The rice cultivar ‘JJ644wx’ was developed to improve disease resistance and lodging tolerance of Korean japonica glutinous rice cultivars. ‘JJ644wx’ was derived from a cross between ‘HR27814-B-47-1-1’ (‘Sinjinbaek’), a multiple disease-resistant mid-late maturing elite line, and ‘HR29676-AC29’, a medium-maturing glutinous line with lodging tolerance. To shorten the breeding period, an anther culture method was applied to F₁ plants. ‘JJ644wx’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests, with high selection pressure for disease resistance and lodging tolerance. The heading date of ‘JJ644wx’ was August 11th, four days later than that of ‘Sinseonchal’. ‘JJ644wx’ exhibited strong tolerance to lodging with a short culm length. The 1,000-grain weight of brown rice of ‘JJ644wx’ was heavier than that of ‘Sinseonchal’, and its yield was 553 kg/10a, which was 10% higher than that of ‘Sinseonchal’. ‘JJ644wx’ had a higher milling performance than ‘Sinseonchal’, but a lower head rice ratio due to a higher percentage of broken rice. ‘JJ644wx’ tended to be situated between ‘Sinseonchal’ and ‘Dongjinchal’ in terms of pasting and texture characteristics. ‘JJ644wx’ is the only Korean japonica glutinous rice cultivar resistant to the most virulent bacterial blight race, K3a; it also showed resistance to rice blast and stripe virus. ‘JJ644wx’ is expected to be a valuable resource that could contribute to improving the cultivation stability of Korean japonica glutinous rice in response to climate change (Registration No. 9606).

‘Dabokchal, a glutinous rice variety (Oryza sativa L.) with a medium late maturation period was developed by the Department of Crops and Food, JARES in 2020. It was derived from a cross between the glutinous cultivar ‘Shinmyeongheugchal’ with the good glutinous properties and ‘Hwangkumnodeul’ as a high yielding source. The progenies of the cross were selected by bulk and pedigree breeding method until the F₈ generation. As a result, a promising line, JR53-28-4-10-5-3, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘Jeonbuk12’ in 2018. The ‘Jeonbuk12’ local adaptability test was carried out at four locations during 3 years from 2018 to 2020. This variety headed on August 13, which was eight days later than ‘Sinseonchal’ in Honam plane. The culm and panicle length of this variety was 70 cm and 22 cm, respectively. This variety has about 16 tillers per hill and 92 spikelets per panicle. The ratio of ripened grain is approximately 84.9% and 1000-grain weight was 24.9 g in brown rice. This variety has a higher amylose content compared to that of ‘Sinseonchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 591 kg/10a in the local adaptability test. This cultivar is considered to be adaptable to the Honam plain area of Korea (Registration No. 9602).

The cultivated area of glutinous rice in the Homan Plain of Korea is increasing to diversify the cropping system. Depending on the time of transplanting, glutinous rice can be divided into early, ordinary, and late cultivation. Eight glutinous rice cultivars (Baegseolchal, Baekogchal, Boramchal, Boseogchal, Dongjinchal, JJ644wx, Nunbora, and Sinseonchal) were used to evaluate yield, pasting properties, and texture according to cultivation time and to analyze the genotype-environment relationship. There were nine yield-related, six pasting-related, and four texture-related traits studied. Heading date and culm length were shortened as cultivation time increased, while panicle length, number of spikelets, and 1,000-grain weight increased. Furthermore, late cultivation time also reduced pasting properties, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity. Hardness and adhesiveness among the texture properties increased with cultivation time, but stickiness decreased. The variation in 1,000-grain weight is mostly dominated by genotype, whereas heading date and yield are heavily influenced by environmental factors. All pasting property characteristics varied with environment changes, and genotype variation was dominant for all texture properties. Boramchal yielded the most in early and ordinary cultivation and Sinseonchal, together with Boramchal, yielded the most in late cultivation. Cultivars with excellent grain quality were Sinseonchal in early cultivation and Baegseolchal and Baekogchal in ordinary and late cultivation. A comparative analysis of characteristics based on cultivation time can assist in the selection of glutinous rice suitable for the Honam Plain and in the breeding of cultivars with improved yield and excellent grain quality.

