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배 ‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’ 종간 교배 후대에서 주요 과실 형질 유전 분석

김금선1,*, 정해원1, 김윤경2, 강아랑1, 신일섭1

Genetic Analysis of Fruit Traits in Interspecific Hybrids Derived from a Cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ Pear (Pyrus spp.)

Korean Journal of Breeding Science 2021;53(4):373-379.
Published online: December 1, 2021

1국립원예특작과학원 배연구소

2농촌진흥청 국외농업기술과

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*Corresponding Author (E-mail: keumsunk@korea.kr, Tel: +82-61-330-1543, Fax: +82-61-330-1503)
• Received: September 3, 2021   • Revised: October 12, 2021   • Accepted: October 12, 2021

Copyright © 2021 by the Korean Society of Breeding Science

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  • Interspecific hybridization is a valuable approach to generate genetic variation and to introgress desirable genes. The objective of the current study was to estimate the heritability and correlation coefficient of several fruit traits for three years (from 2016 to 2018) using a set of 178 interspecific F1 populations developed from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ (Pyrus pyrifolia) and ‘Oharabeni’ (P. pyrifolia×P. communis). For ‘Manpungbae’, the average values of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content for the three years were 967.8 g, 109.0 mm, 125.7 mm, 0.87, and 13.4 °Brix, respectively. The average values for ‘Oharabeni’ were 268.2 g, 75.2 mm, 81.4 mm, 0.93, and 9.9 °Brix, respectively. The average values and heritability for three years in F1 progenies were 222.0 g and 85.55%, 67.3 mm and 84.14%, 75.4 mm and 81.18%, 0.89 and 79.33%, and 10.7 °Brix and 77.75%, respectively. Among the five fruit traits we surveyed, the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between three traits (weight, length, and diameter) were highly significantly positive (over 0.8) for the three years.
