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New Cultivar Developed

조숙, 다수성, 올레산 고함유 유채 1대잡종 ‘조안’

김광수1,*, 이영화2, 이지은1, 차영록1, 안다희1, 신운철1

Early Maturing Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) F1 Hybrid Cultivar ‘Joan’ with High Yield and Oleic Acid Content

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2021;53(3):305-310.
Published online: September 1, 2021

1국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물연구소

2농촌진흥청 기술협력국 국제기술협력과

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: ajuga@korea.kr, Tel: +82-61-450-0133. Fax: +82-61-453-0085)
• Received: June 2, 2021   • Revised: June 7, 2021   • Accepted: July 7, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • ‘Joan’, a rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) F1 hybrid cultivar suitable for producing cooking oil developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, is early maturing with characteristically high yield and oleic acid content. It was bred in 2009 by crossing the male sterile line ‘Mokpo-CGMS’ as the female parent with the restorer line ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’ as the male parent. The average flowering and maturation dates of ‘Joan’ were April 10th and June 1st, respectively, 3 and 4 days earlier, respectively, than that of the control cultivar ‘Sunmang’. The yield of ‘Joan’ obtained in regional adaptation trials was 279 kg/10 a, which is 6% higher than that obtained for ‘Sunmang’. ‘Joan’ is resistant to stem rot disease and more tolerant to lodging than ‘Sunmang’. Moreover, the total oil content of ‘Joan’ is 44.5%, whereas the oleic acid content is 69.5%, which is 2.3% higher than that of ‘Sunmang’. However, erucic acid has not been detected. ‘Joan’ can be grown in paddy fields located in Jeollanam-do, Jeollabuk-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeju-do in Korea (Registration No. 6896).
배추과(Brassicaceae)에 속하는 Brassica 속 식물 종들은 주로 채소 및 사료로 이용되며 식용유, 화장품 및 공업용 기름의 생산을 목적으로 재배되고 있다. 그 중 유채(Brassica napus L.)는 가을에 파종하여 이듬해에 수확하는 월동 작물로 종실 수량이 많고 종자 내의 조지방 함량이 30~48%로 많아 기름 작물 중 세계적으로 종실 생산량이 콩 다음으로 많이 생산되며, 기름 생산량은 팜 오일, 콩기름에 이어 세 번째로 생산량이 많은 작물이다(Liersch et al. 2013, Sharafi et al. 2015). 유채 기름은 팔미트산(palmitic acid, C16:0)이나 스테아르산(stearic acid, C18:0)과 같은 포화지방산의 함량은 낮고, 단일불포화지방산인 올레산(oleic acid, C18:1)과 다가불포화지방산인 리놀레산(linoleic acid, C18:2)과 리놀렌산(linolenic acid, C18:3) 등이 많이 함유되어 있어 식용유로의 생산과 이용이 증가하고 있고(Sovero 1993), 우리나라에서도 해마다 유채유의 수입량과 수입액이 증가하고 있다(KATI 2020).
우리나라에서는 유채가 주로 봄철 경관용으로 많이 재배되고 있으나, 최근 유채유를 생산하려는 목적의 유채 재배면적이 점차 확대되고 있다(Kim et al. 2007). 유채유 대량생산을 위해서는 대규모 재배가 필수적이며, 생산비용 절감을 위해서는 재배과정에서 기계화가 가능한 논 재배가 유리하다. 밭 작물인 유채를 논에서 재배하기 위해서는 벼와의 이모작 재배가 가능한 조숙성 유채 품종 육성이 필요하다(Kim et al. 2009, Lee et al. 2011). 유채는 타식율이 25~75%인 부분타식성 작물로써 계통육종법에 의해 육성된 고정 품종의 경우 4~5회의 자가수분 증식을 계속하면 자식열세가 나타나 수량의 감소가 발생할 수 있다(Charlesworth & Willis 2009, Damgaard & Loeschcke 1994). 이를 해결하기 위해서는 환경변화에 대한 적응성이 강하며 생체량과 수량성 증가 등의 장점이 있는 잡종강세(heterosis)를 활용한 육성 품종 간 교배를 통한 단교잡종의 육성이나 웅성불임계통과 화분친의 교배를 통해 육성된 1대잡종의 새로운 품종 육성이 요구된다(Brandle & McVetty 1989, Jang et al. 2002a, 2002c). 국내에서도 이와 같은 잡종강세를 이용한 유채 품종 육성 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 다수확성 1대잡종 품종들이 개발되었다(Jang et al. 2002b, Kim et al. 2010). 이 연구는 올레산 함유량이 높아 고급 식용유 생산이 가능하며, 논 재배 시 벼와의 이모작이 가능한 조숙성이며 다수확성 유채 1대잡종 우수 품종을 육성하고자 수행하였다.
