16CLP47, 16CLP16, 16CLP26 등 4개의 근동질 계통들이 포함되었고, 계통군(II)에는 16CLP23과 16CLP19의 2개 근동질 계통들이 포함되었다. 그리고 계통군(III)에는 16CLP32와 16CLP41의 2개 근동질 계통들이, 계통군(IV)에는 16CLP30와 16CLP34의 2개 근동질 계통들이 각각 포함되었다. 마지막으로 계통군(V)에는 미백2호 양친 계통(HW3, HW9)들이 포함되었는데, 이들 계통들은 종피색이 모두 흰색으로 자주색 색소가 전혀 보이지 않았다(Table 3, Fig. 2).
본 연구에서는 색소찰옥수수 품종을 개발하기 위해서 색소옥수수와 미백2호 양친을 이용한 여교잡 방법을 통해 종피색이 다양한 근동질 계통들을 육성하였다. 본 연구에서 육성한 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 중에서 특히 4개의 근동질 계통(16CLP16, 16CLP26, 16CLP39, 16CLP47)들은 조사된 3개의 자주색 색소 영상 분석에서 비교적 높은 자주색의 종자 특성을 나타내었다. 안토시아닌 색소는 식물에 존재하는 천연 색소로 자색, 청색, 적색을 나타내며 인체에 무해한 성분으로(Cevallos-Casals et al. 2004), 포도에서 주로 추출되어 이용되고 있다(Kim et al. 2008). 이러한 안토시아닌 색소의 중요성과 기능성 등을 고려할 때 본 연구에서 육성한 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들은 앞으로 고품질 및 기능성 찰옥수수 신품종 개발을 위하여 매우 유용한 육종 소재로 기대된다.
근동질 옥수수 계통들의 주성분 분석
본 연구에서는 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 사이에서의 형태적 변이를 이해하기 위해서 11개의 농업적(질적 및 양적) 형질과 3개의 표현형적 형질들을 이용하여 주성분 분석을 수행하였다(Table 4). 그 결과 제 1차 및 제 2차 주성분들은 각각 45.1%와 21.5%의 변이를 나타내어 전체 66.6%의 변이를 나타내었다(Table 4). 분석에 이용된 14개의 양적 및 질적 형질들 중에서 제 1주성분에서 종피색(0.92), R값(0.89), V값(0.89), 출웅일수(0.87), L*값(0.86), 출사일수(0.83) 등은 양의 방향으로 크게 기여하였고, 반면에 출웅기-출사기 간격(-0.88), 이삭경(-0.73) 등은 음의 방향으로 크게 기여하였다. 그리고 제 2주성분에서는 이삭열수(0.41)와 웅수색(0.32)은 양의 방향으로 기여하였고, 반면에 착립장(-0.92), 이삭장(-0.91), 백립중(-0.67) 등은 음의 방향으로 크게 기여하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제 1차 및 제 2차 주성분에서 양과 음의 방향으로 기여한 양적 및 질적 형질들은 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들을 식별하는데 유용한 형질인 것으로 생각되었다(Table 4).
또한 본 연구에서는 주성분 분석 결과를 바탕으로 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대하여 scatter diagram을 나타내었다(Fig. 3). 그 결과, 제 1축과 제 2축을 기준으로 4분면으로 구분하였는데, 제 1사분면에는 16CLP39, 16CLP41, 16CLP47 등 3개의 근동질 계통들이 포함되었고, 제 2사분면에는 16CLP16과 16CLP26 등 2개의 근동질 계통들이 위치하였다. 그리고 제 3사분면에는 미백2호 양친인 HW3계통과 16CLP19, 16CLP30, 16CLP32, 16CLP34 등 4개의 근동질 계통들이 포함되어 있고, 제 4분면에는 미백2호 양친인 HW9계통과 16CLP23 근동질 계통들이 포함되었다. 이 결과에 의하면, 형태적 특성 조사에서 종피색의 자주색이 비교적 진하고 R값, L*값, V값이 비교적 높은 계통들은 대부분 제 1사분면과 제 2사분면에 위치하고 있었으며, 백립중이 비교적 무겁고, 이삭장과 착립장이 비교적 긴 계통은 제 2사분면과 제 4사분면에 위치하였다. 따라서 분석에 사용된 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 중에서 제 2분면에 위치하고 있는 2개의 근동질 계통(16CLP26, 16CLP16)들은 비교적 높은 수량성과 높은 안토시아닌 색소 함량을 가지고 있으므로 앞으로 색소찰옥수수 품종 개발에 유용한 육종 소재인 것으로 생각되었다.
옥수수 육종 연구에서 수집된 유전자원 또는 육성된 자식계통들에 대한 유전적 다양성, 계통유연관계 및 집단구조에 대한 정보는 신품종 개발을 위한 계통 육성 및 선발 그리고 교배조합 구성 등에 효율적으로 이용될 수 있다(Hallauer et al. 1988, Pejic et al. 1998). 그러므로 본 연구에서 분석에 이용한 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대한 형태적 변이 및 주성분 분석의 결과는 앞으로 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 색소찰옥수수 품종 개발을 위한 계통 육성 및 선발 등에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대한다.
본 연구는 강원도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 색소찰옥수수 품종개발을 위하여 육성한 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들과 미백2호 양친 계통들에 대하여 총 14개의 농업적 및 표현형적 형질들을 이용하여 형태적 변이 연구를 수행하였다. 주성분 분석 결과에서는 14개의 양적 및 질적 형질들 중에서 종피색, R값, V값, 출웅일수, L*값, 출사일수 등은 제 1주성분에서 양의 방향으로 크게 기여하였고, 반면에 출웅기-출사기 간격, 이삭경 등은 음의 방향으로 크게 기여하였다. 그리고 제 2주성분에서는 이삭열수와 웅수색은 양의 방향으로 기여하였고, 반면에 착립장, 이삭장, 백립중 등은 음의 방향으로 크게 기여하였다. 따라서 제 1차 및 제 2차 주성분에서 양과 음의 방향으로 크게 기여한 양적 및 질적 형질들은 미백2호 양친 계통들과 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들을 식별하는데 유용한 형질인 것으로 생각되었다. 분석에 이용된 10개의 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들 중에서 특히 16CLP26, 16CLP16 계통들은 비교적 높은 수량성과 높은 안토시아닌 색소 함량을 나타내고 있어서, 앞으로 색소찰옥수수 품종 개발에 유용한 육종 소재인 것으로 생각되었다. 색소찰옥수수 근동질 계통들에 대한 본 연구 결과는 품종 개발에 유용한 정보로 이용이 가능할 것 이다.
