A new covered barley cultivar ‘Hangang’ with resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and tolerance to cold was developed by crossing ‘Samkwangchal/Radiant’ at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2018. The regional yield trials were conducted for ‘Hangang’ as a breeding line ‘Jeonju498’ in five different regions from 2016 to 2018. The average heading date of ‘Hangang’ was April 22, which was one day earlier than that of ‘Olbori’. The maturing date of ‘Hangang’ was May 30, which was similar to that of ‘Olbori’. The culm length was 81 cm, which was shorter than that of ‘Olbori’, showing tolerance to lodging stress. ‘Hangang’ showed the spike length of 4.6 cm with 669 spikes per m², 54 grains per spike, and a weight of 33.5 g for 1,000 grains. Compared with ‘Olbori’, ‘Hangang’ showed stronger withering in winter (winter hardiness) and resistance to BaYMV. Among quality characteristics, ‘Hangang’ showed similar levels as those of ‘Olbori’ with respect to protein, β-glucan and amylose (10.7%, 4.6%, and 18.8%, respectively). However, ‘Hangang’ showed higher polyphenol content (1.69 mg/g) than the check cultivar. The yield of ‘Hangang’ in the regional yield trial was 611 kg/10a in upland, 502 kg/10a in paddy field, and an overall average of 567 kg/10a, which was 15%, 16% and 16% higher than that of the check cultivar, respectively. Therefore, ‘Hangang’ will be suitable cultivar when sowed in cold regions (Registration No. 8773).

‘Dian’ was developed by crossing ‘Milyang85/Suwon335’, which has tolerance to lodging and high yield, and ‘Milyang122’, which has good brewing qualities, in 2003. The regional yield trials were conducted for ‘Dian’ as a breeding line ‘Iksan168’ in four different regions of Korea from 2012 to 2014. The heading and maturing dates of ‘Dian’ in paddy and upland fields were similar to ‘Hopum’. ‘Dian’ had a shorter culm length than ‘Hopum’ in paddy and upland fields, showing tolerance to lodging stress. The yield potential of ‘Dian’ was approximately 18% higher than that of ‘Hopum’ in the paddy fields, but there were no significant differences in the upland fields. ‘Dian’ had rym1 and rym5 genes and showed resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), but was susceptible to powdery mildew. It also had good quality for brewing and was similar to ‘Hopum’. ‘Dian’ had a higher assortment ratio (94%) than ‘Hopum’ (89%). Regarding grain quality, ‘Dian’ was similar to ‘Hopum’ in protein content, β-glucan content, and husk rate. Concerning malt quality, ‘Dian’ showed a 71.6% extraction rate, 3.6% soluble protein content, and 33.0% Kolbach index, which are similar to the values of ‘Hopum’. Other malt qualities of ‘Dian’ include 185 WK (Windisch-Kolbach) diastatic power and 81.4% friability, which were lower than those of ‘Hopum’. Therefore, ‘Dian’ with high yield, tolerance to lodging, and resistance to BaYMV is considered to be stable for cultivation (Registration No. 8241).

‘Heugho’, a new cultivar developed in 2014, is a two-rowed hulled barley with black grains that was selected among doubled haploid lines produced by anther culture from a backcross between two cultivars. Black barley, which has black grains, was used as the donor parent and ‘Hopum’, which has an elite genotype, was used as the recurrent parent. Agricultural characteristics of the new cultivar such as heading date, lodging and disease resistance were similar to those of ‘Hopum’. The yield was approximately 3.8 ton/ha, which was also comparable to that of ‘Hopum’. In terms of grain quality, the thousand grain weights of ‘Heugho’ and ‘Hopum’ were similar at 44.9 g and 41.4 g, respectively. The malt quality of both cultivars, which was mainly determined by extract, diastatic power, Kolbach index, and soluble protein content, were also similar. The total polyphenol contents of ‘Heugho’ and ‘Hopum’ malts were 0.274% and 0.244%, and the anthocyanin contents were 37.1 µg/g and 16.5 µg/g, respectively. After malting, ‘Heugho’ had high antioxidant capacity, making it a functional food source for beer as well as tea. We expect that ‘Heugho’ will contribute to farmer’s income and regional economic activation associated with the barley processing industry(Registration No. 8239).