A statistical analysis of 9,771 non-glutinous rice in breeding line germplasm collected from Korea (2,836), China (2,136), Japan (1,219), and the Philippines (1,213) was conducted using normal distribution, variability index value (VIV), analysis of variation (ANOVA) and Ducan’s multiple range test (DMRT) based on the data obtained from NIRS analysis. According to the normal distribution, the average protein content was 7.9%, and non-glutinous rice ranging over 10% amylose had 23.6% average content. Most resources were between 5.3 and 10.5% in protein content, and 15.7 and 31.5% in amylose content. The VIV was 0.54 for protein, and 0.83 for amylose. The average amylose content was 25.18%, 24.54%, 22.08%, and 21.47% in Filipino, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese resources, respectively, wheereas the average protein content was found to be 8.19%, 7.79%, 7.58%, and 7.42% in Filipino, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese resources, respectively. The ANOVA of amylose and protein content showed significant differences at the level of 0.01. The F-test value was 412.2 for amylose content, and 108.4 for protein when compared with the critical value of 3.78. The DMRT of amylose and protein content showed significant differences (p<0.01) among resources from different countries. The Filipino resources had the highest level of amylose and protein content, whereas; the lowest level of amylose and protein content were found in Japanese when compared with resources of other origins. These results are recommended as helpful materials in the field of breeding.

‘Hyowon 3’, a medium-maturing glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Pusan National University in 2013. This cultivar was developed from a cross between ‘Hongna’ which is a landrace from the Korean peninsula showing good glutinous properties, and ‘Junam’, which has stable productivity. During the F₃–F₈ generations, breeding lines were selected using a pedigree breeding method. As a result, the promising line (JS24-6-95-11-5-2-1-1-1-B) with good glutinous properties was advanced and designated as ‘SP 107’. This variety headed on Aug. 16, which is 3 days later than ‘Dongjinchal’ in the middle plane. The average culm length and panicle length of this variety were 80.7 cm and 20.1 cm, respectively. This variety yielded approximately 14.1 tillers per hill and 104 spikelets per panicle. The ratio of ripened grain was about 93.0%, and the 1,000-grain weight was 19.30 g in brown rice. The yield performance was 492 kg/10a in a local adaptability test.

To satisfy the health needs of consumers and enhance the yields of producers, a grain crop ‘Cheongpungchal’ (Panicum miliaceum L.) with many common names, including proso millet, was collected from a landrace in Danyang, Chungbuk province and developed using a pure-line selection method. ‘Cheongpungchal’, which has a brown seed coat, has characteristics of a medium-maturing variety, requiring 102 days from sowing to harvesting. The variable growth characteristics included a stem length of 155 cm on average and length of ears 38.4 cm on average. As for the yield-related characteristics, the average number of spikes per plant was 3.8, the ear weight per plant was 11.8 g, and the rough millet thousand-grain weight averaged 5.17 g. The results of a regional adaptation test in 5 regions of Korea for three years revealed the yield of ‘Cheongpungcha’l to be 38% higher than that of the ‘Hwanggeumgijang’ variety, representing the best yield from among existing varieties. The total polyphenolic content of ‘Cheongpungchal’ was 32% higher than that of the ‘Hwanggeumgijang’ variety, and the antioxidant activity was 63% greater than that of ‘Hwanggeumgijang’. As a result of this research, ‘Cheongpungchal’ has been registered as a variety (grant number No. 6964) with the Korea Seed and Varieties Service in 2018 following filing for breed protection in 2016.

‘Geumsilchal’ is a Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) variety developed and registered by the Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA, in 2014. This variety was developed through pure line selection from K131247. ‘Geumsilchal’ was an erect type medium-maturing variety. Its growing period was 104 days when it was seeded on May 15, and 94 days when it was seeded on July 15 in Milyang, Korea. The culm length of ‘Geumsilchal’ was about 123 cm, which was 13 cm longer than that of the standard variety ‘Hwanggeumgijang’. ‘Geumsilchal’ was tolerant to lodging in the field because of its wide column width and erect plant type. The panicle type was droopy and its length was about 23 cm. Seed grain and dehusked grains were yellow, and the endosperm characteristic was glutinous. The yield potential of ‘Geumsilchal’ was about 2.41 ton ha^-1 in regional yield trials from 2013 to 2014 and was 27% higher than that of the standard variety ‘Hwanggeumgijang’ (Variety registration No. 6247).