배(Pyrus spp.)는 장미과 배나무속에 속하는 온대과수로 최소 22종의 기본종이 존재하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이들 기본종은 유럽, 아시아, 북아프리카 산간지대 등에 분포하며, 분포 및 재배지역에 따라 남방형 동양배(P. pyrifolia), 북방형 동양배(P. ussuriensis)와 서양배(P. communis)로 구분된다(Bell 1990). 배의 국내 재배면적은 9,615 ha이며 연간 200,732톤이 생산되고 있는 소득작물이지만, 단일품종 편중재배와 이른 추석을 겨냥한 미숙과 유통에 따른 소비 감소, 제수용과 선물용 수요 경감, 기상재해 증가와 도시화로 인한 경지면적 감소, 농촌 인구구조 변화, 수입과실 비중 증가 등으로 2006년 이후 재배면적이 지속적으로 감소하고 있다(FAOSTAT 2019). 농산물 수입 확대와 품목 다양화로 다양한 과실을 접할 기회가 높아진 소비자들은 식미만 우수한 품종보다는 편이성과 기능성을 더 중시하고, 국내 1인 가구의 비율이 증가함에 따라 대과보다는 소비가 편리한 중소과를 선호하는 경향이 커지고 있다. 이에 따라 맛이 뛰어난 일상소비용 배 신품종의 재배면적이 점차 증가하고 있고(KREI 2020), 봉지를 씌우지 않고 재배할 수 있는 병해충 저항성, 인공수분이 필요하지 않은 자가결실성, 기후 온난화 대응 낮은 저온요구도 품종뿐만 아니라 소비자의 관심을 받을 수 있는 적색 과피 등 차별화된 품종 개발에 대한 생산현장의 요구가 커지고 있어, 종간 잡종을 통한 유전적 다양성 확대가 필요하다.
국내에서 재배되고 있는 품종은 ‘신고’(84.9%), ‘원황’(4.8%), ‘화산’(2.4%) 등으로 남방형 동양배에 속하며, 신품종 육성을 위해 사용한 육종재료도 남방형 동양배에 속하는 ‘황금배’, ‘만삼길’, ‘신고’, ‘감천배’, ‘금촌추’ 등이었다(Chung et al. 2020, KREI 2020). 고품질 대과 품종 개발을 위하여 일부 품종을 교배친으로 반복해서 사용함에 따라 유전적 다양성이 감소하여(Gitzendanner & Soltis 2000, Hamrick & Godt 1996), 근교약세에 의해 병저항성이나 환경적응성이 저하될 수 있다(Allendorf et al. 2013, Frankham et al. 2004). 배는 목본성 영년생 과수로서 종자에서 결실까지는 최소 3년 이상이 소요되며, 유전 조성이 복잡한 이형접합체로 목표 특성을 보유한 우량계통 선발에 상당한 기간이 필요하다(Chevreau et al. 1997, Flachowsky et al. 2009, Freiman et al. 2012). 이에 따라 미래 시장이 요구하는 목표 특성이 집적된 신품종 개발을 위해서는 종내 교배보다 유전적으로 차별화된 유전자형과의 종간 또는 원연교배를 통한 유용 형질 도입으로 다양한 변이 창출이 필요하다(Jena & Khush 2000).
본 연구에서는 유전적 다양성을 높이기 위해 종간 교배 집단을 이용하여 과실 품질과 관련된 형질들에 대해 연도별 유전력과 형질 간의 상관관계 분석을 수행하고 유전 양상을 파악함으로써 배 종간 잡종의 육종효율 증진을 위한 기초자료로 사용하고자 한다.
시험 재료
배 과실 주요 형질의 유전력 평가를 위하여 2003년 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서 ‘만풍배’(P. pyrifolia)에 ‘대원홍’(P. pyrifolia×P. communis)을 교배한 종간 교배 집단을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 교배모본인 ‘만풍배’는 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원 배연구소에서 ‘풍수’(P. pyrifolia)에 ‘만삼길’(P. pyrifolia)을 교배하여 육성한 품종으로 과형이 편원형이고 대과종에 속한다(Cho et al. 2003). 교배부본으로 사용한 ‘대원홍’은 ‘만삼길’(P. pyrifolia)에 서양배인 ‘Max Red Bartlett’ (P. communis)을 교배하여 얻은 종간 교배 품종으로 중소과종에 속하며 과피색이 붉다(Takahashi et al. 1981). 배연구소 유전자원 포장에 재식된 양친과 교배실생 포장에 재식된 교배실생 178개체를 생리적 성숙기에 수확하여 유전 분석을 수행하였다.
과실 특성 조사
양친인 ‘만풍배’, ‘대원홍’과 교배실생 178개체의 과실 주요 형질의 특성을 2016년부터 2018년 3년 동안 조사하였다. 조사 형질은 과중, 종경(L), 횡경(D), 과형, 가용성 고형물 함량으로 Table 1과 같다. 과실 주요 형질의 특성은 교배실생별로 10개의 과실을 수확하여 각각의 과실 별로 조사했다. 과중은 전자저울로 g 단위로 측정하였고, 과실 종경과 횡경은 digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan)로 과실의 최대 높이와 최대 과실 폭을 mm 단위로 측정하였다. 과형은 종경에 대한 횡경의 비율로 과형지수를 도출하였다. 가용성 고형물 함량은 과심이 포함되지 않도록 최대 횡경 부위의 맞은편 두 부분에서 과피와 과육을 채취하여 착즙한 후 디지털 굴절당도계(PR-1, Atago, Japan)로 측정하여 °Brix로 표시했다.