A new black barley variety, ‘Heukdahyang’, was developed from the cross between ‘Keunalbori 1ho’ and ‘Masankwamaek/Mortoni’ at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2015. ‘Heukdahyang’ had a shorter culm length (76 cm) than that of ‘Olbori’, and had lodging tolerance. The average heading and maturity dates of ‘Heukdahyang’ were April 28 and June 2, respectively, which were later than those of ‘Olbori’. ‘Heukdahyang’ also had a spike length of 5.1 cm, spike density of 534 spikes/m², and 57 grains/spike. The thousand grain weight of ‘Heukdahyang’ (35.9 g) was greater than that of ‘Olbori’. ‘Heukdahyang’ showed moderate resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus. The yield potential of ‘Heukdahyang’ was about 6% higher than that of ‘Olbori’ in upland and paddy fields. Among qualitative characteristics, protein and β-glucan content of ‘Heukdahyang’ were 11.3% and 4.7%, respectively, which were similar to those of ‘Olbori’. However, ‘Heukdahyang’ showed higher polyphenol content (0.162%) and higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than those of the check cultivar (Registration No. 7007).

A new malting barley variety, ‘Baegrok’, was developed in 2016 at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA: Rural development administration by crossing the high-yield ‘Milyang130’ variety with ‘Myoginijo’, which has lodging tolerance and resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). ‘Baegrok’ is suitable for use in brewing, similar to ‘Hopum’, and has resistance to powdery mildew and tolerance to lodging. From 2014 to 2016, regional yield trials were conducted in four different regions, with ‘Baegrok’ as a breeding line of ‘Iksan176’. The heading dates of ‘Baegrok’ in paddy and upland fields were April 6 and April 11, respectively, 2 days earlier than those of ‘Hopum’. Maturing dates of ‘Baegrok’ in paddy and upland fields were May 16 and May 21, respectively, similar to those of ‘Hopum’. The yield potential of ‘Baegrok’ was approximately 14% and 6% higher than that of ‘Hopum’ in upland and paddy fields. ‘Baegrok’ had a shorter culm length than ‘Hopum’ showing tolerance to lodging. Screening for powdery mildew resistance in the greenhouse showed that ‘Baegrok’ had resistance to powdery mildew, unlike ‘Hopum’ which was susceptible. It also is suitable for use in brewing, similar to Hopum. ‘Baegrok’ showed good grain quality in terms of β-glucan content (3.4%), starch (61.0%), and husk rate (12.7%). Regarding malt quality, ‘Baegrok’ exhibited 75.1% acrospire length, 70.8% friability, 4.4% soluble protein, and 345.8 WK (Windisch-Kolbach) diastatic power, superior to the malt quality of ‘Hopum’. Thus, ‘Baegrok’ is resistant to powdery mildew, tolerant to lodging, and more suitable for brewing. (Registration No. 8399)

A malting barley variety, ‘Nurimaeg’, was developed with resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), tolerance to lodging stress, and good brewing quality. ‘Nurimaeg’ was developed by crossing Milyang127 and Miharu gold in 2004. Regional yield trials were conducted for ‘Nurimaeg’ as a breeding line ‘Iksan175’ in four different regions from 2014-2016. It has a type I growth habit, and its average heading and maturity dates were April 12 and May 20, respectively-which were 1 day later than the maturity date of ‘Hopum’ variety. As ‘Nurimaeg’ has a shorter culm length (77 cm) than that of ‘Hopum’, it showed tolerance to lodging stress. This variety possesses the rym5 gene and is resistant to BaYMV. It showed a 42.9 g 1000-grain weight and 90% assortment ratio. The yield potential of ‘Nurimaeg’ was 408 kg/10a, which is approximately 18% higher than that of ‘Hopum’. Analysis of grain quality for malting showed that ‘Nurimaeg’ has high quality of low protein and β-glucan content. Malt quality analysis revealed that it has 72.8% extract, 4.2% soluble protein, 38.9% kolbach index, and 243 WK diastatic power, which all were similar to those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Nurimaeg’ would be suitable for cultivation in the areas of Korea that have a daily minimum temperature of -4℃ in the month of January (Registration No. 7960).

