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New Cultivar Developed

고품질 붉은색 찰옥수수 ‘미홍찰’

한정헌1,*, 류시환1, 최재근1, 김문종1, 용우식1, 남궁민2,*, 박기진2

High Quality Red Color Waxy Corn ‘Mihongchal’

Jung-Heon Han1,*, Si-Hwan Ryu1, Jae-Keun Choi1, Moon-Jong Kim1, Woo-Sik Yong1, Min Namgung2,*, Ki-Jin Park2
Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2023;55(3):281-286.
Published online: September 1, 2023

1강원특별자치도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소

2강원도특별자치도 농업기술원

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*Corresponding Author: Jung-Heon Han (E-mail: wjdgjs9908@korea.kr, Tel: +82-33-248-6922)
*Co-corresponding Author: Min Namgung (E-mail: ngm0623@korea.kr, Tel: +82-33-248-6033)
• Received: July 22, 2023   • Revised: August 8, 2023   • Accepted: August 22, 2023

Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • We report the development of a high quality red waxy corn ‘Mihongchal’, containing anthocyanin. Mihongchal was produced by crossing two inbred lines, ‘HW9’ as seed parent and ‘HCW5’ as pollen parent. The hybrid was created in 2016 and evaluated in Hongcheon, Pyungchang, and Yeongwol for 3 years. Mihongchal days to silking was 72 days and the other agronomic characteristics were similar to ‘Mibaek 2ho’. Mihongchal yield was slightly lower than ‘Mibaek 2ho’. Fresh ears number and weight were 93 and 91% compared to ‘Mibaek 2ho’, respectively but anthocyanin content was 1,160 mg/kg, which is higher than ‘Mibake 2ho’. Resistance to insects, diseases, and lodging was similar to ‘Mibaek 2ho’. Due to the analysis, it was recognized as functional waxy corn with high quality characteristics and anthocyanin content. Since regional yield tests was performed in only Gangwon State, it is recommended only in that region for cultivation. Mihongchal is a resource with excellent taste and functionality that can increase the value of waxy corn. The chosen variety was termed ‘Mihongchal’, its plant variety protection right was registered in February 2023 (Registration No. 9354).
찰옥수수는 여름철 대표적인 간식으로 알려져 있으며 국내에서 육성된 품종이 전체 재배면적의 90%이상을 차지하고 있다(Park et al. 2016). 1980년대 이후 찰옥수수 품종육성 연구가 본격적으로 시작되었고 국내 최초 단교잡종인 ‘찰옥1호’(Park et al. 1992)가 육성되었다. 이후 맛과 품질이 우수한 ‘일미찰’ (Jung et al. 2006), ‘미백2호’(Park et al. 2007), ‘연농1호’(Lee et al. 1992) 등의 품종이 개발되어 농가에 보급되고 있다. 노지 찰옥수수의 10a당 총수입은 2021년 기준 188만원, 경영비는 85만원으로 소득은 10a당 103만원이다(KOSIS 2021). 시설 재배를 하거나 관광지 등 일부지역에서는 가격을 높게 받을 수 있어서 전국 평균가격보다 수익이 높다. 찰옥수수는 재배기간이 85~100일 정도로 짧아 2모작이나 2기작이 가능하고 타작물에 비해 재배가 손쉽다는 장점이 있어 재배면적이 꾸준히 유지되어 왔으나 가구당 구매 횟수가 2010년 1.2회에서 2021년 0.8회로 감소하였고 30대 이하 소비자층의 구매액 추이가 2010년 3,602원에서 2021년 1,628원으로 크게 감소하는 등 젊은 소비자층의 찰옥수수 선호도가 감소하였다(RDA 2023). 지속적인 감소 추이를 보이는 찰옥수수 소비시장 규모를 확대하고 젊은 소비자층의 선호도를 높이기 위해서 기존의 찰옥수수의 맛을 유지하며 새로운 부가가치를 높일 수 있는 품종 육성이 필요한 실정이다.
