Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. (the Korean angelica tree) is a popular wild spring vegetable crop in East Asia. Owing to its ease of cultivation and harvesting from the second year after planting, this species is a promising forest crop for short-term income. However, the presence of prickles on the stems and shoots reduces harvesting efficiency and negatively affects product quality. This study reports the breeding and morphological characteristics of a new prickle-less cultivar, ‘Seochun’, which exhibits strong cold tolerance and early sprouting. Among the 192 native accessions collected across Korea, a superior prickle-less and cold-tolerant clone was selected and evaluated over two years (2019-2020) of field trials. The stems of ‘Seochun’ were completely smooth and prickle-less, with a larger basal diameter (40.0 mm) compared to the control (29.7 mm). The sprouting and harvesting times were approximately seven days earlier than those of the control. As an early harvest and prickle-less cultivar of A. elata, ‘Seochun’ is expected to improve both the shoot productivity and labor efficiency during harvesting and cutback operations (Research support number: 375).

Flower color is one of the key trait that determines the marketability of chrysanthemums. However, genetic research on chrysanthemum remains limited because of numerous environmental factors and the complexity of the chrysanthemum genome. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying flower color in chrysanthemum, this study conducted genotyping analysis on 94 F₁ progenies derived from a cross between two wild chrysanthemum parents, ‘CWT2’ and ‘CWT8,’ which exhibit distinct flower colors. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was used for SNP identification, resulting in 79,002 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After stringent filtering, 2,548 SNP markers were selected to construct a GBS-SNP linkage map, which was subsequently used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with flower color. Four QTL were identified, encompassing genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, carotenoid degradation, and the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Among the 16 candidate genes analyzed for their potential role in flower color determination, three genes (VDE, CYP707A4, and CYP707A2) were ultimately selected for molecular marker development. The findings of this study provide a valuable foundation for understanding the genetic basis of carotenoid degradation in chrysanthemums. Future in-depth research is expected to facilitate the development of new chrysanthemum varieties for breeding programs through marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. is a deciduous broad-leaved shrub distributed throughout northeast Asia, including Korea. The new shoots that sprout in early spring in Korea are consumed as a high-quality wild vegetable. As the trees are easy to cultivate and can be harvested from the second year after planting, they have become a popular forest product for short-term income. Conventional cultivars had large and numerous thorns on their stems and shoots, making pruning or collecting shoots difficult. However, some thornless cultivars exhibited poor cold resistance, which limited their cultivation areas. To solve this problem, excellent trees were selected across the country and tested to develop a novel cultivar with no or few thorns, strong cold resistance, and early harvesting times. Based on these results, the cultivar, ‘Yeongchun’, was bred. Although no significant difference in the size of ‘Yeongchun’ shoots was observed when compared to that of the control, its weight per piece was 34.6 g, which was 74% larger than the 19.9 g measured for the control. Moreover, the number and diameter of shoots originating from primordia in the roots of Yeongchun were 6.1 and 55.7 mm, respectively, which were about twice as large as the 2.6 and 29.7 mm measured for the control, resulting in a higher yield. In addition, the harvesting period was more than a week earlier than that of general individuals, showing the characteristics of early production (Grant number 323).

Since iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrients for human immunity and metabolic activities, it is important to biofortify major food crops such as wheat and improve the bioavailability of Fe and Zn. In this review, we focused on analyzing studies conducted to identify and evaluate QTLs, genes, and associated molecular markers related to Fe and Zn content in wheat, their absorption mechanisms, and bioavailability in terms of genetics and breeding. Because bread wheat has a limited Fe and Zn content in its grains, many studies have used wild, synthetic, or mutant wheat resources with high Fe and Zn contents. Many studies have been conducted to characterize related genes, of which Gpc-B1 is the major gene that increases the final content of Fe, Zn, and protein in association with an Gpc-B1 increase in Fe uptake and regulate Zip and YSL expression. Research determining the appropriate phytic acid content and increasing phytase activity to improve bioavailability was also highlighted.

Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) significantly affects wheat yield and flour quality. Plant resistance to powdery mildew has been investigated for decades, and numerous resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for molecular markers have been discovered. In Korea, powdery mildew occurs initially in spring, due to frequent rain and low temperatures, becoming severe during the harvest season. In Korea, systematic monitoring and quantitative and qualitative impact assessments of powdery mildew outbreaks have never been conducted properly. Herein, the lifecycle of powdery mildew, resistance genes, QTLs, and selection markers in wheat were examined to elucidate powdery mildew resistance, develop resistant varieties, and genetic markers suitable for the domestic environment.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe disease of wheat, mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, which greatly reduces wheat production and directly affects human and animal health due to the mycotoxins produced in wheat grains. To develop high-quality, stable yields, and mycotoxin-free crop, it is essential to first understand the genetic basis of wheat FHB-resistance, and to design molecular markers facilitating the selection of FHB-resistant varieties. However, despite extensive global research efforts, genetic research and marker development for the selection of FHB-resistant varieties, in Korea, are insufficient. Here, we summarize recent studies on FHB-resistance genes, resistance resources, quantitative trait locus analysis, and genome-wide association studies to enhance our understanding of FHB and the breeding of FHB-resistant domestic wheat cultivars.

The breeding
objective
for crops changes constantly due to environmental changes, customer requirements, and farming convenience, among other factors. As breeding takes a long time, suitable mating candidates must be obtained from the beginning. In this study, we propose a breeder-friendly system and datasets. We investigated 11 traits that affect adaptation to the cultivation environment in Jeju Island using 27 buckwheat germplasms and selected good germplasms for breeding new cultivars. Data on the various traits of the target crop could assist breeders or researchers in identifying the traits of each genetic resource that will facilitate the development of new cultivars that suit the requirements of customers. Therefore, this study suggests establishing a breeder-friendly system and datasets in GenBank.

Cymbidium ‘Sodam’, derived from a cross between ‘Baek Un’ and ‘Lapin Rose’ in 2000, was bred by the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in 2015. After artificial crossing, 120 seedlings were obtained through in vitro seed germination and seedling acclimatization in a greenhouse. On the basis of mature plant characteristics, including flower color, plant size, leaf shape, flower stalk, and vigorous growth, three lines were initially selected. The first and second trials for characteristics were conducted from 2009 to 2014, which enabled confirmation of the stability and uniformity of the three lines. Amongst these, the final line, with the code ‘00-1023-20’, was selected as ‘Wongyuo F1-58.’ After evaluating consumer preferences, the line was subsequently named ‘Sodam’. This hybrid is a small- to medium-sized cultivar with more than 10 pink flowers per stalk and an average number of 3.8 stalks. The relatively compact flower has an incurved shape with a width and length of 6.0 and 5.0 cm, respectively. Furthermore, the plants have short erect stalks and leaves (length 51.7 and 69.5 cm, respectively), showing good properties with respect to potting. The flowers have a fragrance similar to that of the female parent ‘Baek Un’. ‘Sodam’ commences flowering in early December. The proliferative ability of ‘Sodam’ is comparable to that of the control cultivar, and it is anticipated that this will facilitate mass proliferation for commercial use (Registration No. 6749).

Flooding stress causes a significant reduction in soybean yield. The development of flood-tolerant cultivars is an effective way to minimize yield loss due to flooding. Information on candidate genes for flooding tolerance is useful for developing tolerant lines. The
objective
of this study was to identify potential candidate genes for flooding tolerance in soybean by integrating the results of a quantitative trait locus analysis and RNA sequencing. A total of 19 genes showed good amplification in capillary electrophoresis and were further analyzed through a reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); two of these genes showed differential expression among tolerant and susceptible lines. The expression of Glyma.12g030900 and Glyma.10g050300 in leaf and root tissues, respectively, was higher in several tolerant lines than in the susceptible lines under flooding stress. The chlorophyll index of the tolerant lines was also consistently higher than that of the susceptible lines over two years, supporting the qRT-PCR results. This study provides useful information on flooding tolerance in soybeans.