Hordeum vulgare ‘Heukbochal’, a naked waxy barley cultivar with a high anthocyanin content and black lemma has been developed from a cross between ‘Ginssalbori/Changyongjaelae’ and ‘Ginssalbori’ by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It is a winter-type barley with a vernalization degree of Ⅳ, lax panicle with loose-type spike density, and long awn type. The average heading date of ‘Heukbochal’ is April 19^th, which is the same as that of the control cultivar ‘Saechalssalbori’. It has a long culm of 79 cm and a long spike length of 7.0 cm, with 54 grains per spike and a 1000-grain weight of 30.4 g. Although compared with ‘Saechalssalbori’, ‘Heukbochal’ shows weaker winter hardiness, it is characterized by better resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus. The grains of ‘Heukbochal’ showed a similar protein content (10.4%) to ‘Saechalssalbori’ but a lower beta-glucan content (5%) than that of ‘Saechalssalbori’. Furthermore, the grains of ‘Heukbochal’ have an anthocyanin content of 0.116±0.005 mg/bran g, which is 1.9 times higher than that of ‘Heuknuri’ (0.062±0.007 mg/bran g), another non-waxy naked barley cultivar with a black lemma. Additionally, its average grain yield is 4.02 ton/ha in paddy fields, which is 5% lower than that of ‘Saechalssalbori’. ‘Heukbochal’ is the first developed naked waxy barley cultivar with a high anthocyanin content and black lemma; therefore, we anticipate its cultivation in Korea (Registration No. 8194).

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of starch properties on the texture of cooked noodles from Korean wheat. The genetic composition of GBSS I (granule bound starch synthase I, called waxy protein) and puroindoline, which affect the amylose content and kernel hardness, was also evaluated. Waxy wheats carrying Wx-1 null alleles showed clearly different starch properties, high swelling power, pasting viscosity, breakdown and paste clarity, unsuitable texture of cooked noodles, and low hardness and springiness. Two partial waxy soft wheats carrying single or double null alleles at the Wx-1 locus gene, and Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a alleles exhibited a softer and higher elasticity texture of the cooked noodles than Korean wheats carrying wild-type Wx-1 null alleles. There were no significant differences in the starch properties and texture of cooked noodles according to the puroindoline composition. A principal component analysis showed a strong negative relationship between the amylose content and starch swelling power, and these traits also improved the springiness and cohesiveness of the cooked noodles prepared from non-waxy Korean wheat. Joongmo2012, a double null partial waxy wheat, showed higher starch swelling power and springiness of the cooked noodles than other non-waxy Korean wheats.

A new winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar ‘Baekkang’ was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS) and Rular Development Administration (RDA) in 2015. Its heading date was April 23, and its maturity date was June 3, similar to that of ‘Keumkang’. ‘Baekkang’ had a shorter culm length (75 cm), longer spike length (8.0 cm), more spikes per m² (703), and more 1,000-grain weight (47.5 g) than those of ‘Keumkang’, which were 76 cm, 7.6 cm, 631, 46.4 g, respectively. ‘Baekkang’ was not a winter hardy crop and is susceptible to powdery mildew. However, it has moderate resistance to fusarium head blight. The average grain yield in the advanced yield trial was 5.5 MT/ha, 20% more than ‘Keumkang’. In the regional yield trial, this average yield was 5.1 MT/ha upland and 5.2 MT/ha in the paddy field, which were 10% and 18% more than that of ‘Keumkang’, respectively. Baekkang’s flour yield (71.2%) and flour lightness (92.40) showed similarities to those of ‘Jokyung’. ‘Baekkang’ also showed a higher protein content (12.4%), gluten content (10.1%), and SDS-sedimentation volume (60.0 ml). These results showed that the ‘Baekkang’ flour’s dough strength was greater than that of ‘Jokyung’. Baekkang’s high molecular weight gluten subunits composition was Glu-D1 (5+10), granule-bound starch synthase composition was Wx-A1 (a), Wx-B1 (a), and Wx-D1 (a), and puroindoline composition was Pina-D1(a) and Pinb-D1(b) (Registration No. 6966).

