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밀 고온 스트레스 영향 및 내고온성 증진을 위한 연구 동향

김유림1,2, 최명구1, 정한용1, 박진희1, 김유림1, 이고은1, 김숙진1, 이정희1, 조철오1,*

Heat Stress Impacts and Strategies for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2025;57(2):103-130.
Published online: June 1, 2025

1농촌진흥청 국립식량과학원 기초식량작물부 맥류작물과

2석사 후 전문 연구원

1Winter Crop Research Division, Department of Crop Sciences, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea

2Post-Master Researcher

*Corresponding to Chuloh ChoTEL. +82-63-238-5406E-mail. chuloh@korea.kr
• Received: April 3, 2025   • Revised: April 3, 2025   • Accepted: April 5, 2025

Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Evaluation of Wheat’s (Triticum aestivum L.) Agronomic and Grain Traits and Protein and Starch Characteristics Under Cultivation Environments in Korea
    Hyeon-Seong Yoo, Hyun-Jin Jung, Na-Yun Lee, Eun-Chae Bae, Eun-Bin Hwang, Eun-Seong Baek, Se-Jin Oh, Yu-Mi Lee, Sang-Cheol Gwak, Moon-Sub Lee, Seong-Woo Cho, Tae-Young Hwang
    Agriculture.2026; 16(11): 1131.     CrossRef

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Heat Stress Impacts and Strategies for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat
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Heat Stress Impacts and Strategies for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat
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Fig. 1 Schematic representation showing the heat stress effects on physio-biochemical processes and/or morphological traits in wheat.
Heat Stress Impacts and Strategies for Improving Heat Tolerance in Wheat

Effect of heat stress on grain filling duration (GFD), grain weight (GW), 1000-grain weight (TGW) and grain yield (GY) in wheat.

Temperature Duration Cultivar GFD (day) GW (%) TGW (%) GY (%) Ref
30℃, 35℃ or 40℃ 6-38 DAAz(3 days interval) Yangmai 9 13↓ - - - Liu et al. 2011
Yangmai 12 15↓ - - -
35℃/20℃ 10-24 DAA Fleisch481 - 19.1↓ 17.1↓ - Bányai et al. 2014
Soissons - 38.0↓ 30.4↓ -
Plainsman - 35.9↓ 34.2↓ -
Magma - 27.9↓ 20.0↓ -
20-34 DAA Fleisch481 - 1.8↓ 7.0↓ -
Soissons - 36.7↓ 28.1↓ -
Plainsman - 23.8↓ 26.9↓ -
Magma - 3.6↓ 7.1↓ -
35℃/26℃ 14-19 DAA 15 spring wheat 3-12↓ 2.6-41.9↓ - 8.3-50.9↓ Vignjevic et al. 2015
37℃/17℃ 15-18 DAA Chinese Spring 8↓ 20↓ - - Wang et al. 2018
38℃/20℃ 11-14 DAA Banks - - 16.2↓ - Rangan et al. 2019
EGA Gregory - - 51.7↓ -
Fang-60 - - 16.8↑ -
27-30 DAA Banks - - 24.9↓ -
EGA Gregory - - 16.2↓ -
Fang-60 - - NS -
32℃/22℃ 14-28 DAA Seri82 - 39.0↓ - 44.0↓ Djanaguiraman et al. 2020
35℃/25℃ & 38℃/28℃ 0-7 DAA & 14-21 DAA 12 winter wheat - 38.5-68.5↓ 23.0-51.4↓ - Mirosavljević et al. 2021a
38℃/28℃ 14-21 DAA 12 winter wheat - 19.2-49.3↓ 0.7-41.1↓ -
35℃/22℃ 7-33 DAA(3 days interval) Ningmai 13 2-7↓ - 6.3-46.8↓ 19.8-48.4↓ Zhao et al. 2022
Zhenmai 12 2-7↓ - 3.5-47.7↓ 13.9-52.0↓
38℃/28℃ mid-grain filling 9 wheat varieties 11.3-38.2↓ 9.3-73.0↓ Mirosavljević et al. 2024

Effect of heat stress on starch and protein contents in wheat grain.

