‘Alchanheukchal’ is a single-cross hybrid waxy corn cultivar developed by using the inbred line ‘KBW16’ as the seed parent and ‘KBW23’ as the pollen parent. Yield trials were conducted in 2013 and 2015 followed by regional adaptability tests at six locations over three years (2018-2020). Recognized for its superior performance, it was designated as a new variety by the NICS in 2020. ‘Alchanheukchal’ contains 32.9 μg 100 g^-1 of anthocyanins, resulting in black-colored ears and exhibiting an intermediate ear shape. Its silking period was 74 days, equivalent to that of the standard variety ‘Ilmichal’. The ear length was 19.3 cm, similar to ‘Ilmichal’, while the kernel set rate was 94%, which was lower than that of ‘Ilmichal’. In terms of disease and pest resistance, including southern rust, northern corn leaf blight, and corn borer, as well as lodging resistance, ‘Alchanheukchal’ was comparable to ‘Ilmichal’. The number of ears and ear weight per 10a were 6,336 ears and 1,136 kg, respectively, which indicates a higher ear number but lower ear weight than ‘Ilmichal’. The 100-kernel weight was 27.7 g, smaller than that of ‘Ilmichal’. In sensory evaluation tests, the overall acceptability score was 4.7, which was lower than that of ‘Ilmichal’. The highest seed production efficiency was observed when the planting ratio of the seed parent to pollen parent was 2:1. However, because the silking date of the pollen parent occurred later, it was considered necessary to perform staggered sowing (Registration No. 10033).

‘Godangok 2’, a yellow sweet corn hybrid obtained by crossing inbred KSE14 (female) and KSE23 (male) varieties harboring the sugary enhancer (se) gene, was developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration, Korea, in 2020. Days to silking of ‘Godangok 2’ (65 days) was 3 days later than ‘Danok 3’ (check hybrid, 62 days). The ear length of ‘Godangok 2’ (18.9 cm) was similar to that of ‘Danok 3’, but it exhibited a higher kernel filling rate (97%). In addition, the lodging tolerance of ‘Godangok2’ was greater than that of ‘Danok3’. The number of ears per 10a in Godangok2 (6,177) was 4% higher than that in ‘Danok 3’, whereas ear weights (1,075 kg) were 4% lower. ‘Godangok 2’ had a high sugar content of 23.4° Brix, a thin pericarp thickness of 21.4 μm, and a light 100-kernel weight of 25.4 g compared to that of the check hybrid. ‘Godangok 2’ showed the highest seed yield of 270 kg/10a at a 4 (female):1 (male) planting ratio. Because ‘Godangok 2’ carries the recessive se gene, its unique qualities may be compromised by cross-pollination with other corn varieties (e.g., sh2, bt, wx types). Therefore, to maintain sweet corn quality, corn should be grown and harvested separately in time and space (Registration No. 10059).

‘KM7’, a maize hybrid for grain production, was developed for the Southeast Asian seed market by the maize breeding team of the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2020. The hybrid, ‘KM7’, was bred by crossing two inbred lines, CL32 and 14K23. After a one-year yield trial in Dong Trieu, Vietnam, country adaptability trials were performed three times in three different countries (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia) in both 2019 and 2020. The seed type was flint-like and suitable for both food and feed. ‘KM7’ adapted well to conditions in northern Vietnam, northwestern Cambodia, and Central Java in Indonesia. The silking date of ‘KM7’ in Vietnam was 62 d, which was 1 d earler than that of LCH9, a leading cultivar in Vietnam. ‘KM7’ is an early maturing, high-grain yielding F1 hybrid that is also resistant to downy mildew. ‘KM7’ produced a grain yield of 842, 831, and 950 kg/10a in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, respectively. This demonstrated a higher yield than that of the leading cultivars in each respective country. ‘KM7’ produced 26% more grain in Vietnam, 28% more in Cambodia, and 56% more in Indonesia than the respective control varieties (Registration No. 10034).