A new six-rowed covered barley cultivar ‘Hohyang’ with spring sowing adaptability, lodging tolerance, and high yield was developed from the cross between ‘Saegangbori’ and ‘Durubori’ by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Korea, in 2016. It has a compact spike and long awn, and its growth habit (vernalization requirement) was classified as group II. The averaged heading date was April 21, which was 1 day earlier than that of the control varietal, ‘Olbori’. The culm length was 78 cm, which was similar to that of ‘Olbori’; however, ‘Hohyang’ has a stronger lodging tolerance. Its spike length was 4.7 cm, 655 spikes/m², 55 grains/spike, and 31.9 g for 1,000 grains. It also showed similar winter hardiness and a superior resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) compared to that of ‘Olbori’. ‘Hohyang’ was well adapted to spring sowing conditions from March 6 to April 3. Regarding quality, ‘Hohyang’ had the same protein and β-glucan content as ‘Olbori’, but higher polyphenol content than the control cultivar. The yield of ‘Hohyang’ in the regional yield trial was 6.68 ton/ha in upland zones, and 5.06 ton/ha in paddy fields, which were 6% and 15% higher than those of the control cultivar, respectively. If there is rain during the fall planting season, ‘Hohyang’ is suitable for sowing and cultivation in spring (Registration No. 7374).

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of wheat flour and sourdough bread quality of five Korean bread wheat cultivars, hard red winter wheat (HRW), and T55 (a French commercial wheat flour). Among the cultivars assessed, the protein and gluten contents and SDS-sedimentation values of Joongmo2008 were the highest, Keumkang were similar to those of HRW, and those of the Baekkang, Jokyung, and Hwanggeum were similar to those of T55. Joongmo 2008 and Keumkang had glutenin contents similar to those of HRW and T55, whereas Baekkang and Hwanggeum had higher HMW-GS (high molecular weight-glutenin subunit) and lower LMW-GS (low molecular weight-glutenin subunit) contents than HRW and T55. The α+β gliadin contents of Jungmo2008 and Keumkang were higher than those of other varieties and similar to those of HRW, whereas the γ- and ω-gliadin contents of Baekkang and Hwanggeum were similar to those of T55. Mixolab analysis revealed that Joongmo2008 and Keumkang had water absorption and kneading characteristics similar to those of HRW, and that Baekkang, Hwanngeum, and Jokyung showed characteristics similar to those of T55. Campagne and baguettes prepared using Korean wheat flour were similar in appearance to those prepared using T55 or HRW, the bread volume of campagne bread was smaller than that of T55, and the volume of baguettes were similar to that of T55. Joongmo2008 showed a higher bread volume than other Korean wheat cultivars, which was similar to that of HRW. The quality of sourdough bread prepared from Korean wheat flour was similar to that made with commercial flour, although the bread prepared using Joongmo2008 was found to be superior to that prepared using the flour of other Korean wheat cultivars.

The regeneration rate of plantlets cultivated via tissue culture is an important factor for wheat transformation. Similar to other monocotyledons, the most efficient tissue culture materials for wheat are immature embryos. However, stable year-round production of immature embryos is not possible in the field where various stress factors co-exist. In this study, we investigated the generation and subsequent plantlet incident rates of callus induced from immature embryos obtained from different sowing times in 2020 and compared these among wheat cultivars. We found that the rates of regeneration and plantlet incidence obtained using immature embryos of the Ariheuk cultivar were higher than those of other domestic cultivars, and that the tissue culture efficiency was similar to that of Bobwhite, which has been established as a cultivar with excellent transformation efficiency. Furthermore, the Baekkang cultivar showed high tissue culture efficiency only when sown from early to mid-March, whereas Keumkang showed higher tissue cultivation efficiency only by sowing in mid- and late February. Among the five cultivars assessed in this study, Jopum showed the lowest tissue culture efficiency. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will contribute to enhancing the transformation efficiency of domestic wheat varieties.

An advanced F₈ population was derived from a cross between the hard wheat cultivar “Keumkang” carrying Pinb-D1b and the soft wheat cultivar “Olgeuru” carrying Pinb-D1a. A breeding line named “Hetero”, which exhibited the heterozygous-like Pinb-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype, was selected by sequence analysis and KASP (Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR) assay. Physicochemical and processing characteristics of flour were tested in the Hetero line and compared with the two parental cultivars for two years. Hetero display a Glu-1 composition similar to Keumkang and a Glu-3 composition intermediate between Keumkang and Olgeuru. Contrary to the expectation that Hetero carrying the Pinb-D1a/Pinb-D1b genotype would exhibit an intermediate phenotype between the two parents, its overall flour physicochemical characteristics were more similar to Keumkang than to Olgeuru. The flour yield of Hetero (71.6%) was lower than that of Keumkang (74.5%). However, the flour particle size (73.3 μm) and damaged starch content (4.6%) of Hetero were similar to those of Keumkang (71.9 μm and 4.5%). The protein content (16.5%) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-sedimentation volume (72.8 mL) of Hetero were higher than those of Keumkang (14.0% and 57.5 mL) and Olgeuru (11.4% and 45.5 mL). The mixograph water absorption (68.7%) and mixing tolerance (17.7 mm) values of Hetero were higher than those of Keumkang (65.6% and 15.9 mm) with the same mixing time of 3.9 min. The bread loaf volume of Hetero was lower than that of Keumkang (866.7 vs. 894.7 mL). The cooked noodles hardness of Hetero was higher than that of Keumkang (5.9 vs. 4.7 N).