본 논문은 골든씨드프로젝트(식량종자사업단, 213009-05-1-WT821, PJ012650012017)의 지원과 농촌진흥청 차세대바이오그린21사업(식물분자육종사업단, PJ013157012020, PJ0131572020)의 지원으로 연구되었음.
Fig. 1
The seed coat colors from seeds of two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize using a DSLR camera.
KJBS-52-419-f1.jpg
Fig. 2
Mean value of seed coat colors of the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize measured by hyperspectral imaging system. (a) Red color value of RGB color space, (b) L* value of CIELAB color space, (c) V value of HSV color space.
KJBS-52-419-f2.jpg
Fig. 3
Projection of the two parental lines of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize in the first and second principal components.
KJBS-52-419-f3.jpg
Table 1
The near isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize and two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety used in this study.
Table 1
Inbred No. Name Backcross
1 HW3 Male of Mibaek 2 variety
2 16CLP26 HW3 BC3F6
3 16CLP30 HW3 BC3F6
4 16CLP32 HW3 BC3F6
5 16CLP34 HW3 BC3F6
6 16CLP39 HW3 BC3F6
7 16CLP19 HW3 BC3F6
8 HW9 Female of Mibaek 2 variety
9 16CLP23 HW9 BC3F6
10 16CLP41 HW9 BC3F6
11 16CLP47 HW9 BC3F6
12 16CLP16 HW9 BC3F6
Table 2
Agronomic and phenotypic traits used in the morphological analysis among the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize.
Table 2
Abbreviation Character When/how measured Category
DT days of tasseling at maturing stage days
DS days of silking at maturing stage days
ASI anthesis-silking interval at maturing stage days
KRN kernel row number after harvest unit
100 KW 100 kernel weight after harvest g
EW ear width after harvest cm
EL ear length after harvest cm
SEL setted ear length after harvest cm
SC silk color at flowering stage white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
TC tassel color at flowering stage white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
SCC seed coat color after harvest white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
R red color value of RGB color space after harvest red color degree (0~255)
L* L* value of CIELAB color space after harvest Darkness - Lightness (0~100)
V V value of HSV color space after harvest Darkness - Lightness (0~1)
Table 3
Mean and stand deviation of 11 agronomic and 3 phenotypic traits in the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maizez.
Table 3
Inbred name DT DS ASI KRN 100 KW EW EL SEL SC TC SCC R L* V
HW3 64 71 7 13 41 3.3 11.1 9.2 5 5 1 17.8 5.72 0.07
HW9 66 74 8 12 56 3.4 13.6 12.3 4 4 1 19.6 5.88 0.08
16CLP16 83 85 2 12 69 3.3 13.7 12.7 2 5 5 136.9 50.0 0.54
16CLP19 81 84 3 14 43 3 9.7 9.3 4 5 3 59.8 16.1 0.24
16CLP23 79 82 3 12 49 3 12 14.5 2 1 4 74.0 19.2 0.29
16CLP26 80 82 2 12 47 3 10.3 9.7 4 5 4 122.8 41.0 0.48
16CLP30 79 83 4 13 42 3 4.0 3.5 2 5 2 36.1 10.9 0.14
16CLP32 80 82 2 13 42 3 8.7 7.7 4 5 3 50.5 12.7 0.20
16CLP34 79 82 3 11 43 3 9.7 8.7 4 5 2 34.6 8.59 0.14
16CLP39 83 85 2 11 31 2.7 9.7 8.3 5 5 5 170.2 66.5 0.67
16CLP41 85 88 3 13 36 3 10.0 8.7 2 2 3 44.3 12.1 0.17
16CLP47 85 87 2 12 25 3 9.0 7.0 5 5 5 170.8 66.4 0.67
Mean 78.7 82.1 3.4 12.4 43.6 3.1 10.1 9.3 3.6 4.3 3.2 78.1 26.3 0.31
SD 6.5 4.7 1.9 0.8 10.8 0.2 2.4 2.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 54.4 22.3 0.21
Min 64 71 2 11 25 2.7 4.0 3.5 2 1 1 17.8 5.72 0.07
Max 85 88 8 14 69 3.4 13.7 14.5 5 5 5 170.8 66.5 0.67