Marker-assisted backcrossing is a powerful method for developing new cultivars. To develop genomic-wide markers, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) can be an efficient method. However, unrefined low-quality markers and missing data between markers can contribute to hampering the marker selection process, particularly in multi-way crosses. In this study, we aimed to calculate the recovery rate of offspring individuals and minimize errors that occur among a large number of markers. Initially, missing data were imputed by comparing samples using the k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. Thereafter, low-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were corrected by applying the graphical representation method based on the k-NN algorithm in order of the SNPs in a chromosome designed for a multi-parental population. Four-way cross and double-backcrossed tomato BC₁F₁ (230 lines) and BC₂F₁ (96 lines) populations were genotyped by GBS. The genotype of samples of the BC₁F₁ and BC₂F₁ populations was determined based on the parental haplotype. Thus, the method of visualizing the genotype of offspring individuals, generated via crosses of multiple parents, not only improves estimation of the recovery rate but also facilitates easier selection in breeding programs.

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential utility of marker-assisted selection (MAS) based on storability-associated molecular markers in apple breeding and to provide genotype information for the markers Md-ACS1, Md-ACO1, and Md-PG1 in apple genetic resources as basic data for the use of breeding materials. We analyzed 750 apple genetic resources to assess the allelic composition of Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1, which play roles in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, and Md-PG1, which is involved in cell wall degradation. For 108 of the genetic resources used for genotyping, we measured fruit firmness using a texture analyzer (10 mm plunger) at harvest and after 20 days of room temperature (20~25℃) storage. Md-ACS1 and Md-PG1 were found to be associated with changes in fruit firmness (the difference between firmness at harvest and after storage), with ACS1-2/2, PG1-1/1, and PG1-2/2 showing the lowest changes in fruit firmness. In addition, we found that changes in fruit firmness were smallest in late-harvest species, even for the same genotype. In contrast, Md-ACO1 appeared to be unrelated to the storability of fruit. Of the 750 apple genetic resources screened, the genotypes ACS1-2/2, and PG1-1/1 or PG1-2/2 were detected in 3.6% of accessions, including ‘Fuji’, bud mutation cultivars of ‘Fuji’, ‘Chubu’, and ‘Iwakami’. The Md-ACS1 and Md-PG1 markers could have potential utility in assessments of storability and applied in MAS to improve the efficiency of apple breeding.

A new Phalaenopsis cultivar SM 3337 was bred by Sangmiwon, Korea. The new cultivar SM 3337, with a pink color and striped characteristics, was derived by artificial crossing between Phal. Minho Princess (the female parent) and Phal. Minho Stripes (the male parent). From 2006 to 2007, 300 individuals were cultivated over 2 years. Among them, an elite individual, number ‘05-33-37’, with excellent growth and flowering characteristics was finally selected through an intensive selection process. The stability and uniformity of the cultivar were confirmed through the first and second characteristics tests in 2008 and 2009, and it was named ‘SM 3337’. SM 3337 produces bright clean pink (RHS#69C) flowers with incurved shape and striped characteristics, with a flower length and width of 9.8 cm and 10.8 cm, respectively. SM 3337 is regarded as a lightly striped flower type and is suitable for the new flowerpot market. The leaves of SM 3337 are arranged horizontally and are 22.2 cm in length and 10.7 cm in width. This cultivar also possesses no genetic variation, fast in vitro propagation, and easy growing due to vigorous growth habit. SM 3337 was registered to Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS) in September 30, 2013 and the plant breeder’s right (PBR) is currently controlled by Sangmiwon Orchid Company, Korea (Registration No. 4640).

Oriental Cymbidium ‘Sael Bit’ cultivar was developed as a hybrid in 2013 by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea. This hybrid was developed from a cross between C. faberi ‘Ilgyounguhwa’ and C. ’98CD05-1’ in 2002. C. ‘Ilgyounguhwa’ has a sweet floral scent, and C. ’98CD05-1’ was obtained from a germplasm from Vietnam. After the cross and successful planting and acclimatization in a greenhouse, 72 seedlings were obtained. In 2007, one line was selected on the basis of flower color, leaf shape, flower stalk, and vigorous growth, and it was named ‘Wongyuo F1-37’. The line with the code ‘02-0428-33’ had consistent uniformity and excellent characteristics. The line selected after the evaluation of secondary characteristics was named ‘Sael Bit’. This hybrid has bright yellow and green colored petals (GY1B), red spot lips (R53A), and a pleasant fragrance. Flower and plant size of ‘Sael Bit’ are medium and it has approximately 9.1 flowers per stalk, which can be considered as a good spike habit. Petals and sepals are generally narrow and acute and the inflorescence is erect. Under optimal culture condition, flowers start blooming in late October. (Registration No. 5754)