‘KM3’ is an F1 hybrid maize developed by the maize breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), for the Southeast Asian seed market. This hybrid was obtained by crossbreeding two inbred lines—14K26 and 15VL027. The hybrid was evaluated in a crop-year yield trial in Cambodia, followed by country adaptability trials in Cambodia and Indonesia in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The flint-like seed type of ‘KM3’ makes it suitable for both food and feed, demonstrating its adaptability to Southeast Asia. ‘KM3’ exhibited early maturity, high grain yield as an F1 hybrid, and resistance to downy mildew. The silking date of ‘KM3’ was two days earlier than that of the leading cultivar ‘CP888’ in Cambodia, with a grain yield of 913 kg/10a, outperforming ‘CP888’ by 26% (Registration No. 9319).

‘KM5,’ a high grain yielding maize hybrid, was developed for the Southeast Asian seed market in 2018 by the maize breeding team of the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA). ‘KM5’ was bred by crossing two inbred lines—14K23 and CL59. After a 1-crop year yield trial in Dong Trieu and Vietnam, country adaptability trials were performed in 2017 and 2018 in three different countries—Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia. The seed type is flint-like and suitable for both food and feed. ‘KM5’ adapted well to northern Vietnam, northwestern Cambodia, and Central Java in Indonesia. It is an early maturing, high grain yield F1 hybrid that is also resistant to downy mildew. The silking date of ‘KM5’ in Vietnam is 74 days, which is the same as that of LCH9—a leading cultivar in Vietnam. ‘KM5’ produced a grain yield of 695, 764, and 678 kg/10a in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, respectively, thus demonstrating a higher yield than the leading cultivar in each country. ‘KM5’ produced 2%, 27%, and 8% more grain than the respective control varieties in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, respectively (Registration No. 8947).

Gluten proteins in wheat grains are generally considered one of the most important factors in determining dough properties and bread quality. In this study, wheat protein quality characteristics were investigated in 607 varieties collected from seven countries grown in a South Korean wheat breeding field for two years. The average protein content was 12.2±1.86%, and the sodium dodecyl sulfate-sediment volume (SDSS) was 46.9±8.39 mL. HI-LINE had the highest protein content (18.3±0.35%) and SDSS (76.7±1.98 mL), while both NE 84557 and Iksan 374 showed small deviations in protein content and SDSS. Protein content and SDSS values were higher in Ax2*+By8 and By9+Dy10 combinations at Glu-A, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 loci of high molecular weight gluten subunit (HMW-GS) than in other combinations. However, no difference in Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 loci in LMW-GS was observed. Furthermore, in HMW-GS, the composition of Glu-D1 Dy10 and Dy12 had a greater effect on protein quality than Glu-B1 By8 and By9 when the allele of Glu-A1 had Ax2*. Significant differences were found between Dy10 and Dy12 genes of the HMW-GS Glu-D1 and between protein content and SDSS, but not among others. These results suggest that Glu-D1 is extremely important for improving protein quality in HMW-GSs. As a result of this study, HMW-GS allele selection using functional markers, protein content, and SDSS investigation are expected to enable the development of varieties with high protein quality that are stable amid various environmental changes.