zDT: days of tasseling, DS: days of silking, ASI: anthesis-silking interval, KRN: kernel row number, 100 KR: 100 kernel weight, EW: ear width, EL: ear length, SEL: setted ear length, SC: silk color, TC: tassel color, SCC: seed coat color, R: red color value of RGB color space, L*: L* value of CIELAB color space, V: V value of HSV color space

Table 4
Eigen vector and cumulative variance of the first and second principal components.
Table 4
Traits Eigen vector
PC1 PC2
Anthesis-silking interval -0.88 -0.04
Ear width -0.73 -0.44
100 Kernel weight -0.39 -0.67
Kernel row number -0.35 0.41
Ear length -0.22 -0.91
Setted ear length -0.21 -0.92
Silk color 0.07 0.20
Tassel color 0.12 0.32
Days of silking 0.83 0.10
L* value of CIELAB color space 0.86 -0.27
Days of tasseling 0.87 0.09
V value of HSV color space 0.89 -0.30
Red color value of RGB color space 0.89 -0.30
Spaceseed coat color 0.92 -0.34
Cumulative variance (%) 45.1 21.5
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Morphological Characteristics of Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(4):419-425.   Published online December 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.4.419
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Morphological Characteristics of Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2020;52(4):419-425.   Published online December 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2020.52.4.419
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Morphological Characteristics of Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize
Image Image Image
Fig. 1 The seed coat colors from seeds of two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize using a DSLR camera.
Fig. 2 Mean value of seed coat colors of the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize measured by hyperspectral imaging system. (a) Red color value of RGB color space, (b) L* value of CIELAB color space, (c) V value of HSV color space.
Fig. 3 Projection of the two parental lines of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize in the first and second principal components.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Morphological Characteristics of Near-Isogenic Lines of Colored Waxy Maize

The near isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize and two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety used in this study.

Inbred No. Name Backcross
1 HW3 Male of Mibaek 2 variety
2 16CLP26 HW3 BC3F6
3 16CLP30 HW3 BC3F6
4 16CLP32 HW3 BC3F6
5 16CLP34 HW3 BC3F6
6 16CLP39 HW3 BC3F6
7 16CLP19 HW3 BC3F6
8 HW9 Female of Mibaek 2 variety
9 16CLP23 HW9 BC3F6
10 16CLP41 HW9 BC3F6
11 16CLP47 HW9 BC3F6
12 16CLP16 HW9 BC3F6

Agronomic and phenotypic traits used in the morphological analysis among the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize.