This study was conducted to identify DNA markers related to resistance to herbicide containing mesotrione in Tongil type rice. Two Tongil type elite lines; Milyang154 and Suweon382, showed resistance to mesotrione, whereas the others were susceptible at 20 days after mesotrione application, and severe growth inhibition was observed in the remaining 13 lines. As a result of analysis of mesotrione resistance using 190 F₂ populations derived from a cross of Hanareum2 (susceptible) and Milyang154 (resistant), the mesotrione resistance locus was shown to be a single dominant gene with a 3:1 segregation ratio (X²=1.19, P=0.31). To identify a DNA marker closely linked to the mesotrione resistance gene, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) was adopted. The DNA marker RM3501 was identified on chromosome 2 with a recombinant value of 0.53 to the mesotrione resistance gene. Mst1(t) was located between SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers RM3501 and RM324 with a physical map distance of 10.2 Mb–11.4 Mb on chromosome 2. The band pattern of agarose gel electrophoresis of the SSR marker RM3501 showed the same segregation pattern with respect to mesotrione treatment in 20 Tongil type varieties and a BC₂F₂ segregation population derived from a cross between Unkwang (resistant) and Hanareum2 (susceptible). Thus, the RM3501 DNA marker could be used in breeding programs for Marker Assisted Selection in mesotrione resistant rice breeding.

Gayabyeo, a Tongil-type rice variety, has been known to be resistant to the brown planthopper (BPH) in Korea. For genetic analysis of BPH resistance of Gayabyeo, we developed an F2 and F3 population derived from a cross between Gayabyeo and Taebaegbyeo which is a Tongil-type BPH susceptible rice variety. Based on the previously detected 284,501 putative SNPs between Gayabyeo and Taebaegbyeo, 99 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) markers were developed, and they have been used for genotyping 180 F2 plants. By comparison of resequencing data of Gayabyeo and the sequences of already reported BPH resistance genes (Bph3, BPH9, Bph14, BPH18, BPH26), it was revealed that Gayabyeo has Bph3 and BPH26 resistance genes. Two InDel markers, Bph3IND and BPH26IND, were developed, which can be used as selection markers in breeding program aiming at introducing BPH resistance genes of Gayabyeo into Korean high quality japonica rice varieties. In addition, BPH bioassay was performed with 180 F3 lines for BPH resistance QTL analysis. Two major QTLs were found on chromosome 4 and 12. The regions of these two QTLs included Bph3 and BPH26, which also supported that Gayabyeo has Bph3 and BPH26 resistance genes. These results would be useful in accelerating development of various BPH-resistant high quality japonica rice varieties in Korea.

A new Phalaenopsis cultivar SM 7661 was bred by Kyungpook National University, Korea. The new cultivar SM 7661 with the red colored mini type characteristics, was derived by artificial crossing between Phal. Golden Sun(female parent) and Phal. Princess Kaiulani(male parent). From 2005 to 2006, 250 individuals were cultivated over two years. Among them, an elite individual number ‘03-6-61’ with excellent growth and flowering characteristics was finally selected by intensive selection process. The stability and uniformity of the cultivar was confirmed through the first and second characteristics tests in 2007 and 2008 and named as ‘SM 7661’. SM 7661 produces dark red (RHS#185B) flowers of round shape and spreading mini type with size of 5.7 and 5.8cm in flower length and width, respectively. SM 7661 is regarded as raceme flower type with many flowers and good volume and suitable for small flower pot market. The leaf of SM 7661 is rowing horizontally and 13.8cm in length and 7.2cm in width. This cultivar also possesses no genetic variation, fast in vitro propagation and easy growing due to vigorous growth habit. This SM 7661 is registered (Reg.#:3826)to Korea Seed & Variety Service(KSVS) in December 21, 2011 and PBR(plant breeder’s right) is currently controlled by Sangmiwon Orchid Company, Korea.