Barley is an economically important cereal crop grown under diverse environmental conditions and ranked fourth in terms of production volume. Barley is a diploid self-fertilizing plant with seven chromosomes, and has a 5.1 Gbp genome with more than 80% repeat sequences. Whole genome re-sequencing (WGR) has provided substantial information on sequence variation distributed on all chromosomes, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, and deletions, which are used in the development of DNA markers. In this study, we performed WGR to detect sequence variations among six Korean malting varieties. An average of 92,552 insertions and deletions (InDels) were detected in these varieties in comparison to the high-quality reference genome sequences. The InDel density of the six Korean malting varieties ranged from 17 to 19 InDel/1Mbp with an average of 18 InDel/1Mbp. No InDel could be detected in 193 regions in all chromosomes except chr. unassigned. One interval with high-density InDel, more than 150 InDel/1Mbp, was located on the 1H, 3H, 6H, and 7H chromosomes. A total of 145 InDel markers were developed using 225 large-InDel markers, longer than 50 bp. Seventeen large-InDel makers showed polymorphisms among 31 malting barley varieties. These 31 malting barley varieties were divided into four groups based on phylogenetic analysis. These results presented a development method of agarose-resolvable large-InDel markers using WGR. Seventeen polymorphic large-InDel markers were used to conserve and identify barley germplasms. This vast information on sequence variation in six Korean malting barleys could be used for the development of DNA markers and marker-assisted selection.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starch properties on the texture of cooked noodles from Korean wheat. The genetic composition of GBSS I (granule bound starch synthase I, called waxy protein) and puroindoline, which affect the amylose content and kernel hardness, was also evaluated. Waxy wheats carrying Wx-1 null alleles showed clearly different starch properties, high swelling power, pasting viscosity, breakdown and paste clarity, unsuitable texture of cooked noodles, and low hardness and springiness. Two partial waxy soft wheats carrying single or double null alleles at the Wx-1 locus gene, and Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a alleles exhibited a softer and higher elasticity texture of the cooked noodles than Korean wheats carrying wild-type Wx-1 null alleles. There were no significant differences in the starch properties and texture of cooked noodles according to the puroindoline composition. A principal component analysis showed a strong negative relationship between the amylose content and starch swelling power, and these traits also improved the springiness and cohesiveness of the cooked noodles prepared from non-waxy Korean wheat. Joongmo2012, a double null partial waxy wheat, showed higher starch swelling power and springiness of the cooked noodles than other non-waxy Korean wheats.

‘KM2’, a maize hybrid grain was developed for the Southeast Asian seed market by the maize breeding team of the Rural Development Administration (RDA), South Korea 2018. ‘KM2’ was bred by crossing two inbred lines, ‘15VL065’ and ‘KS155’. After a advanced yield trial at Dong Trieu, Vietnam, for the first cropping cycle in 2016, country adaptability trials were performed twice in three different countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, in 2016 and 2017. ‘KM2’, a yellow intermediate seed for food and feed, adapts well to the northern Vietnam, northwestern Cambodia, and Central Java in Indonesia. It is an early maturing high-grain yield F1 hybrid. This hybrid is resistant to downy mildew, but not corn rust. The silking date of ‘KM2’ is 10 days earlier than that of ‘LVN10’, a leading cultivar in Vietnam. ‘KM2’ produced grain yields of 811 kg/10a, 845 kg/10a, and 783 kg/10a in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, respectively, showing even higher grain yield than the countries’ respective leading cultivar. ‘KM2’ produced 61%, 17%, and 14% higher grain yield in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, respectively, than their respective control cultivars (‘LVN10’, ‘CP888’, ‘P21’) (Registration No. 8192).

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of wheat flour and sourdough bread quality of five Korean bread wheat cultivars, hard red winter wheat (HRW), and T55 (a French commercial wheat flour). Among the cultivars assessed, the protein and gluten contents and SDS-sedimentation values of Joongmo2008 were the highest, Keumkang were similar to those of HRW, and those of the Baekkang, Jokyung, and Hwanggeum were similar to those of T55. Joongmo 2008 and Keumkang had glutenin contents similar to those of HRW and T55, whereas Baekkang and Hwanggeum had higher HMW-GS (high molecular weight-glutenin subunit) and lower LMW-GS (low molecular weight-glutenin subunit) contents than HRW and T55. The α+β gliadin contents of Jungmo2008 and Keumkang were higher than those of other varieties and similar to those of HRW, whereas the γ- and ω-gliadin contents of Baekkang and Hwanggeum were similar to those of T55. Mixolab analysis revealed that Joongmo2008 and Keumkang had water absorption and kneading characteristics similar to those of HRW, and that Baekkang, Hwanngeum, and Jokyung showed characteristics similar to those of T55. Campagne and baguettes prepared using Korean wheat flour were similar in appearance to those prepared using T55 or HRW, the bread volume of campagne bread was smaller than that of T55, and the volume of baguettes were similar to that of T55. Joongmo2008 showed a higher bread volume than other Korean wheat cultivars, which was similar to that of HRW. The quality of sourdough bread prepared from Korean wheat flour was similar to that made with commercial flour, although the bread prepared using Joongmo2008 was found to be superior to that prepared using the flour of other Korean wheat cultivars.