‘Daname’ is a foxtail millet(Setaria italica Beauv.) variety developed and registered by Department of Southern Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA in 2014. This variety which collected from IT252182 was developed through pure line selection. ‘Daname’ is a early-maturing variety having 100 days of growth period from seeding to harvesting in Milyang of Korea. The culm length is about 97 cm which is 20cm shorter culm length than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumjo’, and it showed tolerant to lodging in field. The panicle shape is a cylindrical and the length is about 19cm. According to the grain, seed color and dehusked grain colors are orange and yellow and endosperm characteristic is non-glutinous. The yield performance of this variety was about 3.81 t ha^-1 in local adaptability test from 2013 to 2014 and it showed similar with standard variety ‘Hwanggeumjo’. As the addition amount of ‘Daname’ in rice increased from 0% to 30% and 100%, the antioxidant ability of ‘Daname’ added rice and hardness/stickiness balances were increased. But we could not find out the difference of hardness/stickiness balances between 0%and 10% addition. So, 10% addition amount was concluded to increase antioxidant ability regardless eating quality of cooked rice. (Variety registration No. 6243)

‘Hyangdreamchal’, a new early maturing, aromatic and glutinous rice variety was developed by the crop breeding team of Crop Research & Development Division, GARES, Hwaseong, Korea in 2012. ‘Hyangdreamchal’ was derived from a cross between ‘Jinbuchal’ and ‘Miyakaori’ in 2001. This variety headed on July 28 which was 14 days earlier than ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ in Gyeonggi Province. It showed resistance to lodging with strong culm. It's culm length and panicle length were 71 cm and 20 cm, respectively. This variety has 13 tillers per hill and 92 spikelets per panicle. It was medium grain variety and 1,000 grain weight of brown rice was 20.1g. Its cold tolerance was stronger than ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ however it was susceptible to blast virus disease, bacterial leaf blight and insect pest. The milled rice of ‘Hyangdreamchal’ had a glutinous and aromatic endosperm. The yield potential of ‘Hyangdreamchal’ in milled rice was 4.15 MT/ha under the ordinary culture of the local adaptability test in 4 areas of Gyeonggi Province for three years. This variety would be adaptable to the Gyeonggi Province. (품종보호번호 : 제5568호)

‘Hyowon 4’, a new medium maturing glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Pusan National University in 2013. This cultivar was derived from a cross between ‘Boseokchal’ and ‘Donna’ with good glutinous property. During F3~F8 generation, breeding lines were selected by a pedigree breeding method. As a result, the promising line (JS23-4-39-14-5-1-1-1) with good glutinous property was advanced and designated as the name of ‘SP 106’ in 2012. This variety headed on Aug. 15, which is 2 days later than ‘Dongjinchal’ in middle plane. The culm length and panicle length of this variety was 82.4 cm and 21.1 cm, respectively. This variety has about 13.9 tillers per a hill and 100 spikelets per a panicle. The ratio of ripened grain is about 92.0% and 1000-grain weight was 20.9 g in brown rice. The yield performance was 5.03 MT/ha in local adaptability test.

'Hyowon 2’, a new medium-late maturing glutinous rice variety with short clum and lodging tolerance was developed by the rice breeding team of Pusan National University in 2013. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Junam’ as a short clum source and ‘Donna’ with a good glutinous properties. During selected by the pedigree breeding method, until F8 generation. As a result, a promising line, JS22-3-24-1-6-2-1-1-1, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘SP 105’ in 2012. This variety headed on Aug. 22 is 9 days later than ‘Dongjinchal’ in middle plane. The Culm length and panicle length of this variety was 65.6 cm and 22.5 cm, respectively. This variety has about 14.4 tillers per hill and 113 spikelet numbers per panicle. The ratio of ripened grain is about 93.0% and 1000-grain weight was 18.4 g in brown rice. This variety has higher α-tocotrienol content compared to that of ‘Hwasunchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 4.81 MT/ha in local adaptability test.

'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' New aromatic, black pericarp and glutinous rice variety was developed by the rice breeding team of Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services, in 2012. This cultivar was derived from a cross between 'Shindongjin' as a grain quality source and 'Heugseonchal' as a black glutinous and aromatic source. The donor parent, 'Sindongjin' has been backcrossed one time with recurrent parent 'Heugseonchal' and selected by the pedigree breeding method, until F₆ generation. As a result, a promising line, CBR11-2-4-3, was advanced and designated as the name of ‘CBR L3’ in 2009. The maturity period of this cultivar took approximately 168 days from seedling to heading. This cultivar has about 15 tillers per hill and 115 spikelet numbers per panicle. Ripening ratio is about 76.5% and 1000 grain weight is 27.2 g in brown rice. Milled rice of 'Cheongpungheukhyangchal' has trait of glutinous and aromatic endosperm. It has higher anthocyanin content compared to that of black pigmented check cultivar ‘Heugseonchal’. The yield performance of brown rice was 5.39 MT/ha in local adaptability test for three years. ‘Cheongpungheukhyangchal’ is adaptable to central plain and southern mid-mountainous area of Korea.