This study was conducted to breed interspecific hybrids by crossing between Asiatic hybrids for the purpose of cut flower or pot plant. According to results of reciprocal crossing between L. davidii and ‘Conception’, flower color of F1 appears nearer to that of each male parent but they seemed to be influenced by L. davidii which has side-facing flower position. The characteristic traits of F1 hybrids obtained from the cross between ‘Tresor’ and ‘Black Out’ is related to female parent ‘Tresor’. Whereas in a cross between ‘Navidad’ and ‘Hironde’, a progeny 122611-4 has the petal spot characteristic similar to the female Asiatic hybrid ‘Navidad’ and male parent ‘Gironde’ influence on the petal color. F1 hybrid cross ‘Gironde × Red Sensation’ showed parental flower color expression contribution. In addition ‘Gironde’ as parent contributed extensively in imparting flower color in the resulting hybrids. In the above statements, F1 progenies were more than 40cm in height and the plant height of their parents was over 70cm. Therefore, it is considered that their F1 progenies are not short if parents have a long plant height. In ‘Kotnali × Tiny Bee’ progenies, 112061-1 progeny expressed orange flower color similar to female while 112061-2 showed yellow flower color same as male. Plant height was 27.7cm and 22.4cm close to 35.0cm of male parent ‘Tiny Bee’. F1 hybrid of ‘Matrix × Holebibi’ expressed three flower color all of parents. It was dwarf and distinguishable as compared to parental phenotype. Therefore, it is concluded that for potted lily flower development carrying dwarf plant height and intermediate morphological traits Asiatic hybrids plays an important role such as ‘Tiny Bee’ and ‘Matrix’.

Rice production is largely affected by various environmental conditions such as cold, heat and flooding. Here, to identify cold tolerant QTLs at seedling stage in rice, we generated RIL population derived from a cross between Hanareum 2 and Unkwang which are a highly cold sensitive and cold tolerant, respectively. We observed cold phenotype of this population in the growth chamber conditions and natural field conditions. For observation of cold tolerant phenotype of RIL population in the growth chamber, we treated cold stress (5~13°C) for 14 days and recovery for 4 days. When we examined the phenotype of RIL in the field conditions, temperature range in the field conditions was about 6 to 25°C in 2015~2016. We named QTLs as Seedling Cold Tolerant (SCT) in growth chamber and Cold induced Yellowing Tolerant (CYT) in the field, respectively. Three QTLs for SCT and 5 QTLs for CYT were detected on chromosome 1, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12. Among these QTLs, qSCT12 on chromosome 12 showed 26.3 LOD score with 25.5% of phenotypic variation. When qSCT11.1 and qSCT12 were combined, cold tolerant was most strongest in our experimental conditions. qCYT10 on chromosome 10 was identified in field experiment on both 2015 and 2016. These results may provide useful information for a marker-assisted breeding program to improve cold tolerance in rice.

Soybean cultivars with genetically low levels of stachyose enhance the utilization of soybean in food as well as feed uses. The
objective
of this research is to obtain the information on indirection selection of soybean lines with low stachyose content using DNA marker based on rs2 (rs2) gene. Two genetic populations were developed from the crosses of three parents (116-13 parent : low stachyose content, PI417227 and PI506903 parents: normal stachyose content). Twenty F₂ plants of RS2_genotype and twenty F₂ plants of rs2rs2 genotype from each populations were harvested. Content of stachyose was detected by HPLC. Stachyose contents (g/kg) of 116-13, PI417227, PI506903 parents were 3.7, 23.7, and 17.8, respectively. In population 1, stachyose content 20 F₂ plants with RS2_ genotype was 14.8 – 24.1 and stachyose content 20 F₂ plants with rs2rs2 genotype was 2.1 – 4.7. In population 2, stachyose content 20 F₂ plants with RS2_ genotype was 12.4 – 19.7 and stachyose content 20 F₂ plants with rs2rs2 genotype was 2.1 – 5.0. Mean difference between RS2_ genotype and rs2rs2 genotype in population 1 and 2 was highly significant. From this results, selection of genetic lines with low stachyose content by DNA marker based on RS2 (rs2) gene will be possible.