최근 소비자들의 웰빙푸드에 대한 관심이 높아져 항산화, 항암, 항당뇨 등에 효과를 보이는 기능성 식품에 대한 수요가 증가하였고 기능성 성분이 함유된 품종이 여러 작물에서 개발되고 있다. 기능성 성분 중 안토시아닌은 항산화(Duan et al. 2006, Oki et al. 2002), 항염증(Wallace & Giusti 2015), 항암(Choung & Lim 2012), 항비만(Lee et al. 2016), 혈당강하(Tsuda et al. 2003) 등의 생리효과가 보고 되었고 인체에서 합성되지 않아 식품으로 섭취가 이루어져야 한다. 옥수수에서는 포엽, 알곡, 속대가 자색을 띄는 자색옥수수에서 함량이 높다고 알려져 있으며 옥수수연구소에서 자색옥수수인 ‘색소 1호’(Kim et al. 2021), ‘색소 2호’(Choi et al. 2017)를 개발하였다. ‘색소1호’의 포엽 및 속대에서 추출한 안토시아닌은 생리활성에서 DPPH와 ABTS radical 소거 활성률이 각각 95.62%, 92.00%로 우수하였으며 항산화 활성 측정과 관련된 물질인 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량이 99.87 mg/g, 25.02 mg/g로 항산화 활성에서도 높은 값을 보여 안토시아닌의 효능을 확인하였다(Lee et al. 2018). 하지만 자색옥수수의 속대는 침출차의 원료 성분으로만 사용이 가능하고 속대 및 포엽 혼합추출분말은 한시적 식품원료로 식용이 가능한 재료로 등록되어 있지 않아 식품 재료로 이용할 수 없다. 반면에 기존의 찰옥수수에 안토시아닌을 도입한다면 추출 및 가공의 단계없이 안토시아닌을 풋옥수수 상태로 직접 섭취가 가능해 찰옥수수의 부가가치를 향상 시킬 수 있는 이점이 있다.
이에 따라 본 연구는 기존의 맛과 품질이 우수한 ‘미백2호’에 안토시아닌을 도입하여 붉은색 찰옥수수 ‘미홍찰’을 개발하였으며 이 품종의 육성 경위와 주요 특성에 대해 보고하고자 한다.
재배 방법
신품종 ‘미홍찰(색찰교52)’에 대한 특성 및 수량성 검정 평가는 2017년~ 2019년 강원도 내 3개소(홍천, 영월, 평창)에서 ‘미백2호’를 표준품종으로 사용하여 3반복 비교 검토하였다. 기비는 10a당 N-P2O5-K2O로 14.6-3-6 kg, 퇴비 1.5톤을 시용하였다. 한 개의 시험구는 3.5m씩 3열로 하였고 재식거리는 열간거리 60 cm, 주간거리 25 cm로 하여 10a당 6,600주로 하였다. 파종은 2립씩하였고 본엽 3~4엽기에 솎음하여 1주 1본으로 하였다. 기타 재배법은 농촌진흥청 표준재배법을 적용하였다.
생육 및 수량형질, 내재해 및 병해충 조사
출사기는 시험구내 전체 개체에서 50%이상 수염이 출현하였을 때를 기준으로 하였다. 간장은 지면에서 수이삭목까지의 길이, 착수고는 지면에서 첫 번째 이삭이 달린 마디까지의 길이를 시험구별 균일한 곳에서 10주씩 조사하였다. 수량 및 이삭특성조사는 3열의 시험구 중 균일한 2열에서 양쪽 끝 2주씩을 제외한 10주씩 총 20주를 수확하여 조사하였다. 수확시기는 지역별로 출사 이후 50일경 이루어 졌으며 20주 중 이삭길이가 10 cm 이상인 이삭을 선별하여 조사하였다. 깨씨무늬병, 그을음무늬병과 같은 병해는 출사 이후 포장내에 발병주수를 조사하여 산출하였고 이삭썩음병과 충해는 수확 후 피해가 발생한 이삭수를 농업과학기술 연구조사분석기준에 준하여 산출하였다(RDA 2012).
총 안토시아닌 함량 측정
옥수수 알곡 건조분말시료 0.5 g에 1% citric acid가 함유된 60% 에탄올을 20 mL씩 첨가하여 2시간동안 균질화 하였다. 균질화 된 시료 20 mL는 다시 사용했던 용매 20 mL에 넣어 2시간 동안 교반하여 2차 균질화 하였고 3600 rpm에서 10분간 원심분리 하였다. 원심분리 후 상층액을 취하여 0.45 µm membrane filter에 통과시킨 후 분광광도계(Evolution 201, Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA)를 사용하여 535 nm에서 흡광도를 측정하였다. 표준물질로 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride(Sigma Chemical Co.,St, Louis, MO, USA)를 사용하여 정량곡선을 작성하고 이를 기준으로 총 안토시아닌 함량을 정량하였다(Ryu et al. 2003).
육성경위