논에서 벼와의 이모작 재배에 적합한 조숙, 다수성 유채 1대잡종 품종 육성을 목표로 2009년도에 세포질-유전자적 웅성불임(cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility, GCMS) 계통인 ‘목포-CGMS’ (Jang et al. 2002c)를 모본으로 하고 ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’을 부본으로 이용하여 교배 후 우수한 특성을 나타내는 1대잡종 계통 ‘단교71호’를 양성하였다. 생산력검정시험은 2010년부터 2011년까지 2년간 ‘선망’(Jang et al. 2002b)을 대조품종으로 선정하여 국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물연구소 재배포장에서 실시하였으며, 지역적응시험은 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 경남(진주), 전북(익산), 전남(무안), 제주(애월) 등 4개 지역에서 실시하면서 생육 및 수량 특성을 조사하였다. 파종은 10월 15일에 폭 120 cm, 이랑 사이를 40 cm로 하여 줄파종하였고, 파종면적은 처리구 당 5.4 m2, 난괴법 3반복으로 배치하였다. 비료는 파종 전에 밑거름으로 N-P2O5-K2O-석회를 10a당 10-40-13-100 kg과 퇴비를 1 ton을 시비하였다. 생육재생기인 2월말에 웃거름으로 10a 당 질소 10 kg을 시용하였다. 지역적응시험을 수행하는 동안 잎 색, 잎 모양, 꽃 색, 종피 색 등의 고유 특성과 개화기, 성숙기 및 수량 등 가변 특성을 조사하였다. 생육 및 수량 특성 조사는 재배 중인 시험구에서 유채 30주를 무작위로 수집하여 농촌진흥청 작물연구조사분석기준(RDA 2012)에 따라 조사하였다. 유채의 수량은 지역적응시험을 수행한 4개 지역의 3년간의 결과를 평균하여 계산하였으며, 유채 종자의 기름 함량은 조지방분석기(Advantec Co., Japan)를 이용하였으며, 지방산의 조성은 가스크로마토그래피(Agilent 7890A, USA)를 이용하여 Lee et al. (2014) 방법에 따라 분석하였다.
육성경위
국내에서 육성된 유채 품종은 종실 생산량은 많으나 유채 수확시기와 벼 이앙시기가 겹침으로써 벼와의 이모작 재배에 어려움이 있다. 따라서 다수성이면서 조기 수확이 가능한 1대잡종 품종 육성을 목표로, 국립식량과학원에서 2002년에 육성한 에루크산(erucic acid, C22:1)이 합성되지 않아 양질의 지방산 조성을 가진 세포질-유전자적 웅성불임 계통 ‘목포-CGMS’ (Fig. 1)와 올레산 함유량이 높고 조기에 개화하는 특성을 가진 계통인 ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’(Fig. 2)을 각각 종자친과 화분친으로 사용하여 인공교배를 실시하여 ‘단교 71호’(Fig. 3)를 생산하였고 생산력검정시험을 수행한 결과 조숙성과 다수성이 확인되어 지역적응시험에 공시하였다. 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 지역적응시험을 진행하여 특성을 검정한 결과, 고유특성과 가변특성 등에서 안정성을 나타내 우수품종으로 선정하였다. ‘조안’은 1대잡종 대조품종인 ‘선망’에 비하여 조숙, 다수성이면서 균핵병에 강한 특성을 나타내는 품종이다. 또한 종실 내의 조지방 함량이 많고 불포화지방산의 함량이 높아 기름 품질이 우수하여 고급 식용유 생산에 적합한 품종으로 농촌진흥청 직무육성신품종선정위원회 심의(2014년)를 통과하였고, 국립종자관리원에 품종출원(2015년)을 거쳐 2017년에 품종등록(제6896호)되었다.
고유 및 농업적 특성
‘조안’의 고유 특성은 Table 1에 나타냈다. ‘조안’의 잎과 화경의 색은 녹색이며, 잎 모양은 하부익상전렬이고 결각은 중간 정도이다. 꽃색은 ‘선망’에 비해 연한 황색이며(Fig. 4) 종피색은 완전하게 성숙되었을 때 흑색이다. ‘조안’의 추대개시일은 3월 21일이고, 개화시작일은 4월 10일로 ‘선망’보다 각각 3일 정도 빨랐으며, 성숙기는 6월 1일로 ‘선망’에 비해 4일 빠른 조숙성 1대잡종이다(Table 2). 조숙성 유채는 논에서 재배할 때 수확을 앞당김으로서 벼 이앙과 겹치는 시기를 줄일 수 있어 벼와의 이모작 재배 시 작기가 겹치는 어려움을 극복하는데 도움이 될 수 있다. ‘조안’의 초장은 138 cm로 ‘선망’(140 cm)보다 약 2 cm정도 작으며, 수장은 49 cm로 1 cm정도 짧았다. 수당 협수는 97개로 ‘선망’에 비하여 2개 정도 많고, 협당 결실종자수는 23개였으며 결실비율은 85%로 비슷하였다. 또한 ‘조안’은 도복 정도가 1.0으로 선망의 3.0보다 낮아 도복저항성이 강하며, 균핵병의 발생이 거의 없어 내병성 또한 강한 것으로 나타났다.
수량 및 품질 특성