The regeneration rate of plantlets cultivated via tissue culture is an important factor for wheat transformation. Similar to other monocotyledons, the most efficient tissue culture materials for wheat are immature embryos. However, stable year-round production of immature embryos is not possible in the field where various stress factors co-exist. In this study, we investigated the generation and subsequent plantlet incident rates of callus induced from immature embryos obtained from different sowing times in 2020 and compared these among wheat cultivars. We found that the rates of regeneration and plantlet incidence obtained using immature embryos of the Ariheuk cultivar were higher than those of other domestic cultivars, and that the tissue culture efficiency was similar to that of Bobwhite, which has been established as a cultivar with excellent transformation efficiency. Furthermore, the Baekkang cultivar showed high tissue culture efficiency only when sown from early to mid-March, whereas Keumkang showed higher tissue cultivation efficiency only by sowing in mid- and late February. Among the five cultivars assessed in this study, Jopum showed the lowest tissue culture efficiency. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will contribute to enhancing the transformation efficiency of domestic wheat varieties.

AbstractStem rust is a major wheat disease caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). Occurring mainly in warm and humid climates, stem rust has generally been considered less prevalent than leaf rust (P. triticina) and stripe rust (P. striiformis f. sp. tritici). However, a highly virulent stem rust race, Ug99, appeared in Uganda in 1998 and has devastated wheat production throughout Africa and the Middle East. As damage caused by the Ug99 lineage and other newly diverging stem rust races continues to increase, extensive research on wheat breeding and genetics to enhance stem rust resistance has been conducted internationally. Among the 60 stem rust resistance genes reported thus far, 11 (Sr13, Sr21, Sr22, Sr33, Sr35, Sr45, Sr46, Sr50, Sr55, Sr57, and Sr60) have been cloned. New resistance sources have been sought by screening diverse wheat germplasms through international collaborations. Such efforts are urgently required in Korea to address the increasing threat of stem rust epidemics. Furthermore, major Pgt races in the Korean peninsula need to be pathotyped. This information can be used to screen major wheat cultivars, breeding lines, and landraces to identify effective resistance sources. Previously reported stem rust resistance genes should also be introduced and pyramided into the genetic background of Korean wheat breeding populations via available molecular markers. Finally, research capacity in molecular genetics and genomics needs to be strengthened to enable the identification of new stem rust resistance genes and the development of precise molecular markers.

AbstractExtensive research has been conducted in wheat to improve genetic resistance to rust, a major disease that deteriorates wheat yield and quality worldwide. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina is the most prevalent among the three major wheat rust diseases (leaf, stripe, and stem rust) globally and is adapted to a wide range of climates. Approximately 80 genes for leaf rust resistance have been reported, and six (Lr1, Lr10, Lr21, Lr22a, Lr34, and Lr67) have been cloned. Among these cloned genes, Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38 and Lr67/Yr46/Sr55/Pm46 are of special interest for breeding programs, as they provide pleiotropic resistance to stripe rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew as well as leaf rust. In Korea, knowledge on wheat breeding and genetics for rust resistance is insufficient, as agronomic measures have mainly been used to avoid rust. Therefore, an extensive research program to address the increasing threat of rust epidemics due to climate change is urgently required. Major Korean wheat cultivars, breeding lines, and landraces should be screened for leaf rust resistance. Diverse germplasms also need be introduced through international collaborations to broaden the genetic background for resistance. It is equally important to characterize the distribution of different leaf rust races in Korea and respond to changes in pathogen populations by using effective resistance genes in breeding programs. Research on molecular genetics and genomics needs to be furthered to identify new leaf rust resistance genes and develop efficient molecular markers.