‘미홍찰’은 기존에 육성한 고품질 찰옥수수 자식계통(‘HW9’)과 찰옥수수 자원에 안토시아닌이 고함유된 자원을 교잡하고 분리한 색소찰옥수수 자식계통(‘HCW5’)을 교배한 단교잡종이다. 안토시아닌 고함유 자원은 캐나다 및 미국으로부터 알곡이나 포엽에서 자색을 가지는 수집종에 대해 개체 및 집단선발하여 육성된 모집단(‘PurPOP’)과 알곡에 안토시아닌 색소 발현이 우수한 자원(‘peru’)을 2007년 교배하여 육성하였다. ‘HCW5’는 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 자원과 ‘미백2호’의 부본 ‘HW3’을 교배시킨 교잡종에 다시 ‘HW3’와 1회 여교잡 후 6회 분리육종하여 선발된 계통 ‘15CS6001’를 ‘HCW5’로 명명하였다. 2016년 ‘HCW5’와 ‘HW9’를 교배하여 교잡종을 구성하였고 2017~2019년 ‘색찰교52’의 이름으로 강원지역적응시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 ‘색찰교52’는 이삭 및 품질특성이 우수하며 안토시아닌이 함유된 기능성 찰옥수수로 우수성이 인정되어 2019년 강원도농업기술원 신품종선정위원회에서 신품종으로 선정하고 ‘미홍찰’로 명명하였다(Fig. 1).
고유특성
‘미홍찰’은 ‘미백2호’와 같은 단교잡종이며, 영 기부 및 그 외의 안토시아닌 색소 함량은 ‘미백2호’와 달리 진한 자색을 보이는 특성이 있다. 수염의 안토시아닌 색소는 ‘미백2호’보다 다소 강하였으며 엽초의 안토시아닌 색소는 다소 약하게 발현되었다. 과피색은 붉은 색으로 과피에 안토시아닌이 발현되는 품종이다(Fig 2, Table 1).
주요 생육 및 이삭관련 특성
‘미홍찰’은 ‘미백2호’ 대비 출사기는 2일정도 늦은 72일이고, 간장은 193 cm로 다소 작았으며, 착수고율은 46%로 동일하였다. 이삭 길이, 폭은 비슷하였고 착립장률은 95%로 ‘미백2호’(93%)보다 다소 높았다. ‘미홍찰’의 안토시아닌 함량은 1,160 mg/kg 조사되었다(Table 2).
병해충 및 내재해성
‘미홍찰’의 도복지수는 ‘미백2호’와 동일한 1.1로 쓰러짐에 강하였으며 자연조건에서 그을음무늬병, 깨씨무늬병은 발생하지 않았다. 이삭썩음병은 1.2의 지수로 ‘미백2호’ 0.7보다 다소 약하였다. 충해의 발생 정도는 ‘미백2호’와 비슷하게 발생이 적었다(Table 3).
수량성 분석
2017~2019년, 3년간 3개지역에서 실시한 강원지역적응시험 결과, ‘미홍찰’의 평균 이삭수는 5,940개/10a, 평균 이삭중은 727 kg/10a로 ‘미백2호’ 대비 각각 93%, 91% 수준이었다(Tables 4, 5).
적응지역 및 재배상의 유의점
‘미홍찰’의 지역적응시험 평가는 강원도로 한정되어 강원도에서만 안정적 재배가 가능하고 단교잡종이므로 매년 갱신된 종자를 이용해야 한다. 질소성분이 과한 경우 이삭끝 부분에 웅수 모양이 발생할 수 있으며 열성인자를 보유한 찰옥수수이므로 일반 옥수수와 200 m이상 격리재배가 필요하다. 습해에 약한 특성이 있어 과습한 토양에서는 객토를 통해 토양 물리성을 개선해주어야 하며 지형상 강풍 및 강우 발생이 많은 지역에서는 도복 방지를 위하여 배수관리에 유의하여야 한다.
‘미홍찰’은 강원도특별자치도 농업기술원 옥수수연구소에서 개발한 단교잡종으로 이삭 및 품질 특성이 우수하며 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 기능성 찰옥수수로서 자식계통 ‘HW9’을 종자친, ‘HCW5’를 화분친으로 한다. 출사일수는 ‘미백2호’ 대비 2일 늦었으며, 생육 및 이삭특성은 ‘미백2호’와 비슷한 수준이었다. 수량성은 ‘미백2호’ 대비 이삭수, 이삭중이 각각 93%, 91%로 다소 낮았으나 병해충 저항성이 ‘미백2호’와 동일하여 재배 안정성을 확인하였다. ‘미홍찰’은 안토시아닌 함량이 1,160 mg/kg으로 높은 함량을 보였다. 앞으로 이삭 특성이 우수하며 안토시아닌 함량이 높은 ‘미홍찰’은 웰빙푸드를 선호하는 소비트렌드에 맞춰 찰옥수수 소비시장을 확대할 수 있는 품종이 될 것이라 사료된다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 지역특화작목기술개발사업(RS-2021-RD012606)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Pedigree diagram of ‘Mihongchal’.
KJBS-55-281-f1.tif
Fig. 2
A new red waxy corn hybrid, ‘Mihongchal’.
KJBS-55-281-f2.tif
Table 1
Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.
Table 1
Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Leaf sheath Base of glume Besides base of glume Silks
Mihongchal Single cross Medium Very strong Very strong Strong Red
Mibaek2 Single cross Strong Weak Weak Medium White
Table 2
Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.
Table 2
Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Ear height ratio (%) Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Kernel setting rate (%) Diameter (cm) Anthocyanin (mg/kg)
Mihongchal 72 193 46 15.9 95 3.8 1,160
Mibaek2 70 200 46 16.0 92 3.9 0
tsz 1.10ns 1.78ns 0.183ns 0.163ns 3.34** 1.40ns -