통계 및 유전력 분석
각 조사 형질 특성의 기술통계량과 Pearson 상관관계(correlation coefficient, r)는 Microsoft Excel 2016과 R 통계 프로그램(version 3.6.3)으로 분석했다. 유전력(H2)은 양친의 분산과 교배실생의 분산을 산출하고 Sun et al. (2012)Chang et al. (2014)의 방법을 변형하여 분석하였다. 표현형 분산(S)은 유전분산(Sg)과 환경분산(Se)을 합한 것으로 나타냈다(S=Sg+Se). 표현형 분산(S)은 교배실생 178개체의 분산으로 계산하고, 환경분산(Se)은 각 교배실생의 분산을 평균값으로 나타냈다. 유전력은 각각 계산된 표현형 분산과 유전분산, 환경분산을 이용하여 다음과 같은 공식으로 계산했다.
양친의 과실 형질 특성
종간 교배 집단의 양친인 ‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’의 과실 주요 형질 특성은 Table 2에 나타내었다. ‘만풍배’는 2016년도부터 2018년도까지 연도별 평균 과중은 835.0-1,075.0 g 범위이며, 3년 평균값은 967.8 g이었다. 과실 종경과 횡경은 2017년에 각각 104.1과 120.8 mm로 가장 작았고, 종경은 2016년에 111.7 mm, 횡경은 2018년에 130.4 mm로 가장 컸으며, 3년 평균 종경과 횡경은 각각 109.0, 125.7 mm였다. 과형지수는 3년 평균이 0.87로, 0.85 (2018년)에서 0.89 (2016년) 범위였고, 가용성 고형물 함량은 12.9-14.1 °Brix, 3년 평균은 13.4 °Brix였다. ‘대원홍’의 3년 평균 과중, 과실 종경 및 횡경은 각각 268.2 g, 75.2 mm, 81.4 mm로 ‘만풍배’보다 작았으며, 과형지수는 0.93이었고, 가용성 고형물 함량은 9.1-10.4 °Brix로, 3년 평균은 9.9 °Brix였다.
교배실생의 과실 형질 특성
‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’의 종간 교배실생에 대한 주요 과실 형질 특성치의 분포를 Fig. 1에 나타냈다. 과중과 과실의 종경 및 횡경은 과실의 크기와 모양을 결정하는 중요한 요인 중 하나로 과실 품질에 영향을 미친다(Brewer et al. 2006, Chang et al. 2014, Gonzalo et al. 2009). 교배실생의 3년간 평균 과중은 214.8-244.5 g의 범위에 분포하였다. 과실의 종경과 횡경의 3년간 평균값은 각각 65.6-69.1 mm, 74.3-77.5 mm 사이에 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 과실 크기와 관련된 과중, 과실의 종경 및 횡경의 연도별 형질 데이터를 비교한 결과, 세 형질 모두 2018년에 가장 작았고 2016년에 가장 컸다. 배 과실 발육 기간 동안 생육적온보다 높은 온도는 광합성에 관여하는 여러 기관에 손상을 일으켜 광합성을 저해한다(Zamski & Schaffer 1996). 또한 호흡량이 증가하여 순광합성량이 줄어들고 이로 인해 과실의 크기 및 생산량이 감소한다(Lakso & Seeley 1978). 2016년과 2018년의 과실 발육 기간 동안인 5월부터 8월까지 생육적온 이상의 일 최고 기온을 보인 날이 각각 45일과 55일로, 과실의 크기가 작았던 2018년의 고온 일수가 더 많았다. 따라서 과중과 과실의 종경 및 횡경의 평균값이 2016년이 2018년보다 큰 것으로 생각된다. 2016년부터 2018년까지 과형지수의 범위는 0.67-1.17로 나타났으며, 연도별 과형지수의 평균은 각각 0.89, 0.90, 0.88이었다. 과형은 유전적인 요인뿐만 아니라 환경적인 요인에 의해서도 영향을 받으며 polygene에 의해서 조절된다고 보고되어 왔다(Brown 1960, Klein 1958). Wu et al. (2014)은 배에서 과형지수와 관련하여 QTL 분석을 수행하였고 3개의 QTL을 동정하였다. 본 연구에서도 ‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’의 종간 교배로 생성된 교배실생들의 과형지수 분포가 정규분포를 따르는 것으로 보아 소수의 주동 유전자보다는 다수의 polygene이 관여할 것이라고 생각된다.
‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’의 종간 교배실생 과실의 가용성 고형물 함량은 6.70-14.40 °Brix의 범위에서 조사되었으며, 연도별 평균값은 각각 11.01, 10.04, 11.17 °Brix로 조사되었다. 가용성 고형물 함량의 분포 또한 정규분포 양상을 보였다. Zhang et al. (2013)의 연구에서도 정규분포의 형태를 나타냈으며 이러한 결과는 양적 형질 유전을 보이며 여러 유전자에 의해 조절된다고 보고하였다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 가용성 고형물 함량 관련 QTL 분석을 수행하였으며 3개의 연관그룹(2, 5, 6번)에서 3개의 관련 유전자좌를 동정하였다. 따라서 과실 품질과 관련된 다양한 형질들은 복잡한 여러 대사를 조절하는 다수의 유전자가 관여하는 것으로 생각된다.
유전력 분석
종간 교배 집단을 이용하여 과실 형질에 대한 유전력을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 Table 3에 나타냈다. ‘만풍배’와 ‘대원홍’의 교배실생에서 과중의 연도별 유전력은 각각 83.84, 84.52, 88.30%로 나타났다. Abe et al. (1995)은 13개의 P. pyrifolia 간의 교배집단에서 과중의 유전력을 분석한 결과 0.73값을 보였으며, Shin et al. (2008)은 17개의 교배집단을 이용하여 분석하였으며 0.09-0.85 범위에서 조사되었다. 본 연구에서 과중의 연도간 유전력 평균값은 85.55±2.40%로 이전의 연구들보다 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 과실의 종경 및 횡경은 81.38, 84.24, 86.81%와 77.58, 83.06, 82.91%로 조사되었으며, 과형은 78.22-81.31%의 범위로 평균값은 79.33%를 나타냈다. Sun et al. (2012)은 사과에서 연도별 과형의 유전력을 분석한 결과 75.0-76.1%의 범위값을 나타냈으며, 본 연구의 결과는 사과에서의 결과보다 높은 값을 보였다. 가용성 고형물의 3년간 유전력 평균은 77.75%로 다른 형질에 비해 다소 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 하지만 0.42 (Abe et al. 1995)와 0.48 (Shin et al. 2008)의 값을 보인 이전의 연구들보다 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 다수의 유전자가 관여하는 양적 형질은 질적 형질에 비해 유전력이 낮으며, 유전력이 낮은 형질은 높은 형질보다 환경에 의한 영향이 크다고 알려져 있다(Ebadi et al. 2009). 또한 과실의 크기와 관련된 형질은 다른 형질에 비해 유전적인 요인에 더 큰 영향을 받는다고 보고되었다(Austin et al. 1998, Grossman & DeJong 1995). 가용성 고형물의 함량은 다른 형질들보다 환경에 영향을 많이 받아 수치가 낮은 것으로 생각된다. Sun et al. (2012)의 보고에 따르면 형질의 분포가 정규분포를 따르면 polygene에 의해 조절되지만 유전력이 75% 이상의 값을 보이면 주동 유전자와 polygene이 같이 관여한다고 보고했다. 본 연구에서 5개의 형질 모두 75% 이상의 유전력을 나타낸 것으로 보아 각 형질에 대해 주동 유전자와 polygene이 관여할 것으로 생각된다.
과실 형질 간의 상관 분석
과실의 크기를 결정하는 과중과 종경, 횡경 간의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 연도와 상관없이 고도의 정의 상관을 보였다(Table 4). 연도별 과중과 종경 및 횡경의 상관계수는 각각 0.869-0.872와 0.935-0.941의 범위로 나타났으며, 종경과 횡경 간의 상관계수는 0.813-0.831의 범위에 분포했다. 과형은 종경(r=0.468-0.524***)과 정의 상관이 인정된 반면, 횡경과는 상관계수 -0.004 (2016년)에서 -0.096 (2018년)으로 상관을 보이지 않았다. 또한 과중과 횡경 사이의 상관계수가 가장 높았다. 이는 과중과 종경 및 횡경 간에는 고도의 정의 상관이 보이고, 과형과 횡경은 부의 상관을 나타낸 Zhang et al. (2013)의 연구와 일치했다. 