Abbreviation Character When/how measured Category
DT days of tasseling at maturing stage days
DS days of silking at maturing stage days
ASI anthesis-silking interval at maturing stage days
KRN kernel row number after harvest unit
100 KW 100 kernel weight after harvest g
EW ear width after harvest cm
EL ear length after harvest cm
SEL setted ear length after harvest cm
SC silk color at flowering stage white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
TC tassel color at flowering stage white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
SCC seed coat color after harvest white-1, light purple-2, purple-3, dark purple-4, black-5
R red color value of RGB color space after harvest red color degree (0~255)
L* L* value of CIELAB color space after harvest Darkness - Lightness (0~100)
V V value of HSV color space after harvest Darkness - Lightness (0~1)

Mean and stand deviation of 11 agronomic and 3 phenotypic traits in the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maizez.

Inbred name DT DS ASI KRN 100 KW EW EL SEL SC TC SCC R L* V
HW3 64 71 7 13 41 3.3 11.1 9.2 5 5 1 17.8 5.72 0.07
HW9 66 74 8 12 56 3.4 13.6 12.3 4 4 1 19.6 5.88 0.08
16CLP16 83 85 2 12 69 3.3 13.7 12.7 2 5 5 136.9 50.0 0.54
16CLP19 81 84 3 14 43 3 9.7 9.3 4 5 3 59.8 16.1 0.24
16CLP23 79 82 3 12 49 3 12 14.5 2 1 4 74.0 19.2 0.29
16CLP26 80 82 2 12 47 3 10.3 9.7 4 5 4 122.8 41.0 0.48
16CLP30 79 83 4 13 42 3 4.0 3.5 2 5 2 36.1 10.9 0.14
16CLP32 80 82 2 13 42 3 8.7 7.7 4 5 3 50.5 12.7 0.20
16CLP34 79 82 3 11 43 3 9.7 8.7 4 5 2 34.6 8.59 0.14
16CLP39 83 85 2 11 31 2.7 9.7 8.3 5 5 5 170.2 66.5 0.67
16CLP41 85 88 3 13 36 3 10.0 8.7 2 2 3 44.3 12.1 0.17
16CLP47 85 87 2 12 25 3 9.0 7.0 5 5 5 170.8 66.4 0.67
Mean 78.7 82.1 3.4 12.4 43.6 3.1 10.1 9.3 3.6 4.3 3.2 78.1 26.3 0.31
SD 6.5 4.7 1.9 0.8 10.8 0.2 2.4 2.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 54.4 22.3 0.21
Min 64 71 2 11 25 2.7 4.0 3.5 2 1 1 17.8 5.72 0.07
Max 85 88 8 14 69 3.4 13.7 14.5 5 5 5 170.8 66.5 0.67

Eigen vector and cumulative variance of the first and second principal components.

Traits Eigen vector
PC1 PC2
Anthesis-silking interval -0.88 -0.04
Ear width -0.73 -0.44
100 Kernel weight -0.39 -0.67
Kernel row number -0.35 0.41
Ear length -0.22 -0.91
Setted ear length -0.21 -0.92
Silk color 0.07 0.20
Tassel color 0.12 0.32
Days of silking 0.83 0.10
L* value of CIELAB color space 0.86 -0.27
Days of tasseling 0.87 0.09
V value of HSV color space 0.89 -0.30
Red color value of RGB color space 0.89 -0.30
Spaceseed coat color 0.92 -0.34
Cumulative variance (%) 45.1 21.5
Table 1 The near isogenic lines (NILs) of colored waxy maize and two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety used in this study.
Table 2 Agronomic and phenotypic traits used in the morphological analysis among the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maize.
Table 3 Mean and stand deviation of 11 agronomic and 3 phenotypic traits in the two parental lines (HW3, HW9) of “Mibaek 2” variety and 10 NILs of colored waxy maizez.

zDT: days of tasseling, DS: days of silking, ASI: anthesis-silking interval, KRN: kernel row number, 100 KR: 100 kernel weight, EW: ear width, EL: ear length, SEL: setted ear length, SC: silk color, TC: tassel color, SCC: seed coat color, R: red color value of RGB color space, L*: L* value of CIELAB color space, V: V value of HSV color space

Table 4 Eigen vector and cumulative variance of the first and second principal components.

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

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