zStudent's T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 3
Resistance to Tolerance to lodging and Resistance to disease and insect of ‘Mihongchal’.
Table 3
Hybrid Lodging
(1~9)z 		Disease degree(0-9) Insect damage
(0-9)
Southern leaf blighty (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blighty (Excerohilum turcicum) Ear rotx (Fusarium species) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)w
Mihongchal 1.1 0 0 1.2 0.2
Mibaek2 1.1 0 0 0.7 0.2

z: 1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging), Rate(%)=(lodging plant/total plants)×100

y: 0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%, Rate(%)=(disease area/total area of leaf)×100

x: 0; None, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~20%, 5; 21~40%, 7; 41~60%, 9; over 61%, Rate(%)=(disease ear/20 ears)×100

w: 0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1%, Rate(%)=(damage plant/100 plants)×100

Table 4
Fresh ear numbers of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.
Table 4
Location Mihongchal(no. of ear/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Mibaek2 (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2017 2018 2019 Mean 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Hongcheon 4,273 6,490 6,600 5,788 91 5,868 6,710 6,600 6,393
Pyungchang 5,299 6,710 6,490 6,166 95 6,247 6,600 6,600 6,482
Yeongwol 4,729 6,270 6,600 5,866 92 5,933 6,600 6,600 6,418
Mean 4,767 6,490 6,563 5,940 93 6,016 6,637 6,600 6,418
tsz=2.29*

zStudent's T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 5
Fresh ear weight of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.
Table 5
Location Mighongchal(kg/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Mibaek2 (kg/10a)(B)
2017 2018 2019 Mean 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Hongcheon 546 545 801 631 93 747 502 790 680
Pyungchang 815 573 1,059 816 93 919 572 1,148 880
Yeongwol 538 824 841 734 89 720 897 868 828
Mean 633 647 900 727 91 795 657 935 796
tsz=1.29ns

zStudent's T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

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High Quality Red Color Waxy Corn ‘Mihongchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(3):281-286.   Published online September 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.3.281
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High Quality Red Color Waxy Corn ‘Mihongchal’
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2023;55(3):281-286.   Published online September 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9787/KJBS.2023.55.3.281
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High Quality Red Color Waxy Corn ‘Mihongchal’
Image Image
Fig. 1 Pedigree diagram of ‘Mihongchal’.
Fig. 2 A new red waxy corn hybrid, ‘Mihongchal’.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