이러한 연구는 사과에서도 수행되었으며 동일한 결과를 나타냈다(Chang et al. 2014, Sun et al. 2012). 과형과 과중 및 종경, 횡경 사이에 낮은 상관계수 또는 부의 상관을 보인 것은 과실의 크기뿐 아니라 여러 대사 경로에 다수의 유전자가 복합적으로 관여할 것으로 생각되었다. 가용성 고형물 함량은 과실의 크기와 관련된 형질인 과중(r=0.264-0.306***), 종경(r=0.237-0.343***), 횡경(r=0.266-0.396***)과 상관계수는 낮지만 정의 상관이 인정되었다. 이는 과실의 크기가 클수록 가용성 고형물 함량이 높다는 이전의 연구들과 일치하였다(Kwon et al. 2011, Park et al. 2013). Kwon et al. (2011)은 ‘신고’와 ‘황금배’에서 당도와 과중 등 과실 크기 관련 형질과의 상관분석 결과 두 품종 모두 정의 상관을 나타냈지만 상관계수는 ‘신고’에서 더 높게 나타났다고 보고했다. 또한 사과와 배에서 과실 크기나 과피색 등과 같은 외형적 특성들은 내부 품질 관련 요인에 영향을 받는다는 Kingston (1991)의 보고 내용으로 미루어 볼 때 외형적 특성에 영향을 주는 내부 품질 관련 요인들은 과종이나 품종에 따라 특이적으로 나타날 것이라고 생각된다.
배에서 종간 교배 집단은 유전 변이 창출을 위한 중요한 육종 재료이다. 본 연구에서는 ‘만풍배’, ‘대원홍’ 종간 교배 집단의 유전력과 형질들 사이의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 2016년부터 2018년까지 과실 유용 형질들을 조사했다. ‘만풍배’에서 3년 동안 조사된 과중, 과실의 종경 및 횡경, 과형지수, 가용성 고형물 함량의 평균값은 각각 967.8 g, 109.0 mm, 125.7 mm, 0.87, and 13.4 °Brix로 나타났다. ‘대원홍’에서 그 평균값은 각각 268.2 g, 75.2 mm, 81.4 mm, 0.93, and 9.9 °Brix로 조사되었다. 또한 종간 교배실생의 과실 형질에 대한 평균값과 유전력은 각각 222.0 g과 85.55%, 67.3 mm와 84.14%, 75.4 mm와 81.18%, 0.89와 79.33%, 10.7 °Brix와 77.75%의 값을 보였다. 2016년부터 2018년까지 3년동안 각 형질 간의 상관 분석 결과, 모든 형질들 사이에서 Pearson 상관계수는 고도의 상관이 인정되었다. 본 연구를 통해 종간 교배 집단의 과실 형질 특성에 대한 유전 분석을 수행함으로써 배 육종 효율 증가를 위한 양적 형질 유전자좌를 동정하는데 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.
본 논문은 농촌진흥청 연구사업(세부과제번호 : PJ01358201)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.
Fig. 1
Histogram of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content in 178 F1 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ (Pyrus spp.) for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
KJBS-53-373-f1.tif
Table 1
List of fruit traits evaluated for the study.
Table 1
Trait Description
Fruit weight Mean weight of matured fruit (g)
Fruit length Mean length of matured fruit (mm)
Fruit diameter Mean diameter of matured fruit (mm)
Fruit shape index Ratio of fruit length to diameter of matured fruit
Soluble sugar content Brix of fruit juice (°Brix)
Table 2
Phenotypic values of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content in both parents of interspecific hybrids for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Table 2