‘조안’의 수량은 전남 무안(국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물연구소)에서 2년간(2010년, 2011년) 실시한 생산력검정시험에서 10 a 당 평균 347 kg로 같은 대조품종인 ‘선망’의 339 kg/10a보다 높게 나타났으며(Table 3), 전남 등 4개 지역에서 실시한 지역적응시험에서의 3년간 평균 수량이 279 kg/10a로 ‘선망’의 263 kg/10a에 비하여 6% 정도 증가되었다(Table 4). ‘조안’의 종자 내 기름 함량은 44.5%로 ‘선망’의 43.2%에 비해 1.3%가 많았고, 지방산 조성은 총불포화지방산 함량이 93.5%였고 포화지방산의 함량은 6.5%로 나타났다. 불포화지방산 중 올레산 69.8%, 리놀레산 15.3%, 리놀렌산 6.9% 순이였고, 특히 올레산은 ‘선망’의 67.2%에 비해 약 2.3%가 많았고 리놀레산은 3.0% 가량 적었다. 동물실험을 통하여 식품으로서 섭취가 많아지면 심근지방증(myocardial lipidosis) 등을 유발하는 것으로 보고하였고(Chien et al. 1983), 유럽식품안전국(European Food Safety Authority, EFSA)에서 어린이들에게서 장기간에 걸쳐 섭취하였을 때 건강상의 문제를 일으킨다고 보고된(EFSA 2016) 에루크산은 전혀 생산되지 않으며, 착유 후 유채박 내의 글루코시놀레이트(glucosinolates) 총 함량도 1.85 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치(3.0 mg/g) 이하로 나타났다(Table 5).
적응지역 및 재배상 유의점
‘조안’은 동절기에 기온이 비교적 온난한 전남⋅북, 경남 등의 남부지방과 제주도에서 재배가 가능하다. 논 재배 시 안전 재배를 위한 파종 적기는 9월 하순부터 10월 중순 사이이다. 유채를 재배할 포장은 가급적 겨울철 습해 및 동해 발생이 적은 배수가 양호한 포장을 선택하여 재배하며, 월동기 및 생육재생기에는 비나 눈이 오고 난 후에는 반드시 배수로를 정비하여야 습해를 예방할 수 있다. 파종은 이랑너비 40 cm로 파종기를 이용하여 줄뿌림하거나 동력분무기를 이용하여 흩어뿌림하여 재배하며, 적정 파종량은 줄뿌림은 10a에 0.6~1 kg, 흩어뿌림은 10a에 1.5~2 kg으로 파종한다.
‘조안’은 올레산 함유량이 높은 조숙, 다수성 유채 1대잡종으로 국립식량과학원 바이오에너지작물연구소에서 논 이모작 재배가 가능하며 식용유 생산에 적합한 품종으로 육성하였다. 종자친으로 웅성불임계통인 ‘목포-CGMS’와 임성회복 화분친으로 ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’을 교배하여 육성된 품종이다. ‘조안’의 성숙일은 6월 1일로 대조품종인 ‘선망’에 비해 4일 빨라 조숙성이며, 수량은 10a 당 279 kg로 ‘선망’의 수량보다 6% 증수되었다. ‘조안’의 조지방 함량은 44.5%이고, 지방산 중 올레산 함량은 69.5%로 ‘선망’의 67.2%에 비해 약 2.3%가 많았고, 불포화지방산이 93.5%로 포화지방산 6.5%에 비하여 월등하게 높아 고급 식용유 생산에 적합하였다. 에루크산은 전혀 생산되지 않았고, 유채박 내의 글루코시놀레이트 총량은 1.85 mg/g으로 국제허용기준치인 3.0 mg/g 이하였다. ‘조안’은 전라남도, 전라북도, 경상남도 등 우리나라 남부지역과 제주도에서 재배에 적합한 품종이다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 시험연구사업(세부과제명: 유채 우수 계통 생산력검정시험, 과제번호: PJ01513302)’ 과제의 연구비 지원으로 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of male sterility and MS-maintainer development.
kjbs-53-305-f1.tif
Fig. 2
Pedigree diagram of restore line ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’.
kjbs-53-305-f2.tif
Fig. 3
Pedigree diagram of a new rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.
kjbs-53-305-f3.tif
Fig. 4
Photos for plant and flowers of ‘Joan’ (A, B) and ‘Sunmang’ (C, D).
kjbs-53-305-f4.tif
Table 1
Inherent color characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.
Table 1
Variety Leaf color Stem color Flower color Seed color
Joan Green Green Light-yellow Black
Sunmang Green Green Yellow Black
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’. (NICS, '14)
Table 2
Variety Bolting date Flowering date Ripening date Stem length
(cm)
Panicle length
(cm)
No. of branches
/Plant
No. of pods
/Plant
No. of seeds /Pod Seed set percentage
(%)
1000-seeds weight
(g)
Lodging tolerance
(0~9)y
Stem rot resistance
(0~9)z
Joan Mar. 21. Apr. 10. Jun. 1. 138±11.4x 49±6.5 6±1.4 57±19.2 23±2.8 85±5.2 4.2±0.2 1.0 0.0
Sunmang Mar. 24. Apr. 13. Jun. 5. 140±12.3 50±7.1 6±2.0 50±18.7 22±3.5 85±4.7 4.0±0.3 3.0 0.0