Stripe rust (or yellow rust) caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the major wheat disease responsible for deteriorating global wheat yield and quality. Although stripe rust appears to be prevalent mainly in temperate areas, new races adapting to high temperature have recently appeared in warmer areas, such as Australia, the Middle East, and Africa, increasing the threat to global food security. Among the approximately 80 reported genes for stripe rust resistance, six (Yr5, Yr7, Yr15, Yr18, Yr36, Yr46) have been cloned. Stripe rust resistance genes are generally classified into race-specific (or all-stage) and non-race-specific (or high temperature adult plant) resistance genes. While resistance conferred by most race-specific genes are overcome by the appearance of new pathogen races within few years, non-race-specific genes, such as Yr18, Yr36, and Yr46, provide more durable resistance and are often stable for several decades. Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38 and Yr46/Lr67/Sr55/Pm46 are especially useful in breeding as they confer resistance to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew as well as stripe rust. Unlike the extensive global research efforts, few studies have been conducted in Korea regarding breeding and genetics for stripe rust resistance. To prevent damage by stripe rust in advance, it is important to monitor the changes in major pathogen races in Korea, evaluate major wheat breeding lines and landraces for stripe rust resistance by establishing an efficient screening system, and introduce new germplasm with various resistance genes. Reinforcing wheat molecular genetics and genomics capacity is also important to enable identification of new stripe rust resistance genes and efficient transfer of the novel genes into elite wheat cultivars using molecular markers.

The flour physiochemical properties and end-use quality of wheat were evaluated to identify the effect of high temperature (HT) during grain maturation. HT caused a decrease in the width and thickness of grains. However, HT did not affect the grain weight, volume, length, test weight and 1,000-kernel weight in Korean wheat cultivars. Although HT marginally affected the general flour physiochemical properties and gluten composition, the effects were not significant. Based on the results of the evaluation of end-use quality, the effect of HT on the end-use quality was not significant. Nevertheless, the allelic composition was related to the quantity and quality of grain under HT conditions. In Korean wheat cultivars containing Glu-D1d and -D1f alleles, the 1,000-kernel weight was decreased by HT. In addition, Glu-D1f was more sensitive to HT than was Glu-D1d. The proportion of the y-type high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) was decreased by HT in Korean wheat cultivars containing the Glu-A1ab allele, and was increased in cultivars containing the Glu-B3d allele. Furthermore, the proportions of gliadin and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GSs) were decreased by HT in Korean wheat cultivars containing Glu-A1ab or Glu-B3ahi alleles.

A new black barley variety, “Heuksoojeongchal,” was developed as a cross between “Keunalbori 1” and “Masankwamaek/Mortoni” at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2014. Heuksoojeongchal had a longer culm length (89 cm) and a later average heading date and maturity than Seodunchalbori. It also had a spike length of 5.0 cm, 543 spikes/m², and 54 grains/spike. The 1000-grain weight of Heuksoojeongchal (36.0 g) was heavier than that of Seodunchalbori. Heuksoojeongchal showed resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). The yield potential of Heuksoojeongchal was approximately 7% higher than that of Seodunchalbori upland, but the average yield potential was similar in upland and paddy fields. Among the quality characteristics, the β-glucan content (6.7%) was higher and the amylose content (5.5%) was lower than those of Seodunchalbori. The whiteness of the black barley was low, and its absorption rate and spreadability were similar to those of Seodunchalbori.

Hexaploid wheat (common wheat/bread wheat) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and a model for research of an allopolyploid plant with a large, highly repetitive genome. In the heritability of agronomic traits, variation in gene presence/absence plays an important role. However, there have been relatively few studies on the variation in gene presence/absence in crop species, including common wheat. Recently, a reference genome sequence of common wheat has been fully annotated and published. In addition, advanced next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology provides high quality genome sequences with continually decreasing NGS prices, thereby dawning full-scale wheat functional genomic studies in other crops as well as common wheat, in spite of their large and complex genomes. In this review, we provide information about the available tools and methodologies for wheat functional genomics research supported by NGS technology. The use of the NGS and functional genomics technology is expected to be a powerful strategy to select elite lines for a number of germplasms.