Barley and wheat are a major food crop of humans, along with rice, soybean and corn. A systematic breeding program for Korean barley began in 1906 with selection and introduction breeding. In 1908, landrace barley was collected, and breeding focused on selection and introduction for high yielding varieties until the 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s, breeding was carried out for diversity; thereafter, we aimed to improve quality, productivity and lodging tolerance that can be applied to the paddy field in Korea. Since 2010, the major result of breeding was shortening cultivation to approximately 6–12 days, making a double cropping system possible in the paddy field in Korea. Yield has increased by 1.2 times from 438 kg/10 a in the 1960s to 536 kg/10 a in the 2010s, and farm yield has increased by 1.7 times. In addition, as cultivation safety has been enhanced, the varieties have also improved, such as the covered barley used in making tea and other processing products. In case of wheat, up to now forty cultivars have been developed in Korea. In the early stage, we developed a domestic wheat variety that was early maturing and high yielding. As a result, the maturation time of wheat planted in the 1970s to 2010 was shortened (from 13 to 30 days), while productivity increased by 30% from 408 kg/10 a in the 1970s to 532 kg/10 a in 2010. In recent years, there have been remarkable efforts for a more stable production by focusing on increasing disaster and pest resistance due to climate change. In addition, a wheat variety discrimination marker was developed using a variety-specific marker, and selection was made using a trait-specific marker at the early stage of breeding to enhance breeding efficiency. In the 2000s, winter cereals for forage have been promoted to expand forage production and to replace imported feed grains. Therefore, winter cereal that is useful for feed, such as rye, oat, and triticale, have had various varieties and safe production techniques developed. Currently, our research goal for winter cereals for feed is to develop a double-cropping adaptation and abiotic stress tolerance cultivar, and safe production in paddy field. Hence, aggressive action is needed to support the strategic survival of the Korean wheat and barley industry. Barley is a health food that requires a multifaceted effort to improve breeding efficiency, develop varieties that contain large amounts of functional components and are more resistant to stronger biotic and abiotic stresses in response to climate change. It is necessary to recognize the role of wheat and barley as the second main crop after rice, and to improve the self-sufficiency rate of these crops for the health and food industry crisis of Korea.

A winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, ‘Taejoong’, was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration in 2016. It was derived from a cross between ‘Xian83(104).11’ and ‘Keumkang’ in 2005. It was generated through the bulk and pedigree methods for six years, and then designated as ‘Iksan370’ after a two-year advanced yield trial test. This variety was designated the name ‘Taejoong’ after a regional yield trial test in eight locations throughout Korea for three years from 2014 to 2016. Its heading date was April 27 in upland and paddy filed conditions, and its maturity date was June 7 in uplands and June 4 in paddy fields, which were late compared to that of ‘Keumkang’. ‘Taejoong’ had 417 spikes per m², which was 300 less than that of ‘Keumkang’. However, the spike length was 13.4 cm and the number of kernel per one spike was 48, which was 5.8 cm longer and 19 higher than those of ‘Keumkang’, respectively. ‘Taejoong’ showed strong resistance to lodging and moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight, but was susceptible to powdery mildew. ‘Taejoong’ flour yield (71.8%) and flour lightness (91.90) were similar to those of ‘Keumkang’, but its protein content (11.1%), gluten content (8.8%), and sodium dodecyl sulfate-sedimentation volume (34.2 ml) were lower. These result showed that the flour dough strength of ‘Taejoong’ was weaker than that of ‘Keumkang’. The high-molecular-weight gluten subunit compositions of ‘Taejoong’ were Glu-A1 (N), Glu-B1 (7+9), and Glu-D1 (2+12). The granule-bound starch synthase compositions were Wx-A1, Wx-B1, and Wx-D1. The puroindoline compositions were Pina-D1 (a type) and Pinb-D1 (b type). The average grain yield of ‘Taejoong’ in a regional yield trial was 5.3 ton/ha in uplands and 4.6 ton/ha in paddy fields, which were 21% and 13% higher than that of the reference cultivar, ‘Keumkang’, respectively. (Registration No. 7378).