z,y0: Resistant, 9: Susceptible

xValue represent mean±standard deviation of 30 plants

Table 3
Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at yield trials in Muan.
(NICS, '10~'11)
Table 3
Variety Year Seed yield (kg/10a) Mean (kg/10a) Index (%)
Joan 2010 349 347±6.0z 102
2011 345
Sunmang 2010 337 339±9.0 100
2011 340

zValue represent mean±standard deviation

Table 4
Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at regional adaptation trials at four regions from 2012 to 2014.
Table 4
Variety Region Yield (kg/10a) Mean
(kg/10a)
Index
2012 2013 2014
Joan Muan (Paddy) 285 318 318 307 103
Muan (Upland) 351 273 335 320 103
Iksan (Paddy) 366 155 209 243 117
Jinju (Paddy) 242 238 237 239 103
Aewol (Upland) 202 241 422 288 106
Mean 289 245 304 279 106
LSD (5%) ------------------------- 114.24
C.V. ------------------------------ 25.43
Sunmang Muan (Paddy) 270 317 302 296 100
Muan (Upland) 345 269 317 310 100
Iksan (Paddy) 235 155 231 207 100
Jinju (Paddy) 232 232 226 230 100
Aewol (Upland) 174 226 410 270 100
Mean 251 240 297 263 100
LSD (5%) ------------------------- 124.45
C.V. ------------------------------ 26.32

zMeans with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 probability level according to LSD Test.

Table 5
Fatty acid compositions, oil and glucosinolate contents of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.
Table 5
Variety Composition of fatty acids (%) Crude oil contents
(%)
Glucosinolate
(mg/g)
Palmitic
acid
Stearic
acid
Oleic
acid
Linoleic
acid
Linolenic
acid
Eicogenic
acid
Erucic
acid
Joan 4.2±0.6z 2.3±0.3 69.5±0.4 15.3±0.3 6.9±0.3 1.8±0.2 0.0 44.5±0.5 1.85±0.3
Sunmang 4.3±0.7 2.1±0.2 67.2±0.3 18.3±0.5 6.5±0.2 1.6±0.3 0.0 43.2±0.4 2.05±0.5