Parent Year Fruit weight (g) Fruit length (mm) Fruit diameter (mm) Fruit shape index Soluble sugar content (°Brix)
Manpungbae 2016 993.4±50.9 111.7±5.8 126.0±3.6 0.89±0.06 14.1±0.7
2017 835.0±58.8 104.1±6.9 120.8±1.1 0.86±0.06 13.3±0.7
2018 1,075.0±82.8 111.2±3.2 130.4±4.6 0.85±0.02 12.9±0.6
Oharabeni 2016 259.0±27.8 77.2±5.2 78.2±4.8 0.99±0.04 10.2±1.8
2017 289.8±30.7 74.7±3.7 85.2±2.7 0.88±0.03 10.4±0.3
2018 255.8±4.2 73.8±2.3 80.9±0.8 0.91±0.03 9.1±0.6
Table 3
Heritability for fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in interspecific hybrids of pear for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Table 3
Fruit trait Year Average±SD Population variance (S) Genetic variance (Sg) Environmental variance (Se) Heritability (%)
Fruit weight 2016 235.5±91.6 g 8382.25 7027.43 1354.83 83.84
2017 221.8±87.0 g 7563.32 6392.46 1170.86 84.52
2018 208.6±78.9 g 6223.40 5494.99 728.40 88.30
Fruit length 2016 68.1±10.9 mm 117.92 95.96 21.96 81.38
2017 68.3±10.7 mm 113.56 95.67 17.90 84.24
2018 65.4±9.8 mm 96.06 83.39 12.67 86.81
Fruit diameter 2016 76.7±10.1 mm 102.48 79.50 22.97 77.58
2017 75.5±9.9 mm 98.88 82.13 16.75 83.06
2018 74.1±9.8 mm 96.19 79.75 16.44 82.91
Fruit shape 2016 0.89±0.08 0.0058 0.0047 0.0011 81.31
2017 0.90±0.08 0.0058 0.0045 0.0013 78.22
2018 0.88±0.08 0.0060 0.0047 0.0013 78.45
Soluble sugar content 2016 11.0±1.2 °Brix 1.40 1.08 0.32 77.26
2017 10.0±1.0 °Brix 1.13 0.87 0.26 76.83
2018 11.2±1.2 °Brix 1.54 1.22 0.32 79.17
Table 4
Correlation analysis between fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in 178 F1 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ (Pyrus spp.) for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Table 4
Fruit trait Fruit weight Fruit length Fruit diameter Fruit shape
2016
Fruit length 0.869***
Fruit diameter 0.935*** 0.831***
Fruit shape 0.143 0.524*** -0.004
Soluble sugar content 0.264*** 0.237 0.266*** 0.024
2017
Fruit length 0.870***
Fruit diameter 0.937*** 0.819***
Fruit shape 0.093 0.478*** -0.051
Soluble sugar content 0.373*** 0.343*** 0.396*** -0.056
2018
Fruit length 0.872***
Fruit diameter 0.941*** 0.813***
Fruit shape 0.075 0.468*** -0.096
Soluble sugar content 0.306*** 0.312*** 0.304*** 0.037