A new Phalaenopsis cultivar SM 6310 was bred by Kyungpook National University, Korea. The new cultivar SM 6310, showing the phenotype of yellow colored mini type characteristics, was introduced by artificial crossing of Phalaenopsis ‘Brother Gold Miss’ and Phalaenopsis philippinensis. An elite individual number ‘03-06-31’ later named as ‘SM 6310’ was selected among 250 individual progenies for more than 2 years(2004-2005) intensive selection process covering excellent vegetative and flowering characteristics. In year 2006-2007, the 1st and 2nd characteristic analysis were performed through stability and uniformity test. The ‘SM 6310’ shows that flower color is bright clean yellow (RHS#:12B) and flower shape is small type with size of 5.8 and 6.1cm in flower length and width, respectively. ‘SM 6310’ is regarded as raceme flower type suitable small flower pot market. The leaf of ‘SM 6310’ is rowing horizontally and about 15.6cm in length and 7.1cm in width. This cultivar also possesses no genetic variation, fast invitro propagation and easy growing due to vigorous growth habit. This ‘SM 6310’ is registered (Reg.#:3825) to Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS) in 21 December, 2011 and PBR (plant breeder's right) is currently controlled by Sangmiwon Orchid Company, Korea.

‘Hwaweon 6’ was developed from a cross between ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ and a wild species, Oryza minuta L. (Acc. No. 101154) based on marker-assisted selection and backcrossing. The recurrent parent ‘Hwaseongbyeo’ is a high grain quality cultivar with medium maturity. Hwaweon 6 is nearly isogenic to Hwaseongbyeo except a small O. minuta introgressed segment on chromosome 7 harboring genes related with spikelets per panicle. The preliminary and replicated yield trial was conducted at Chungnam National University and Chungcheongnamdo Agricultural Research & Extension (CARES), Yesan in 2009 and 2010. The local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO) in 2011 and 2012. This cultivar was registered to NSMO with a cultivar designated as Hwaweon 6. This cultivar averaged 80cm in culm length and has a medium growth duration. Milled rice of Hwaweon 6 is translucent and the grain quality traits are comparable to those of the recurrent parent. The average yield potential of Hwaweon 6 in grain was about 6.57 MT/ha at the ordinary fertilizer level for two years about 3.0% higher than that of Hwaseongbyeo due to an introgression of the quantitative trait locus (QTL) for spikelets per panicle (qSPP7) from O. minuta. This variety is comparable to Hwaseongbyeo in low temperature germinability and cold tolerance. The qSPP7 QTL would be useful in enhancing yield potential in rice breeding program.

‘Hwaweon 7’ was developed from a cross between the African upland cultivar, ‘Moroberekan’ and ‘Ilpumbyeo’ based on marker-aided backcross selection. The recurrent parent, Ilpumbyeo is a high grain quality cultivar with medium to late maturity. Hwaweon 7 is nearly isogenic to Ilpumbyeo except a small Moroberekan introgressed segment on chromosome 6 harboring genes related with spikelets per panicle and internode diameter. The preliminary and replicated yield trial was conducted at Chungnam National University and Chungcheongnamdo Agricultural Research & Extension (CARES), Yesan in 2010 and 2011. The local adaptability test was carried out by the National Seed Management Office (NSMO) in 2012 and 2013. This cultivar was registered to NSMO with a cultivar designated as “Hwaweon7”. This cultivar averaged 80cm in culm length and has a medium growth duration. Milled rice of “Hwaweon7” is translucent and the grain quality traits are comparable to those of the recurrent parent. The average yield potential of Hwaweon 7 in grain was about 6.48 MT/ha at the ordinary fertilizer level for two years about 5.1% higher than that of Ilpumbyeo due to increase in spikelets per panicle. This variety is tolerant to lodging and the tolerance is due to the APO1 gene controlling the base internode diameter on chromosome 6 introgressed from the donor parent, Moroberekan. The Apo1 gene would be useful in enhancing resistance to lodging in rice breeding program.