As a result of the efforts to breed a high yield naked barley cultivar with disease and stress tolerance in response to climate change and proper double cropping of barley and rice in a paddy field. A new naked barley cultivar named ‘Hogang’ was developed from the cross between ‘Suyoung’ and ‘Geukjosuk 55’ at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Korea, in 2016. ‘Hogang’ is a naked barley cultivar used for powdering and mixing with rice. It has good cooking quality, high whiteness, water absorption rate, and expansion rate. Among other quality characteristics, β-glucan content (5.5%) was higher than that of ‘Saessalbori’ cultivar, while the amylose content (21.7%) was lower than that of ‘Saessalbori’. ‘Hogang’ has a short culm length of 69 cm and it is resistant to BaYMV as well as lodging-resistant. As in ‘Saessalbori’, the maturity date of ‘Hogang’ is May 26^th. It has large seed size and grain weight of 34.6 g per 1,000 grains. The yield potential of ‘Hogang’ was 4.56 MT/ha, which was 7% higher than that of ‘Saessalbori’. ‘Hogang’ is expected to spread in BaYMV-prone areas since it is a stable and resistant cultivar. (Registration No. 7375)

The flour physiochemical properties and end-use quality of wheat were evaluated to identify the effect of high temperature (HT) during grain maturation. HT caused a decrease in the width and thickness of grains. However, HT did not affect the grain weight, volume, length, test weight and 1,000-kernel weight in Korean wheat cultivars. Although HT marginally affected the general flour physiochemical properties and gluten composition, the effects were not significant. Based on the results of the evaluation of end-use quality, the effect of HT on the end-use quality was not significant. Nevertheless, the allelic composition was related to the quantity and quality of grain under HT conditions. In Korean wheat cultivars containing Glu-D1d and -D1f alleles, the 1,000-kernel weight was decreased by HT. In addition, Glu-D1f was more sensitive to HT than was Glu-D1d. The proportion of the y-type high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) was decreased by HT in Korean wheat cultivars containing the Glu-A1ab allele, and was increased in cultivars containing the Glu-B3d allele. Furthermore, the proportions of gliadin and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GSs) were decreased by HT in Korean wheat cultivars containing Glu-A1ab or Glu-B3ahi alleles.

A new black barley variety, “Heuksoojeongchal,” was developed as a cross between “Keunalbori 1” and “Masankwamaek/Mortoni” at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2014. Heuksoojeongchal had a longer culm length (89 cm) and a later average heading date and maturity than Seodunchalbori. It also had a spike length of 5.0 cm, 543 spikes/m², and 54 grains/spike. The 1000-grain weight of Heuksoojeongchal (36.0 g) was heavier than that of Seodunchalbori. Heuksoojeongchal showed resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). The yield potential of Heuksoojeongchal was approximately 7% higher than that of Seodunchalbori upland, but the average yield potential was similar in upland and paddy fields. Among the quality characteristics, the β-glucan content (6.7%) was higher and the amylose content (5.5%) was lower than those of Seodunchalbori. The whiteness of the black barley was low, and its absorption rate and spreadability were similar to those of Seodunchalbori.

Improvement of lodging resistance and adaptable to double cropping system, high yield and good quality have been recently received more attention by covered barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) breeders than ever in Korea. It was derived from the cross between ‘Dongsanpi73//Suwon248/ Alchanbori ‘and‘Suwon375’ in 2004. An elite line (SB04T1014-B-2SSD-B-6 (Iksan468)), showed high yield and good quality characteristics under yield trial test from 2012 to 2014. The following is the characteristics of ‘Cheongmyeong’, that is characterized as the vernalization of II, compact panicle and long awn. The heading date of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 2 days later than ‘Olbori’ but it showed similar maturity date. The culm length was 79 cm which was 4 cm shorter than ‘Olbori’. It showed the spike length of 4.0cm and 557 spikes/m². The number of grains per spike was 53 grains and test weight was 651 g. It showed higher number of grains per spike and lighter test weight than ‘Olbori’. It showed weak winter hardiness, stronger resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus(BaYMV) and lodging compared to ‘Olbori’. It showed similar protein and β-glucan content, and higher anthocyanin and polyphenol content than that of check cultivar, ‘Olbori’. Average yield of ‘Cheongmyeong’ was 4.30 MT/ha in the regional yield trials, which was 7% higher than those of ‘Olbori’.