*** Significant at p=0.001

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Genetic Analysis of Fruit Traits in Interspecific Hybrids Derived from a Cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ Pear (Pyrus spp.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):373-379.   Published online December 1, 2021
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Genetic Analysis of Fruit Traits in Interspecific Hybrids Derived from a Cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ Pear (Pyrus spp.)
Korean. J. Breed. Sci.. 2021;53(4):373-379.   Published online December 1, 2021
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Genetic Analysis of Fruit Traits in Interspecific Hybrids Derived from a Cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ Pear (Pyrus spp.)
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Fig. 1 Histogram of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content in 178 F1 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ (Pyrus spp.) for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Genetic Analysis of Fruit Traits in Interspecific Hybrids Derived from a Cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ Pear (Pyrus spp.)

List of fruit traits evaluated for the study.

Trait Description
Fruit weight Mean weight of matured fruit (g)
Fruit length Mean length of matured fruit (mm)
Fruit diameter Mean diameter of matured fruit (mm)
Fruit shape index Ratio of fruit length to diameter of matured fruit
Soluble sugar content Brix of fruit juice (°Brix)

Phenotypic values of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content in both parents of interspecific hybrids for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.

Parent Year Fruit weight (g) Fruit length (mm) Fruit diameter (mm) Fruit shape index Soluble sugar content (°Brix)
Manpungbae 2016 993.4±50.9 111.7±5.8 126.0±3.6 0.89±0.06 14.1±0.7
2017 835.0±58.8 104.1±6.9 120.8±1.1 0.86±0.06 13.3±0.7
2018 1,075.0±82.8 111.2±3.2 130.4±4.6 0.85±0.02 12.9±0.6
Oharabeni 2016 259.0±27.8 77.2±5.2 78.2±4.8 0.99±0.04 10.2±1.8
2017 289.8±30.7 74.7±3.7 85.2±2.7 0.88±0.03 10.4±0.3
2018 255.8±4.2 73.8±2.3 80.9±0.8 0.91±0.03 9.1±0.6

Heritability for fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in interspecific hybrids of pear for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.

Fruit trait Year Average±SD Population variance (S) Genetic variance (Sg) Environmental variance (Se) Heritability (%)
Fruit weight 2016 235.5±91.6 g 8382.25 7027.43 1354.83 83.84
2017 221.8±87.0 g 7563.32 6392.46 1170.86 84.52
2018 208.6±78.9 g 6223.40 5494.99 728.40 88.30
Fruit length 2016 68.1±10.9 mm 117.92 95.96 21.96 81.38
2017 68.3±10.7 mm 113.56 95.67 17.90 84.24
2018 65.4±9.8 mm 96.06 83.39 12.67 86.81
Fruit diameter 2016 76.7±10.1 mm 102.48 79.50 22.97 77.58
2017 75.5±9.9 mm 98.88 82.13 16.75 83.06
2018 74.1±9.8 mm 96.19 79.75 16.44 82.91
Fruit shape 2016 0.89±0.08 0.0058 0.0047 0.0011 81.31
2017 0.90±0.08 0.0058 0.0045 0.0013 78.22
2018 0.88±0.08 0.0060 0.0047 0.0013 78.45
Soluble sugar content 2016 11.0±1.2 °Brix 1.40 1.08 0.32 77.26
2017 10.0±1.0 °Brix 1.13 0.87 0.26 76.83
2018 11.2±1.2 °Brix 1.54 1.22 0.32 79.17

Correlation analysis between fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in 178 F1 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ (Pyrus spp.) for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.

Fruit trait Fruit weight Fruit length Fruit diameter Fruit shape
2016
Fruit length 0.869***
Fruit diameter 0.935*** 0.831***
Fruit shape 0.143 0.524*** -0.004
Soluble sugar content 0.264*** 0.237 0.266*** 0.024
2017
Fruit length 0.870***
Fruit diameter 0.937*** 0.819***
Fruit shape 0.093 0.478*** -0.051
Soluble sugar content 0.373*** 0.343*** 0.396*** -0.056
2018
Fruit length 0.872***
Fruit diameter 0.941*** 0.813***
Fruit shape 0.075 0.468*** -0.096
Soluble sugar content 0.306*** 0.312*** 0.304*** 0.037
Table 1 List of fruit traits evaluated for the study.
Table 2 Phenotypic values of fruit weight, length, diameter, fruit shape index, and soluble sugar content in both parents of interspecific hybrids for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Table 3 Heritability for fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in interspecific hybrids of pear for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.
Table 4 Correlation analysis between fruit weight, length, diameter, shape, and soluble sugar content in 178 F1 progenies derived from a cross between ‘Manpungbae’ and ‘Oharabeni’ (Pyrus spp.) for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018.

*** Significant at p=0.001