A new Phalaenopsis cultivar Hwasu 3551 was bred by Kyungpook National University, Korea, which produces young plants through tissue culture techniques. The new cultivar Hwasu 3551, showing the phenotype of pink colored large stripe type characteristics, was derived from crossing between Phalaenopsis Minho Princess and Minho Stripes. An elite individual number '03-35-51' later coined as 'Hwasu 3551' was selected among about 300 individual progenies for more than 2 years intensive selection process covering vegetative and flowering distinctiveness. In year 2006-2007, the 1st and 2nd characteristic analysis were carried out through performance and uniformity test. The Hwasu 3551 shows that flower color is bright clean pink (RHS#RP69D) and flower shape is formal type with size of 7.4 and 8.8cm in flower length and width, respectively. Hwasu 3551 is regarded as raceme flower type suitable large flower pot market. The leaf of Hwasu 3551 is rowing horizontally and about 22.3cm in length and 9.4cm in width, respectively. This cultivar also possesses no genetic variation, fast invitro propagation and easy growing due to vigorous growth habit. This Hwasu 3551 is registered (Reg.#:2917) to Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS) in 1st December, 2009 and PBR (plant breeder's right) is currently controlled by Sangmiwon Orchid Company, Korea.

As the farmers who grow Chinese matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Miller) in rain-shelter greenhouses increase, it is necessary to develop a cultivar with early-flowering. In addition, the new varieties should be continuously selected in order to adapt to climate change and to respond to future demands. The new line, CB07423-104, was selected from the cross between Cheongmyeong (IT232706) and CB04341-286 in 2007 to breed a cultivar with early flowering and high yielding. Its preliminary yield tests were performed from 2009 to 2010 and the selected line was named Cheongyang 17. Its regional yield trial was carried out in Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo from 2011 to 2013 and Cheongyang 17 was registered as the new variety, ‘Cheonghong’ (Certificate on grant of plant variety rights: Grant number No.5642, Protection period 06/07/2015 ~ 05/07/2035) in 2013. The major characteristics were summarized as follows;

The plant shape was spreading type. Leaf had ellipsoidal small sizes and 3~5 leaves on a node. The fruit was oblong and yellowish red. The flowering time was June 17 and faster about 11 days than the check ‘Cheongmyeong’. The branching was generated less than the check variety. This cultivar has a lot of flowers bloom per a node and many fruits per a plant. The resistances to anthracnose and eriophyidae mite were a little better than that of the check variety. The content of betaine of dried-fruit and brix degree of fresh fruit were higher than those of the check. The dried-fruit yield was 16 percent higher than the check at regional yield trials conducted at Cheongyang, Yesan and Jindo. Applications are customarily available in both medicinal and edible. This variety has self-incompatibility. So, the companion variety, Cheongmyeong, was required as pollinizer and recommended to plant 1 : 1.

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information for extending the harvest season and selecting superior cultivars of mango. For the purposes, various cultivars were imported and cultivated in greenhouse condition, Korea. The periods of flowering and fruit maturity and fruit qualities among cultivars were investigated under greenhouse condition. As the early variety, the harvest time of ‘Carrie’ and ‘Glenn’ was fastest as June 3 based on harvest time and cumulative temperature. ‘Kent’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Choc-anon’, and ‘Fairchild’ as the early variety were harvested from June 8 to June 13. ‘Zill’, ‘Florigon’, ‘Alphonso’, ‘Mallika’, ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Bailey’s Marvel’, and ‘Pinkering’ as midseason cultivar were harvested from June 15 to June 23. ‘Dot’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Gold Nugget’, and ‘Lancetilla’ as late ripening variety were harvested from July 5 to July 10. The fruit weights of ‘Keitt’ and ‘Kent’ were more than 650g and those of ‘Fairchild’ and ‘Lancetilla’ were less than 200g. The fruit weights of other cultivars were from 300 to 400g. The soluble solid contents of ‘Zill’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’ and ‘Glenn’ were almost 15Brix and those of other cultivars were higher than that of ‘Irwin’. The soluble solid contents of ‘Pinkering’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Lancetilla’, ‘Dot’, and ‘Alphonso’ were about 20Brix and flavors of those cultivars are excellent. The acid contents of cultivars were investigated from 0.2 to 0.4% but that of ‘Fairchild’ was 0.8%.