We developed new two-rowed covered barley ‘Gwangmaeg’ superior to ‘Hopum’ that has been widely cultivated in Korea for using beer-materials. ‘Gwanngmaeg’ was related from the line named as ‘Iksan149’ in 2010 after yield trials test in conducted for three years from 2008. And then it was registered to ‘Plant protection right, No. 5847’ in 2016 after field experiment by KSVS(Korea Seed & Variety Service). ‘Gwangmaeg’ has distinct characteristics in winter type (IV) and mid-tall culm length which makes reduce damage by off-season heading and lodging comparing to those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ have characteristics of cold tolerance and disease resistance to BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) and Net blotch(Pyrenophora teres). Yield of ‘Gwangmaeg’ was about 611kg/10a and 524kg/10a in upland and paddy field condition, respectively, which higher 2-4% than ‘Hopum’, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, ‘Gwangmaeg’ has lager grain and higher assortment ratio than those of ‘Hopum’. In malt quality, ‘Gwangmaeg’ showed higher and better quality in malt extract rate and diastatic power than those of ‘Hopum’. ‘Gwangmaeg’ would be suitable for the area above –4°C of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

‘Jungmo2501’ (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. The following is the characteristics of ‘Jungmo2501’ that is characterized as light green leaf, yellow brown culm and whitish yellow grain. The heading date of ‘Jungmo2501’ was about 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar ‘Samhan’(May 7 and May 10, respectively). Its plant height was 11 cm longer than 103 cm of the check, and the leaf blade ratio of aerial parts was 26 % higher than the check (11.8% and 9.4%, respectively). The cold tolerance, resistance to lodging and wet injury of ‘Jungmo2501’ were similar to those of the check. The average forage dry matter yield of ‘Jungmo2501’ harvested at milk-ripe stage was 5% higher than the check (15.5 ton ha -1 and 14.7 ton ha -1 , respectively). ‘Jungmo2501’ was higher than the check in terms of protein content (6.6% and 5.9%, respectively), neutral detergent fiber (58.5% and 57.6%, respectively), and acid detergent fiber (34.5% and 32.1%, respectively), while total digestible nutrients was lower than the check (61.6% and 63.6%, respectively), and TDN yield was 0.37 ton ha -1 more than that of the check (9.71 ton ha -1 and 9.34 ton ha -1 , respectively). The silage grade of ‘Jungmo2501’ estimated by Flig score showed level Ⅱ, meaning good quality. Fall sowing cropping of ‘Jungmo2501’ is recommended only for areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than －6°C.

Eleven RAPD primers were assessed to analyze genetic diversity of Korean wheat varieties and to develop DNA marker for cultivar identification. The average of the number of polymorphic bands was 5.2 and PIC values showed 0.48, respectively. Ten major clades were presented by phylogenetic analysis. Three cultivars containing Uri, Hanbeak and Jonong were distinct from the others in the phylogenetic dendrogram. Seven cultivar-specific fragments were detected from 11 RAPD fingerprinting among 35 wheat cultivars and they were sequenced. Four Korean wheat cultivars, Eunpa, Jopoom, Yeonbaek and Jeokjoong, were identified newly by four markers, 84, 173, 174 and KWSM011. We convince that these new DNA markers are useful for cultivar fingerprinting and are applied to marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding program.