Improvement of lodging resistance and adaptable to double cropping system, high yield and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. It was derived from the cross between ‘Dongsanpi73//Suwon248/ Alchanbori ‘and‘Suwon375’ in 2004. An elite line (SB04T1014-B-2SSD-B-6 (Iksan468)), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2012 to 2014. The following is the characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’, that is characterized as the vernalization of II, compact panicle and long awn. The heading date of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 2 days later than ‘Olbori’ but it showed similar maturity date. The culm length was 79 cm which was 4 cm shorter than ‘Olbori’. It showed the spike length of 4.0cm and 557 spikes/m². The number of grains per spike was 53 grains and test weight was 651 g. It showed higher number of grains per spike and lighter test weight than ‘Olbori’. It showed weak winter hardiness, stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus(BaYMV) and lodging compared to ‘Olbori’. It showed similar protein and β-glucan content, and higher anthocyanin and polyphenol content than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 4.30 MT/ha in the regional yield trials, which was 7% higher than those of ‘Olbori’.

We developed new two-rowed covered barley ‘Gwangmaeg’ superior to ‘Hopum’ that has been widely cultivated in Korea for using beer-materials. ‘Gwanngmaeg’ was related from the line named as ‘Iksan149’ in 2010 after yield trials test in conducted for three years from 2008. And then it was registered to ‘Plant protection right, No. 5847’ in 2016 after field experiment by KSVS(Korea Seed & Variety Service). ‘Gwangmaeg’ has distinct characteristics in winter type (IV) and mid-tall culm length which makes reduce damage by off-season heading and lodging comparing to those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ have characteristics of cold tolerance and disease resistance to BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) and Net blotch(Pyrenophora teres). Yield of ‘Gwangmaeg’ was about 611kg/10a and 524kg/10a in upland and paddy field condition, respectively, which higher 2-4% than ‘Hopum’, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, ‘Gwangmaeg’ has lager grain and higher assortment ratio than those of ‘Hopum’. In malt quality, ‘Gwangmaeg’ showed higher and better quality in malt extract rate and diastatic power than those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ would be suitable for the area above –4°C of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

Eleven RAPD primers were assessed to analyze genetic diversity of Korean wheat varieties and to develop DNA marker for cultivar identification. The average of the number of polymorphic bands was 5.2 and PIC values showed 0.48, respectively. Ten major clades were presented by phylogenetic analysis. Three cultivars containing Uri, Hanbeak and Jonong were distinct from the others in the phylogenetic dendrogram. Seven cultivar-specific fragments were detected from 11 RAPD fingerprinting among 35 wheat cultivars and they were sequenced. Four Korean wheat cultivars, Eunpa, Jopoom, Yeonbaek and Jeokjoong, were identified newly by four markers, 84, 173, 174 and KWSM011. We convince that these new DNA markers are useful for cultivar fingerprinting and are applied to marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding program.

Wheat is one of major crop and wheat flour is used to various end-use products such as bread, cookies and noodles due to its unique characteristic of it as elasticity and viscosity. Wheat consumption has been generally increasing in not only US and Europe but also Korea. Nevertheless, gluten proteins in wheat endosperm are cause of allergy by food ingestion. Hence, studies on the allergy have been conducting and have been attracting public attention. Herein, we report studies on research trend of the issue with research papers over the last decade for suggestion of future research direction. Since 2012, studies on allergy of gluten proteins have been dramatically increased based on the number of published papers related to the issue. As results of research activities by country, the Europe accounted for 60% corresponding to the number of papers. Next US (13%), Japan (9%), China (5%), and Korea (2%) came. In Korea, studies on allergy of gluten protein are less studied. In the field of studying of gluten allergy, there are two major technologies as preclinical technology and genome research accounted for 58% and 26%, respectively. In Korea, the study on glutenin proteins which is closely related to wheat allergy is actively performed. Therefore, it can be expected that research will be become more active.