‘Ibaekchal’ is a proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) variety developed and registered by Department of Sothern Area Crop Science, NICS, RDA in 2011. This variety which collected from Jeju was developed through pure line selection. ‘Ibaekchal’ is a medium late maturing variety having 109 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Milyang of Korea. The culm length is about 140 cm which is longer culm length than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumgigang’. However it is adapted to mechanized cultivation because it is tolerant to lodging in field. The panicle shape is a severe droopy type and the length is 40 cm. According to the grain, color and endosperm characteristics are white and glutinous. The milled yield performance of this variety was about 2.29 MT/ha in local adaptability test from 2010 to 2011 and it showed 15% increase than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumgigang’. Since Ibaekchal has adaptability to late planting, it is suitable for double cropping in mid and South Korea.

This study was conducted to analyze the starch and pasting properties of fourteen glutinous rice varieties with different maturity, and we compared the textural characteristic difference in relation to stickiness of glutinous rice cake. The whiteness values of grain appearance showed significantly differences in the order of early < medium < mid-late maturing glutinous rice varieties. Early maturing glutinous rice varieties exhibited a little high tendency for crude protein content than that of other varieties. Mid-late glutinous rice varieties showed higher of short chain ratio of 6 to 12 in DP of amylopectin whereas, medium length chains of 13 to 24 were significantly low. According to Rapid Visco-Analyzer measurement glutinous rice flours and starches, peak time showed high negative correlation with short chains of 6 to 12 in DP. The hardness of mid-late maturing glutinous rice cake was distinctly lower than that of the other glutinous rice varieties. Furthermore, mid-late maturing glutinous rice varieties, Baegseolchal, Dongjinchal and Baekogchal tend to show lower and slower in hardness changes of rice cake during storage. The hardness changes of glutinous rice cake had positive correlation with the amylose content and peak time and negative correlation with short chains of 6 to 12 in DP of amylopectin, respectively.

‘Samdachal’ is a foxtail millet variety developed and registered by Department of Functional Crop, NICS, RDA in 2011. This variety was developed through pure line breeding method from Jeju landrace. ‘Samdachal’ is a medium maturing variety having 133 days of growth duration from transplanting to harvesting in Milyang of Korea. The culm length is about 128 cm which is longer culm length than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumejo’. However it is adapted to mechanized cultivation because it is tolerant to lodging in field. The panicle shape is a cylinder type and the length is 28cm. Regarding to the grain, color and endosperm characteristics are grey and glutinous. The Calcium, Magnesium and polyphenol contents in grain are showed higher than standard variety ‘Hwanggeumejo’. The milled yield performance of this variety is about 2.24 MT/ha in local adaptability test from 2010 to 2011. ‘Samdamchal’ would be adaptable to plain area of Korea.

This study was conducted to develop breeding lines carrying bacterial blight resistance genes, Xa2, Xa3, xa5, and Xa21 for enhancing the resistance of early maturing glutinous japonica rice. Resistant lines were developed by backcrossing into early maturing glutinous elite cultivar, Sangjuchalbyeo and phenotypic selection for bacterial blight resistance and agronomic traits. Selected lines were confirmed the incorporation of the resistance genes using DNA markers and evaluated the resistance reaction against four Korean and eleven Philippine bacterial bight races. HR24465 line carrying Xa2 was resistant to Korean races K1, K2, and Philippine race 9a. HR24666 line carrying Xa3 was moderately resistant or resistant to races except for Korean race K3a and Philippine race 6. Resistant lines carrying xa5 were resistant to all races except for Philippine race 6. HR24669 line carrying Xa21 was moderately resistant or resistant to races except for Korean race K1 and Philippine race 10. Yield-related traits of breeding lines exhibited similar characteristics to Sangjuchalbyeo. These resistant lines could be useful breeding materials for improving the resistance of early maturing glutinous japonica rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.