Barley breeding program of RDA (Rural Development Administration) has been develop to new hulled barley variety that has been used for malt and beer material. Through this program, we developed new two-rowed covered barley, Imaeg, with disease resistant, lodging tolerant and good malt quality for beer and Korean traditional drink ‘Sikhye’ in 2013. Imaeg showed resistant to Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), lodging tolerant and early maturing. The regional yield trials were conducted for Imaeg as a breeding line ‘Iksan166’ during three years at four different regions. And then it was registered to Plant protection right, No. 5681 in 2015 after field experiment by KSVS (Korea Seed & Variety Service). Imaeg has I of vernalization and shorter stem length as 77cm than 7cm to control variety Hopum. Yield potential of Imaeg about 4.8ton/ha that higher about 3% in paddy field condition than control, however, it has no significant difference. In quality examination for beer usage, Imaeg has higher 1,000 grain weight (45.6g) and higher assortment ratio (93.6%) than those of Hopum as 42.6g and 90.4% respectively. In malt quality, Imaeg showed higher soluble protein, Kolbach index and diastatic power than those of Hopum significantly. In addition, Imaeg has better ‘Sikhye’ malt quality significantly in lightness of grain (58.4 L value) and growth rate (216.8%) than those of Hopum as 54.3 (L value) and 177.5% respectively. Imaeg would be suitable for cultivation at the area above -4°C of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

“Cheongwoo”, a white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross “Kanto75/8/Tapdong/4/Bb#1/Jangkwang// STRAMCHO/3/Suwon220/5/Suwon185/ CI12703//Kanto75///Suwon219/7/F1277” and “Keumkang” in 1998 at RDA. “Keumkang” is a semi-hard white winter wheat with high yield. And mother plant is a winter wheat with long culm length, high yield. “Cheongwoo” was evaluated as “Iksan326” in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2007. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2008 and 2009. “Cheongwoo” is first whole crop wheat with long culm length, high-yield. The Heading date of “Cheongwoo” was similar to “Keumkang”. The average forage yield of “Cheongwoo” was about 14.8 ton ha^-1 in dry matter in paddy field. This dry matter was higher than dry matter of “Keumkang” (13.2 ton ha^-1). The cultivar had 97 cm of culm length, 1,070 spikes per m² and it showed better rate of culm. Culm length of “Cheongwoo” were longer than “Keumkang”. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -10°C in January in Korean peninsula. Our research will improve good-quality of silage by using winter cereal crops.

A novel auricleless bariey (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar ‘Jomi’ was developed which shows high biomass yield, good quality and high ruminant-palatability at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. This cultivar was derived from a cross of the ‘Suwon337’ and ‘Suwon355’ in 1999 and a promising line showing both high yield and lodging resistance through the preliminary and advanced yield trials at Iksan in 2006-2007, was designated as the ‘Iksan 438’. ‘Iksan438’ was conducted to regional yield trials (RYT) in seven locations around Korea for three years from 2008 to 2010, and was released as the name of ‘Jomi’. It has erect plant type, growth habit of Ⅰand green and auricleless leaf . Its heading date was April 23 and maturing date was May 25 in paddy field, 3 days and 1 day earlier than ‘Youngyang’, respectively. The cultivar showed 90cm of culm length, 846 spikes per m2, high rate of leaf blades, resistance to BaYMV and better winter hardiness than that of ‘Youngyang’, The average forage yield of ‘Jomi’ was about 10.3 ton ha^-1 in dry matter (28 ton ha^-1 in fresh matter) in paddy field with 8.3% of crude protein content, 26.2% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 48.3% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), 68.2% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients) and grade Ⅱ of silage quality. This cultivar would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of -8°Cin January in Korean peninsula.

A new naked oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar ‘Suyang’ was developed by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. It was derived from the cross between ‘Sikyonggwiri’ and ‘Gwiri23’. Subsequent generations were handled in a bulk method and pedigree selection program, and ‘SO96025-B-303-44-2-4’ was selected for agronomic appearance in 2002. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the Yield Trial tested at Suwon in 2003 to 2004, being designated as ‘Gwiri56’. The ‘Gwiri56’ was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup and Jinju from 2005 to 2010 and was released as the name of ‘Suyang’. ‘Suyang’ had 11 days earlier heading date and 6 days earlier maturing time than the check cultivar ‘Seonyang’ in field condition. The ‘Suyang’ had 23.7 cm of spike length, 568 spikes per m², 73 grains per spike, 29.2 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 646 g of test weight. ‘Suyang’ showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar ‘Seonyang’, and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to crude protein (11.3%) and β-glucan content (4.7%). However, it showed higher husking rate than that of check cultivar. The grain yield of ‘Suyang’ in the regional yield trial for 4 years was averaged 4.35 MT ha^-1, which was 29% higher than that of the check cultivar ‘Seonyang’. ‘Suyang’ is recommended for fall sowing cropping only in the south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than -4°C in January.