High Quality Red Color Waxy Corn ‘Mihongchal’

Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.

Hybrid Type Anthocyanin coloration Seed coat
Leaf sheath Base of glume Besides base of glume Silks
Mihongchal Single cross Medium Very strong Very strong Strong Red
Mibaek2 Single cross Strong Weak Weak Medium White

Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.

Hybrid Days to silking Plant height (cm) Ear height ratio (%) Ear characteristics
Length (cm) Kernel setting rate (%) Diameter (cm) Anthocyanin (mg/kg)
Mihongchal 72 193 46 15.9 95 3.8 1,160
Mibaek2 70 200 46 16.0 92 3.9 0
tsz 1.10ns 1.78ns 0.183ns 0.163ns 3.34** 1.40ns -

Resistance to Tolerance to lodging and Resistance to disease and insect of ‘Mihongchal’.

Hybrid Lodging
(1~9)z		 Disease degree(0-9) Insect damage
(0-9)
Southern leaf blighty (Bipolaris maydis) Northern leaf blighty (Excerohilum turcicum) Ear rotx (Fusarium species) Corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)w
Mihongchal 1.1 0 0 1.2 0.2
Mibaek2 1.1 0 0 0.7 0.2

Fresh ear numbers of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.

Location Mihongchal(no. of ear/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Mibaek2 (no. of ear/10a)(B)
2017 2018 2019 Mean 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Hongcheon 4,273 6,490 6,600 5,788 91 5,868 6,710 6,600 6,393
Pyungchang 5,299 6,710 6,490 6,166 95 6,247 6,600 6,600 6,482
Yeongwol 4,729 6,270 6,600 5,866 92 5,933 6,600 6,600 6,418
Mean 4,767 6,490 6,563 5,940 93 6,016 6,637 6,600 6,418
tsz=2.29*

Fresh ear weight of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.

Location Mighongchal(kg/10a)(A) Index(%)
A/B		 Mibaek2 (kg/10a)(B)
2017 2018 2019 Mean 2017 2018 2019 Mean
Hongcheon 546 545 801 631 93 747 502 790 680
Pyungchang 815 573 1,059 816 93 919 572 1,148 880
Yeongwol 538 824 841 734 89 720 897 868 828
Mean 633 647 900 727 91 795 657 935 796
tsz=1.29ns
Table 1 Inherited characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.
Table 2 Agronomic characteristics of ‘Mihongchal’.

zStudent's T-test at the 0.05 significance level (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 3 Resistance to Tolerance to lodging and Resistance to disease and insect of ‘Mihongchal’.

z: 1; None, 3; under 10%, 5; 30~50%, 7; 50~60%, 9; over 70% (plant of over 30° lodging), Rate(%)=(lodging plant/total plants)×100

y: 0; None, 1; under 1%, 3; 1~10%, 5; 11~20%, 7; 21~40%, 9; over 41%, Rate(%)=(disease area/total area of leaf)×100

x: 0; None, 1; under 10%, 3; 10~20%, 5; 21~40%, 7; 41~60%, 9; over 61%, Rate(%)=(disease ear/20 ears)×100

w: 0; None, 1; 0.1~1%, 3; 1.1~5%, 5; 5.1~10%, 7; 10.1~20%, 9; over 20.1%, Rate(%)=(damage plant/100 plants)×100

Table 4 Fresh ear numbers of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.

zStudent's T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 5 Fresh ear weight of ‘Mighongchal’ in Gangwon regional yield trials for 3 years.

zStudent's T-test between two cultivars for regional means of three years (**p<0.01, *p<0.05, and nsp≥0.05)

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

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