Cymbidium goeringi of ‘ Julie’ was developed from the cross between the accession of SC-017 and Daeyeophyeran by Semangeum Bio Center in 2004. The harvested seed was germinated and cultivated. During the cultivation, a individual plant showing marginal stripe pattern was selected in 2008. Through continuous cultivation and checking the special patterns in the leaf, the phenotype was fixed in 2009. From field cultivation in 2010, the fixed phenotype of marginal stripe pattern was confirmed. Julie shows clear marginal stripe patterns with yellow-green color. This pattern is more cleared as it grows. The leaf color is dark green with 35 ~ 40 cm length. The flower has fragrance with 4 cm width and 2.7 cm length.

Cymbidium goeringi of ‘Ariul’ was developed from the cross between Daebugui and SC-005 by Semangeum Bio Center in 2001. The harvested seed was germinated and cultivated. During the cultivation, an individual plant showing unique marginal stripe pattern was selected in 2006. Through continuous cultivation and checking the special patterns in the leaf, the phenotype was fixed through 2007 ~ 2008. From field cultivation in 2009, the fixed phenotype of marginal stripe pattern was confirmed. Ariul shows clear marginal stripe patterns with yellow color. The leaf color is dark green with 20 cm ~ 25 cm length. The flower of jade color has fragrance with 3 cm width and 2.5 cm length.

A standard cultivar of R. hybrida ‘Honey Blue’ was selected from the progenies of a cross between R. hybrida ‘Pacific Blue’ and R. hybrida ‘Lovely Blue’ by rose breeding team of the Gyeonggi-Do Agricultural Research and Extension Services (GARES) in 2012. It was finally selected in 2012 after investigation of the characteristics for five years (2008-2012). A standard type rose cultivar ‘Pacific Blue’was used as mother plant and it has medium scented petals. The major volatile compounds were found as germacrene-D and 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene. A spray type rose cultivar ‘Lovely Blue’was used as pollen parent and it has strong scented petals. The major volatile compounds were found as germacrene-D, geraniol and cadinene. ‘Honey Blue’has strong scented petals. The major volatile compounds were found as germacrene-D, citronellol and 3,5-dimethoxytoluene. A standard type with large sized flower, it has violet colored (RHS Violet 84C) petals and 9.7 cm in flower diameter and 50.2 petals per flower. Vase life of this cultivar could be as long as 9.1 days. It takes 49 days from pruning to blooming and cut flower productivity was 134 stems/m2 in a year. The stem length of cut flower was 75.8 cm. ‘Honey Blue’was granted on Korea Seed & Variety Service (KSVS) with No. 4866 on March 17, 2014.

A cultivar Dendranthema grandiflourm ‘Dream Prince’ was developed at Gyeonggi-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Korea in 2012. The cultivar ‘Dream Prince’ was bred from the cross hybridized in 2009 between ‘Grand Pink’, a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with pink colored single type petals, and ‘Classy’, a spray chrysanthemum cultivar with early flowering trait. Trials were conducted from 2010 to 2012 for evaluation and selection of the cultivar, including a shading culture in spring and a retarding culture in summer. Finally, ‘Dream Prince’ was selected. The natural flowering time of ‘Dream Prince’ was October 24th, and year-round flowering is possible. Days to flowering of ‘Dream Prince’ under the short day treatment were about 48, 50 and 47 in the autumn, spring and summer, respectively. ‘Dream Prince’ has single type flower with yellow petals and the diameter of flower was 6.7cm. Number of flowers per stem was 19.6 and petals per flower were 29.0 in autumn. The plant variety protection right of ‘Dream Prince’ was granted on Korea Seed & Variety Service with No. 4876 in 2014.