Temperature Duration Cultivar Starch content (%) Amylose content (%) Amylopectin content
(%)
Protein content (%) Gliadin content (%) Glutenin content (%) Ref
39.8℃ 5-9 DAAz Jimai 20 4.0↓ 0.9↑ 5.0↓ - - - Yan et al. 2008
Lumai 21 1.5↓ 0.9↑ 2.5↓ - - -
34℃/22℃ 7-11 DAA Xuzhou 26 7.4↓ - - 1.4↑ - - Zhao et al. 2008
Yangmai 9 14.5↓ - - 0.8↑ - -
32℃/24℃ 7-11 DAA Xuzhou 26 3.6↓ - - 1.8↑ - -
Yangmai 9 9.0↓ - - 1.6↑ - -
34℃/30℃ 7-14 DAA Yang9 9.2↓ 2.3↓ 7.0↓ - - - Wang et al. 2012
35℃/20℃ 12-27 DAHy Mv Magma - - - 3.5↑ - - Rakszegi et al. 2014
Fatima 2 - - - 3.8↑ - -
Plainsman V - - - 3.8↑ - -
40℃/20℃ 10-17 DAA Antequera - - - 2.9↓ - - Tomás et al. 2020
Pata Negra - - - 1.0↓ - -
35℃/22℃ 7-33 DAA(3 days interval) Ningmai 13 2.8-8.0↓ 1.4↓
(7-9 DAA)
2.1-7.4↓ 0.3-3.9↑ 0.3-0.9↑ 0.2-0.7↑ Zhao et al. 2022
Zhenmai 12 1.8-4.5↓ 0.4↓
(7-9 DAA)
1.6-4.4↓ 0.3-1.7↑ 0.2-0.9↑ 0.2-0.8↑

The function of heat shock proteins (HSPs) under heat stress in plants.

HSPs category Major functions Reference
sHSP HSP10 Assists in protein folding within mitochondria and chloroplasts, preventing misfolding under stress conditions. Kumar et al. 2020
HSP20 Prevent protein aggregation, enhance thermotolerance, and protect cellular components. Pandey et al. 2015
HSP40 Acts as a co-chaperone, regulating HSP70 activity, facilitating protein refolding, and preventing aggregation. Kumar et al. 2020
HSP60 Mitochondrial & chloroplast chaperonin; assists in protein folding and prevents misfolding under stress. Kumar et al. 2020
HSP70 Major chaperone; protects proteins from heat stress, assists in refolding and protein degradation. Heidari et al. 2024
HSP90 Protein folding, stabilizing stress-related proteins, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Singh et al. 2024
HSP100 Disaggregates and refolds damaged proteins after severe heat stress; aids in recovery. Kumar et al. 2020
HSP101 Prevents protein aggregation, repairs denatured proteins, and plays a crucial role in heat stress recovery and tolerance. Erdayani et al. 2020

ROS scavenging reactions by different antioxidants (Yadav et al. 2022) and changes of antioxidant activity under heat stress in wheat.