‘Goso’, a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA for end-use diversity. It was derived from the cross ‘Gobun/Ol” during 1998. ‘Goso’ was released from the line named as ‘Iksan325’ in 2010 after yield trials test in conducted for three years from 2008. ‘Goso’ is an awned, semi-dwarf, red grain and soft winter wheat. The heading and maturity date of ‘Goso’ were similar to ‘Keumkang’. ‘Goso’ had similar test weight (799 g/L) and lower 1,000-grain weight (42.5 g) than ‘Keumkang’ (804 g/L and 46.7 g, respectively). ‘Goso’ showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which withering rate on the low ridge (4.4%) and lower rate of pre-harvest sprouting (4.0%) than ‘Keumkang’ (1.6% and 29.8%, respectively). ‘Goso’ showed lower flour yield (63.7%), protein content (9.8%), SDS-sedimentation volume (30.0 ml) and gluten content (7.2%) than ‘Keumkang’ (73.6%, 12.6%, 50.0 ㎖ and 10.8%, respectively). It showed larger diameter (88 mm) and top-grade (5) of cookie than ‘Keumkang’ (79 mm and 2, respectively). HMW-GS compositions of ‘Goso’ were 2* in Glu-A1, 7+8 in Glu-B1 and 2.2+12 in Glu-D1, respectively. GBSS composition of ‘Goso’ was same with ‘Keumkang’ and expressed wild type. Pinb-D1 was wild type that was different in ‘Keumkang’. Average yield of ‘Goso’ in the regional adaptation yield trial test was 657 kg/10a in upland and 561 kg/10a in paddy field, which was 21% and 7% higher than those of ‘Keumkang’ (545 kg/10a and 524 kg/10a, respectively).

Molecular markers related to flour qualities of long spike wheat lines were evaluated. Ash, wet gluten and protein content of long spike wheat lines were higher than Keumkang(Korean wheat cv.) but SDS-sedimentation volume(SDSF) was lower. Particle size and lightness of flour of long spike wheat lines showed similar to Keumkang. The high positively correlation was presented between protein content and SDSF, wet gluten and particle size, respectively. However, negatively correlation was between protein content and lightness. Through the analysis of molecular markers, we identified the genotypes of four genes, Glu-A3c, Wx-A1a, Wx-B1a and Wx-D1a. These genes had same genotypes with Keumkang. Six genes, Glu-A1c, Glu-B1c, Glu-D1a, Glu-B3g, Pina-D1and Pinb-D1b, were presented in most of the lines. Two genes, Glu-A1 and Glu-B1b, were related to higher protein contents and wet gluten. The lines containing three genotypes, Glu-D1d, Glu-B3h and Pinb-D1b, had higher ash, protein contents, SDSF and wet gluten, and lightness was darker. Through the results, we expect that long spike type wheat lines are necessary to breed wheat having high yield productivity.

One hundred sixty four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines expressing the long spike were developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration. Six of 11 genes showed allelic variation among 164 lines and they were highly related to yield traits containing spike and kernel number, kernel length, 1000-kernel weight and grain yield. Analysis of allelic variation of each gene showed high correlation between allelic variation and agricultural characteristics. Coefficient of correlation between culm length and spike length was the highest 0.436. The heading date of the lines expressed Vrn-D1 allele was late and the lines expressed Vrn-D1 allele had longer spike length and higher number of kernel per spike than other lines. There was no significant difference in agronomic characteristics of analysis of Vrn-B1. Ppd-D1b was related to heading date and higher number of spike/m². Ppd-D1a was corresponded to number of kernel per spike and 1000-kernel weight. Three haplotypes, Hap-L, Hap-6A-G and TaCwi-A1a, were related to 1000-kernel weight.