zValue represent mean±standard deviation of three replications

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Early Maturing Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) F1 Hybrid Cultivar ‘Joan’ with High Yield and Oleic Acid Content
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(3):305-310.   Published online September 1, 2021
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Early Maturing Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) F1 Hybrid Cultivar ‘Joan’ with High Yield and Oleic Acid Content
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(3):305-310.   Published online September 1, 2021
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Early Maturing Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) F1 Hybrid Cultivar ‘Joan’ with High Yield and Oleic Acid Content
Image Image Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of male sterility and MS-maintainer development.
Fig. 2 Pedigree diagram of restore line ‘8630-B-6-5-3-6’.
Fig. 3 Pedigree diagram of a new rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.
Fig. 4 Photos for plant and flowers of ‘Joan’ (A, B) and ‘Sunmang’ (C, D).
Early Maturing Rapeseed (Brassica Napus L.) F1 Hybrid Cultivar ‘Joan’ with High Yield and Oleic Acid Content

Inherent color characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.

Variety Leaf color Stem color Flower color Seed color
Joan Green Green Light-yellow Black
Sunmang Green Green Yellow Black

Agronomic characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’. (NICS, '14)

Variety Bolting date Flowering date Ripening date Stem length
(cm)
Panicle length
(cm)
No. of branches
/Plant
No. of pods
/Plant
No. of seeds /Pod Seed set percentage
(%)
1000-seeds weight
(g)
Lodging tolerance
(0~9)y
Stem rot resistance
(0~9)z
Joan Mar. 21. Apr. 10. Jun. 1. 138±11.4x 49±6.5 6±1.4 57±19.2 23±2.8 85±5.2 4.2±0.2 1.0 0.0
Sunmang Mar. 24. Apr. 13. Jun. 5. 140±12.3 50±7.1 6±2.0 50±18.7 22±3.5 85±4.7 4.0±0.3 3.0 0.0

Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at yield trials in Muan.

(NICS, '10~'11)

Variety Year Seed yield (kg/10a) Mean (kg/10a) Index (%)
Joan 2010 349 347±6.0z 102
2011 345
Sunmang 2010 337 339±9.0 100
2011 340

Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at regional adaptation trials at four regions from 2012 to 2014.

Variety Region Yield (kg/10a) Mean
(kg/10a)
Index
2012 2013 2014
Joan Muan (Paddy) 285 318 318 307 103
Muan (Upland) 351 273 335 320 103
Iksan (Paddy) 366 155 209 243 117
Jinju (Paddy) 242 238 237 239 103
Aewol (Upland) 202 241 422 288 106
Mean 289 245 304 279 106
LSD (5%) ------------------------- 114.24
C.V. ------------------------------ 25.43
Sunmang Muan (Paddy) 270 317 302 296 100
Muan (Upland) 345 269 317 310 100
Iksan (Paddy) 235 155 231 207 100
Jinju (Paddy) 232 232 226 230 100
Aewol (Upland) 174 226 410 270 100
Mean 251 240 297 263 100
LSD (5%) ------------------------- 124.45
C.V. ------------------------------ 26.32

Fatty acid compositions, oil and glucosinolate contents of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.

Variety Composition of fatty acids (%) Crude oil contents
(%)
Glucosinolate
(mg/g)
Palmitic
acid
Stearic
acid
Oleic
acid
Linoleic
acid
Linolenic
acid
Eicogenic
acid
Erucic
acid
Joan 4.2±0.6z 2.3±0.3 69.5±0.4 15.3±0.3 6.9±0.3 1.8±0.2 0.0 44.5±0.5 1.85±0.3
Sunmang 4.3±0.7 2.1±0.2 67.2±0.3 18.3±0.5 6.5±0.2 1.6±0.3 0.0 43.2±0.4 2.05±0.5
Table 1 Inherent color characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’. (NICS, '14)

z,y0: Resistant, 9: Susceptible

xValue represent mean±standard deviation of 30 plants

Table 3 Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at yield trials in Muan. (NICS, '10~'11)

zValue represent mean±standard deviation

Table 4 Yield comparison of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’ at regional adaptation trials at four regions from 2012 to 2014.

zMeans with the same letter are not significantly different at 0.05 probability level according to LSD Test.

Table 5 Fatty acid compositions, oil and glucosinolate contents of rapeseed F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Joan’.

zValue represent mean±standard deviation of three replications