Mechanism Antioxidants Major catalyzed reactions Temperature Duration Ref
Enzymatic antioxidants Super oxide dismutase (SOD) 2O2- + 2H+ → H2O2 + O2 35℃/25℃ 45 days after germination-maturity Almeselmani et al. 2009
34℃/22℃ or 32℃/24℃ 7-11 DAAz Zhao et al. 2007
Field (late sown) - Kumar et al. 2023
Catalase (CAT) H2O2 → H2O + 1/2O2 35℃/20℃ 12-27 DAHy Balla et al. 2009
30℃, 35℃ or 40℃ 6h (1-month-old seedling) Sarkar et al. 2016
field - Dwivedi et al. 2024
Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 2GSH + ROOH (H2O2) → GSSG + ROH + H2O (2H2O) 35±1℃ 48h (8-day-old seedling) Mohi-Ud-Din et al. 2021
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) H2O2 + 2AsA → 2H2O + 2MDHA 37℃/25℃ 7 DAA-maturity Zmani et al. 2018
34℃/24℃ 48h (six-leaf stage) Khanzada et al. 2024
Monodehydro ascorbate reductase (MDHAR) NADPH + H+ + 2MDHA → 2AsA + NADP+ Field (late sown) - Khanna-Chopra & Chauhan 2015
Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) DHA + 2GSH → AsA + GSSG 33±1℃ 6 days (germinated seed) Goyal & Asthir 2010
Glutathione reductase (GR) NADPH + H+ + GSSG → 2GSH + NADP+ 35℃/20℃ 12-27DAH Balla et al. 2007
42℃ 2h (7-day-old seedling) Gupta et al. 2013
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) H2O2 + 2GSH → 2H2O + GSSG RX + GSH→ HX + GS-R 35℃/20℃ 12-27 DAH Balla et al. 2009
- - Wang et al. 2015
35±1℃ 48h (8-day-old seedling) Mohi-Ud-Din et al. 2021
Non-enzymatic antioxidants Ascorbate (AsA) Scavenges O2-, H2O2, OH⋅, and O2 30℃ or 35℃ 7 days (4-day-old seedling) Kumar et al. 2013
Glutathione (GSH) Scavenges H2O2, OH⋅, and O2 37℃ 3 days (2 weeks seedling) Kocsy et al. 2002
Glutathione (GSH) Scavenges H2O2, OH⋅, and O2 35±1℃ 48 h (8-day-old seedling) Mohi-Ud-Din et al. 2021
Tocopherol Scavenges O2, OH⋅, ROO⋅ and ROOH 30℃ or 35℃ 7 days (4-day-old seedling) Kumar et al. 2013

Genome editing for abiotic stress and agronomic traits improvement in wheat.

Target gene Modification type Delivery technique Desired trait Reference
TaMLO Insertion Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation Powdery mildew resistance Wang et al. 2014
TaDEP1, TaGW2 Base editing Biolistics based transformation Herbicide resistance Mishra et al. 2020
TaDREB2, TaERF3 Deletion or insertion, SNP Transient expression Drought stress Kim et al. 2018
TaFT-D1 Deletion Biolistics based transformation Increased number of spikelets Chen et al. 2022
TaGASR7 Deletion or insertion Transient expression NS Lin et al. 2020
TaGW2 Gene knockout Biolistics based transformation Enhanced seed size and grain weight Wang et al. 2018
TaCKX2-1, TaGLW7, TaGW2, TaGW8 Deletion or insertion Biolistics based transformation Grain regulation Zhang et al. 2019
TaASN2 Deletion Biolistics based transformation Reduced free asparagine Raffan et al. 2021
TaMYB10 Deletion Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Pre-harvest sprouting Zhu et al. 2023
TaSPL13 Deletion Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Flowering time, Tiller number Gupta et al. 2023
TaARF15 SNP Biolistics based transformation Leaf senescence Li et al. 2023
ω- and γ-gliadin gene clusters Deletion Biolistics based transformation Grain protein Yu et al. 2024
Table 1 Effect of heat stress on grain filling duration (GFD), grain weight (GW), 1000-grain weight (TGW) and grain yield (GY) in wheat.

Note: ↓= decreasing trend. ↑= increasing trend.

zDAA: Days after anthesis.

Table 2 Effect of heat stress on starch and protein contents in wheat grain.

Note: ↓= decreasing trend. ↑= increasing trend.

zDAA: Days after anthesis.

yDAH: Days after heading.

Table 3 The function of heat shock proteins (HSPs) under heat stress in plants.
Table 4 ROS scavenging reactions by different antioxidants (Yadav et al. 2022) and changes of antioxidant activity under heat stress in wheat.

zDAA: Days after anthesis.

yDAH: Days after heading.

Table 5 Genome editing for abiotic stress and agronomic traits improvement in wheat.